*Article* **Analysis of the Difference in Changes to Farmers' Livelihood Capital under Different Land Transfer Modes—A Case Study of Manas County, Xinjiang, China**

**Difan Liu 1,2, Yuejian Wang 1,2,\*,†, Yuejiao Chen 1,†, Guang Yang 3,4, Hailiang Xu <sup>5</sup> and Yuxiang Ma 1,2**


**Abstract:** Farmers' livelihoods alter as a direct result of land transfer. This study examined the impacts of land transfer on several indicators of farmers' livelihood capital, as well as variations in the effects of different land transfer methods on farmers' capital, in an effort more effectively to enhance farmers' livelihoods. To compare the changes in farmers' livelihood capital under four different modes—the farmers' spontaneous model, centralized and continuous, joint-stock cooperative, and leaseback and re-contracting—this study calculated farmers' livelihood capital index based on 600 questionnaires in accordance with the sustainable livelihood capital framework. The study's findings indicate the following outcomes: (1) Farmers' livelihood capital is significantly impacted favorably by land transfers. (2) Different types of farmers experienced different changes in their livelihood capital after land transfer: purely agricultural farmers' livelihood capital value increased by 0.138, primarily due to an increase in physical capital; agricultural part-time farmers' livelihood capital value increased by 0.105; non-agricultural part-time farmers' livelihood capital value increased by 0.081; and non-agricultural farmers' livelihood capital value increased by 0.081. (3) The most efficient strategy to increase livelihood capital was to use the leaseback and recontracting model with "village collective + planting leadership company" as the primary business organization. The results provide practical guidance for land transfer in Manas County, and valuable suggestions for improving farmers' livelihoods in arid areas.

**Keywords:** different modes; land transfer; livelihood capital; difference-in-differences model
