*Article* **Nucleic Acid Quantification by Multi-Frequency Impedance Cytometry and Machine Learning**

**Mahtab Kokabi 1, Jianye Sui 1, Neeru Gandotra 2, Arastou Pournadali Khamseh 3, Curt Scharfe <sup>2</sup> and Mehdi Javanmard 1,\***


**\*** Correspondence: mehdi.javanmard@rutgers.edu

**Abstract:** Determining nucleic acid concentrations in a sample is an important step prior to proceeding with downstream analysis in molecular diagnostics. Given the need for testing DNA amounts and its purity in many samples, including in samples with very small input DNA, there is utility of novel machine learning approaches for accurate and high-throughput DNA quantification. Here, we demonstrated the ability of a neural network to predict DNA amounts coupled to paramagnetic beads. To this end, a custom-made microfluidic chip is applied to detect DNA molecules bound to beads by measuring the impedance peak response (IPR) at multiple frequencies. We leveraged electrical measurements including the frequency and imaginary and real parts of the peak intensity within a microfluidic channel as the input of deep learning models to predict DNA concentration. Specifically, 10 different deep learning architectures are examined. The results of the proposed regression model indicate that an R\_Squared of 97% with a slope of 0.68 is achievable. Consequently, machine learning models can be a suitable, fast, and accurate method to measure nucleic acid concentration in a sample. The results presented in this study demonstrate the ability of the proposed neural network to use the information embedded in raw impedance data to predict the amount of DNA concentration.

**Keywords:** nucleic acid concentration; biosensor; machine learning; regression model; impedance cytometry; microfluidic chip
