3.2.2. Explanatory Variables

The modes of farmland transfer are more complex, including lease, exchange, transfer, equity and etc. Drawing on the research results of Chen et al. [19] and Yang et al. [21], this paper uses farmland transfer-out and farmland transfer-in to measure farmland transfer: (1) Farmland transfer-out, the question in the research questionnaire is "In 2020, did your family transfer-out contracted land to others?". The relevant values are: 1 = yes and 0 = no. (2) Farmland transfer-in, means "In 2020, did your family transfer in contracted land from other people or collectives, excluding your own contracted land?". If the answer is "yes", the value is 1, and if not, the value is 0.
