*Review* **Advancing Healthcare: Synergizing Biosensors and Machine Learning for Early Cancer Diagnosis**

**Mahtab Kokabi, Muhammad Nabeel Tahir, Darshan Singh and Mehdi Javanmard \***

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; mk1903@scarletmail.rutgers.edu (M.K.); nabeel.tahir@rutgers.edu (M.N.T.); ds1464@scarletmail.rutgers.edu (D.S.)

**\*** Correspondence: mehdi.javanmard@rutgers.edu

**Abstract:** Cancer is a fatal disease and a significant cause of millions of deaths. Traditional methods for cancer detection often have limitations in identifying the disease in its early stages, and they can be expensive and time-consuming. Since cancer typically lacks symptoms and is often only detected at advanced stages, it is crucial to use affordable technologies that can provide quick results at the point of care for early diagnosis. Biosensors that target specific biomarkers associated with different types of cancer offer an alternative diagnostic approach at the point of care. Recent advancements in manufacturing and design technologies have enabled the miniaturization and cost reduction of point-of-care devices, making them practical for diagnosing various cancer diseases. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been employed to analyze sensor data and extract valuable information through the use of statistical techniques. In this review paper, we provide details on how various machine learning algorithms contribute to the ongoing development of advanced data processing techniques for biosensors, which are continually emerging. We also provide information on the various technologies used in point-of-care cancer diagnostic biosensors, along with a comparison of the performance of different ML algorithms and sensing modalities in terms of classification accuracy.

**Keywords:** biosensors; impedance cytometry; lab-on-a-chip; cancer detection; machine learning; microfluidic chips
