**5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives**

In conclusion, the role of MF-AMPs is reported to be crucial in preventing infection. These molecules are essential for the first response to infections and may represent an alternative approach and open future clinical applications for the resolution of antibiotic resistance. At the same time, the endogenous MF-AMPs displayed different effects on different organs and cell types. Among these, they can influence the immune system's inflammatory process and cellular components. In this perspective, CgA-derived peptides, such as Chr and Cts, are the perfect examples of immunomodulation mediated by MF-AMPs. On the other hand, exogenous MF-AMPs produced by different species but not in humans showed several potential therapeutic approaches. As reported in this review, DRSs appear to be excellent anti-proliferative factors with varying models of cancer cells. From a clinical point of view, these peptides may represent elective candidates for future anticancer therapy.

**Author Contributions:** Writing—initial draft preparation, F.S.; writing—review and editing, M.A. and J.-E.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This review was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (project number RGPIN-2022-03626) to J.-E.G.

**Acknowledgments:** F.S. thanks "Università Italo-Francese" for the financial support provided in the context of 'Vinci Project 2014- (no. C2-72) during the work realized for his Ph.D. thesis on MF-AMPs. The authors thank Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue for the stimulating discussions and her full support for all the above-mentioned research on CgA-derived peptides.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
