*3.1. Study Area*

Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was selected as a study area. It is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Republic of Korea. There are various types of tour programs for visitors including night tourism programs during the summer. For example, Suwon Cultural Heritage Night provides the opportunity to enjoy the night view of the fortress with special parades, and to experience the history and culture of Suwon (see Figure 1).

**Figure 1.** Various night tourism attractions in Hwaseong Fortress.

At present these night tourism programs are provided in partial areas only in summer which means providing at the limited time and place. By an exceeding the acceptable number of visitors in Suwon Hwaseong fortress at night, as shown in Figure 2, visitors are suffered from crowding. In other words, there is over-tourism. According to the Suwon Hwaseong night visitor survey [32], visitors' inconvenient experiences are about crowding, such as hardness to join programs and to take tourism vehicles because of crowding. In addition, many visitors asked to extend the running hours or to expand other seasons, to avoid the crowding.

(**a**) The view of performance (**b**) The view of experience activities

**Figure 2.** Over-tourism in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress at night.
