*2.3. Distribution as a Key to Solve Over-Tourism at Night*

Night tourism is one of the most obvious cases of the over-tourism problem. Since night tours take place outside of regular hours, the side effects of over-tourism, such as inconveniences to residents, are clearly evident. In order to solve the problem of over-tourism during peak times, it is necessary to implement a decentralization policy in relation to night tourism. Since one of the main attractions of night sightseeing is its quietness, the problem of over-tourism must be solved. Just emphasizing responsible tourism is not the best solution and a distribution policy could be an alternative way to solve the problem more effectively [26]. As we have seen, there are many ways to solve over-tourism problems, and temporal dispersion can be one of them. Although the effectiveness of temporal variance has not been validated in day tourism cases, as investigated in day tourism cases, studies have confirmed that temporal dispersion such as reducing the seasonality of tourism can be a solution of over-tourism [9].

In fact, many destinations use temporal distribution strategies to solve over-tourism. In Barcelona's Boqueria Traditional Market, only locals are allowed to see the market, and the time limit for entering groups is limited. In addition, Venice provided water bus priority boarding passes to local residents during rush hours. In Lisbon, they regulate operation hours for protecting central inhabited areas and they more actively protect those areas by inducing night tours in places where few residents live [9]. Especially, some famous destinations use night tourism as a visitor management strategy, for example, the Taj Mahal in India opens for night viewing every full moon day after 8:30 p.m. until 12:30 a.m., and in Mont St. Michel, France, abbey grounds are opened from 7 to 10:30 p.m. during the summer, which is the peak season.

In addition, various studies showed that the effort to solve over-tourism using temporal variance was significant. In Vermont, researchers found the factors which affect people to turn their intention to visit from peak times to non-peak times, such as variation of the entrance fee, and perception of crowdedness [10]. Other studies have found the characteristics of tourists who are less affected by seasonality. In a study in England, they were purposive tourists such as VFR (Visiting Friends and Relatives)tourists [11], and in Slovenia [27] and Sweden [28], the influence of seasonality was different according to nationality. Also, a study conducted in Nigeria suggested one way to overcome the seasonality issue during the off-peak season was through a family tourism business [29].

In addition, the study revealed that the morning-larks tended to pursue novelty more than night-owls, and the tendency to enjoy tourism activities was higher when the novelty-oriented trends were higher [30]. There was also a study that revealed that college students are interested in tourism after 12 a.m. [31]. It is also possible to develop night tourism targeting these specialty floors, and finding out potential targets that can be visited during non-peak hours can be an alternative to over-tourism at night.
