**4. Conclusions**

This research aimed to unite two emerging themes in the scientific literature that remain little explored within the context of festivals: the subjective well-being (happiness) and the residents' feeling of overtourism. Thus, we seek to analyze the relationship between the subjective well-being of Blumenau residents (Santa Catarina, Brazil) with their perceptions about the impacts of excessive tourism during the Oktoberfest.

The object of study was chosen due to its relevance in the national context since it is currently considered the largest Germanic festival in Brazil. Its realization directly changes the routines of the residents, also affecting the destination's tourism sustainability, due to a large number of tourists circulating in the city in a short period.

The results had two main implications, theoretical and managerial. The main theoretical result demonstrates a statistically significant difference in residents' perception regarding the overtourism feeling in the realization of a cultural festival in their city. Residents with less sense of well-being with the Oktoberfest were demonstrated to perceive in a more obvious way the negative impacts of the Oktoberfest in the community. That is, they were demonstrated to perceive the conflicts generated by the excess of tourism in the place.

The present research advances the current literature on overtourism, providing a new perspective on the theme. It is worth mentioning that the residents' well-being and their sense of overtourism can directly influence the development of Oktoberfest's social and cultural sustainability. Moreover, the residents' happiness and their ability to withstand the intense flow of visitors in Blumenau can interfere directly with support or rejection of the festival.

Regarding management implications, the results revealed the relevance of managers' performance in implementing the local culture and identity in the festival schedule. It is not enough to have community participation in the realization of the festival; managerial attitudes must be taken in order to increase the residents' well-being so that they have more positive attitudes toward the tourist activity in their place of residence. Such findings can be a great competitive advantage in the destination management, which can be implemented and executed without high financial costs, but with a more considerable effort in expanding the sense of well-being and happiness of the natives.

This research also provides managerial and political implications regarding the residents' subjective well-being, overtourism, and destination sustainability. The findings corroborate the existing research, which argues that destination managers should consider the residents' overtourism feeling seeking the sustainable development of tourism in their territory. The present study also proved this relationship about subjective well-being. It also adds that, in the political vision of the management, this context must be considered not only concerning the Oktoberfest in Blumenau but also on the tourist activity throughout the year in the city.

Despite the significant theoretical and managerial contribution to the scientific literature on subjective well-being and excessive tourism in destinations, the present research had some limitations. Among them are the lack of tested and valid empirical instruments in tourism and festivals area that could more deeply measure the residents' overtourism feeling. The low number of publications on the excess of tourism and its relationship with residents was also a limiting issue in the theoretical construction of the present study.

As suggestions for future studies, we suggest the development of an expanded scale that has a greater focus on the relationship between subjective well-being and excessive tourism. We also suggest applying it in a different context, in order to identify whether the significant difference between the two groups of residents found here is present only in festival contexts or whether this finding can be generalized to the different existing contexts in the tourism industry. Finally, new research can carry out different analyses, such as clusters, seeking to identify new groups of residents, according to their feelings of subjective well-being and sense of overtourism.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, F.d.S.F. and T.F.F.; methodology, F.D.Z. and P.F.L.; software, P.F.L.; validation, F.D.Z., P.F.L., and C.M.B.d.Q.; investigation, C.M.B.d.Q.; writing—original draft preparation, F.d.S.F. and T.F.F.; writing—review and editing, F.D.Z., P.F.L., and C.M.B.d.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Research funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
