*2.1. Materials*

A total of 23 wolfberry honey samples were collected from different apiaries in 2021 of Golmud in Qinghai Province, Northwest of China. Multifloral honey samples were obtained from different beekeepers in the counties of Meiyuan, Gangcha, and Datong of Qinghai Province.

An acacia honey, only as a monofloral honey control sample, was collected from an apiary in the Shandong Province of North China in 2021. Corn syrup was obtained from the Daesang Corporation of Korea, and corn maltose syrup (M50) was from the Hubei Hefeng Grain and Oil Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China. All samples were stored at 4 ◦C before use.
