2.3.3. Proximate Composition of Bee Pollen

The nutritional value of the bee pollen involved the determination of total lipid (AOAC 920.85), total protein (AOAC 978.04) and ash (AOAC 920.85) [34]. All the measurements were carried out in triplicate. Carbohydrates were determined by difference. The energetic values of the bee pollen were determined as:

$$\text{Energy (kcal)} = 4 \times \text{(g protein} + \text{g carbohydrates)} + 9 \times \text{(g liquid)}\tag{1}$$
