*Article* **Evaluation of the Land GNSS-Reflected DDM Coherence on Soil Moisture Estimation from CYGNSS Data**

**Zhounan Dong 1,2 and Shuanggen Jin 1,\***


**Abstract:** With the development of spaceborne global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R), it can be used for terrestrial applications as a promising remote sensing tool, such as soil moisture (SM) retrieval. The reflected L-band GNSS signal from the land surface can simultaneously generate coherent and incoherent scattering, depending on surface roughness. However, the contribution of the incoherent component was directly ignored in previous GNSS-R land soil moisture content retrieval due to the hypothesis of its relatively small proportion. In this paper, a detection method is proposed to distinguish the coherence of land GNSS-R delay-Doppler map (DDM) from the cyclone global navigation satellite system (CYGNSS) mission in terms of DDM power-spreading features, which are characterized by different classification estimators. The results show that the trailing edge slope of normalized integrated time-delay waveform presents a better performance to recognize coherent and incoherent dominated observations, indicating that 89.6% of CYGNSS land observations are dominated by the coherent component. Furthermore, the impact of the land GNSS-Reflected DDM coherence on soil moisture retrieval is evaluated from 19-month CYGNSS data. The experiment results show that the influence of incoherent component and incoherent observations is marginal for CYGNSS soil moisture retrieval, and the RMSE of GNSS-R derived soil moisture reaches 0.04 cm3/cm3.

**Keywords:** GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R); cyclone global navigation satellite system mission (CYGNSS); coherent scattering; soil moisture
