*2.1. Study Area*

The study area is located in the southeast region of Jilin Province, northeast China (Figure 1). It covers approximately 311,000 ha with an average elevation of 500 m. The average annual temperature ranges from nearly −3 to 7 ◦C, and the precipitation ranges from 500 mm to 1400 mm [25]. The forest types are mainly temporal mixed broadleafconifer woodlands, which are dominated by *Juglans mandshurica*, *Pinus koraiensis*, *Betula costata*, *Larix gmelinii*, *Quercus mongolica*, and *Populus tremula*.

**Figure 1.** Location of the study area. The yellow dots on Sentinel-2 imagery are the sampling plots, while purple dots indicate the GEDI footprints used in this study.
