*4.1. Sample Characteristics*

Of all 563 respondents, demographic characteristics of the sample included more women (*n* = 343, 60.9%) than men (*n* = 220, 39.1%). The average age of participants was 39.9 years (SD = 12.57), with more visitors older than 30 (*n* =159, 28.2%) than those in their 40s (*n* = 155, 27.5%) or 20s (*n* = 120, 21.3%). Residents from the Suwon area (i.e., within 30 min; *n* = 280, 49.7%) and the Gyeonggi Province (i.e., 30 min to 1 h; *n* = 175, 31.1%) accounted for more than three-quarters of the sample (80.8%), indicating that visit rate was highest among residents within one hour travel time (i.e., local visitors). College attendance/graduation was the most common educational level (*n* = 347, 61.6%) and household income was more than 4 thousand dollars a month (n = 323, 57.4%), which indicated a high proportion of highly educated and high-income visitors. 48.3% of visitors had visited Suwon Hwaseong Fortress three times or more during the past year (i.e., excluding first visit and one-time revisit). In relation to night tourism, 80.2% of respondents preferred night tourism between 6 and 10 p.m., and 10.8% for 10 –12 a.m., and 7–9 a.m. In terms of seasons, 67.7% of respondents only preferred the peak seasons of spring and fall, and 32.3% also preferred the non-peak seasons of summer and winter.
