*2.4. Lipid Extraction*

Lipids were extracted from bee pollen and royal jelly as previously described [13]. Briefly, each 300-mg sample (BP-Am, BP-Pa, *A. mono* Maxim. royal jelly [RJ-Am], or *P. amurense* Rupr. royal jelly [RJ-Pa]) was mixed with 1.2 mL of 1:2 MeOH:CHCl3 (*v*/*v*). After vortexing for 5 min, 400 μL of ultrapure water was added, then samples were vortexed for 1 min. After centrifugation at 3000× *g* for 15 min, the lower organic phase was transferred to a clean glass tube and dried under a stream of nitrogen. Dried extracts were then redissolved in 200 μL of 1:2 MeOH:CHCl3 (*v*/*v*) for UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS analysis.
