*2.9. Texture Profile Analysis (TPA)*

Equilibrium temperature to 25 ◦C, the gel matrix was cut into cylinders (20 mm × 20 mm), and TPA was determined by using a TA-XT Plus texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems Ltd., Godalming, UK) with P/50 cylindrical probe. The pre-test speed and test speed were both 1 mm·s<sup>−</sup>1, the compression percentage was 40%, and the trigger force was 5 g.

#### *2.10. Determination of Whiteness*

The surimi gels were cut with a thickness of 10 mm. The L\* (lightness), a\* (redness/greenness), and b\* (yellowness/blueness) values of gels were determined by colorimeter (CR-400, Konica Minolta Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Whiteness was calculated as follows.

$$\text{Whiteness} = 100 - \left[ \left( 100 - \text{L}^{\ast} \right)^{2} + \text{a}^{\ast 2} + \text{b}^{\ast 2} \right]^{1/2} \tag{2}$$
