**5. Conclusions**

Our present assessment shows the long-term productivity of soils in Hungary. Longterm productivity in this context means the mean productivity of the last three decades. A period of 20 to 30 years was found to be an adequate time scale for estimating the productivity of soil biomass and for identifying the weights of different factors in it, and also as prospective baseline and threshold values of soil health and soil quality indicators, which can be used in land degradation and soil improvement assessment. A new generalized biomass productivity map was created on a 100 m resolution, which can be implemented in the cadastral system and in multipurpose land use planning programs. The general map of productivity was produced from crop-specific productivity maps by applying biomass productivity models on the country-scale soil, climate and topography geodatabase. Soil properties and characteristics play the most important roles in wheat biomass productivity, while maize has a more significant relationship with precipitation. In the case of sunflowers, soil type and texture are less important factors. The spatial pattern of biomass potential is shown on the general productivity map at 100 m resolution. This map can be used to plan land use in general and agricultural production in croplands. Climate change largely affects the minimum and maximum temperatures, their variability and the amount of

precipitation and its temporal distribution, which all have considerable impact on soil biomass productivity. The most important climatic variables for crops deserve particular attention in the next decade, particularly in developing adaptation strategies. We believe that our soil–climate-based land productivity models will help in developing new methods for such adaptation. However, in order to measure changes in biomass production potential, further assessment is required, including trend analysis and the analysis of the effects of changing combinations of soil properties. Nevertheless, the proposed methodology, in addition to possible applications in cadastral systems and in land use planning and agricultural development programs, is also applicable to the integrated monitoring of biomass productivity, which is in line with the goals related to the UN SDGs.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.T., N.C. and B.S.; methodology, G.T., B.S., N.C. and G.S.; resources, L.P. and A.L.; writing—original draft preparation, B.S., G.T. and N.C.; writing—review and editing, N.C., B.S., T.H., A.L., J.M., L.P., G.S., K.T. and G.T.; visualization, N.C.; supervision, B.S. and G.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to private property.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank the anonymous referees for their valuable recommendations and suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
