*6.3. Limitations*

Among important limitations of the argumentation presented, simplification of resorts-cities dichotomy is probably the most significant one. In fact, in reality, we can find plenty of examples that do not fit this dichotomy. Obvious examples are nature-based destinations related to lower intensity tourism such as ecotourism or agritourism. However, researchers are aware of them, and special requirements for strategies of tourism development for those destinations are well-recognized and often researched in the scientific literature, which makes the rules of their development commonly known and usually accepted. A much bigger problem is related to destinations that might be placed on the continuum between resorts and cities that cannot actually be labeled as any of them. These are often small cities that became economically dependent on tourism traffic. Examples of Dubrovnik [32] and Venice [6,27,99] presented here, and also places such as Palma de Majorca [100], prove that the situation of those destinations is extremely complicated. In big cities that are not dependent on tourism, it is possible to keep only the supportive function of tourism in economic development while limitations for tourists, which may make them less attractive for them in favor of citizens' quality of life, can be introduced. This is not reasonable in those cities that may economically collapse without tourists' expenditures. However, many citizens there are not directly involved in tourism and as such do not perceive their prosperity as obtained from tourism. They suffer significantly from both the scale of tourism traffic and the behavior of particular tourists. The second issue seems to be an even more dramatic problem in places such as Palma de Majorca, which became typical 3S resorts, and participants of that kind of tourism tend to be particularly annoying for citizens. Finding a proper strategy for that kind of destination seems to be the most urgent and most challenging task for tourism academia and practitioners, as improving citizens' quality of life and maintaining a high level of income from tourism at the same time is extremely difficult, if possible. Still, Dubrovnik, Palma de Majorca or Venice should be perceived as urgent warnings for other cities not to follow their way and introduce some limits on tourism growth before they are stuck in a no-way-out situation.

Another important limitation of the paper presented and of wider suggested future development of the theory of the development of tourism in cities, is the fact that the problem of overtourism cannot be perceived as uniform in all cities. In fact, in many cities, the problem is not observed yet. Moreover, in cities where some symptoms of overtourism were detected, they often differ between one another in significant details. In such a case, it is difficult to create a universal theory that helps to solve many different problems. One more difficulty in creating a theory of tourism development in cities is the fact that tourism is neither easy to isolate from other development issues in a city, nor does such an action make any sense. There are so many aspects related to each other that discussing tourism development as an isolated issue is not a proper approach. Additionally, there are many issues that might be seen as not related to tourism in the city, but it may turn out that they actually are. The example of the new law proclaimed by local authorities in Berlin in October 2019 of freezing prices of long-term residential rental of houses and apartments can be presented here. The law was not intended to influence tourism traffic in the city. However, it may turn out that the growing difference in profitability of long-term rental and short-term tourism rental is going to be mirrored in more and more attempts to move real estates from the residential market into the tourism market, which will cause the number of real estates offered via Airbnb or similar platforms to grow, making shortages on the residential market even more painful.

**Author Contributions:** The author confirms sole responsibility for the following: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest

#### **References**


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