*3.1. Lipidomic Profiles in Different Types of Royal Jelly and Bee Pollen*

Phospholipids and FAs are functional lipids that can regulate human immunity and metabolism. The composition and concentrations of functional lipids are important indexes by which food nutritional quality can be evaluated [19]. The negative ionization mode of mass spectrometry is suitable for phospholipid and FA measurements [13]. We here used negative ionization mode to analyze phospholipids and FAs in royal jelly and bee pollen samples. There were 20 kinds of ceramides (Cers), 14 kinds of phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 25 kinds of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), 3 kinds of sphingomyelins (SMs), and 51 kinds of FAs detected in royal jelly and bee pollen (Table S1). There were significant differences in the abundance of Cers, PCs, PEs, SMs, and monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) between BP-Am and BP-Pa (Table 1). However, there were no significant differences in the abundance of saturated FAs (SFAs), and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). We hypothesized that differences in bee pollen lipid composition may contribute to differences in the corresponding royal jelly lipid composition. Therefore, differences were analyzed in the lipid composition of two types of royal jelly (RJ-Am and RJ-Pa) obtained from honeybees fed BP-Am or BP-Pa, respectively.

**Table 1.** Relative abundance of different kinds of lipids in single bee pollen derived from *Acer mono* Maxim. and *Phellodendron amurense* Rupr.


Note: Cer, ceramide; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; SM, sphingomyelin; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; FA(18:0), FA(18:1), FA(18:2), and FA(18:3) are classified as 18-carbon fatty acids; BP-Am, bee pollen derived from *Acer mono* Maxim.; BP-Pa, bee pollen derived from *Phellodendron amurense* Rupr.
