*6.5. Satisfied with the Organization of Sports Events in Poznan, Bearing in Mind the Disadvantages of Organizing Events from the Poznan Half Marathon in the City*

Checking if the fractions of the people who answered YES to this question differ significantly between the two analyzed groups—Chi-square test. Fractions do not differ from each other in a statistically significant way: *p*-value = 0.730 (>0.05). It cannot be assumed that there is a relationship between the type of event and the answer to the question being analyzed. The distribution of the analyzed feature in both groups again differs significantly from the normal (*p* < α), therefore the nonparametric test was used—U Mann Whitney's test. The average level of satisfaction differs significantly between the analyzed groups: *p* = 0.000 (the average in the samples was: 8.82 for the Half Marathon, 9.25 for Cavaliada). For the one-sided test: *p* = 0.000/2 = 0.000. Then it can be assumed that the participants of the Half Marathon have an average level of satisfaction significantly lower than the average level of satisfaction of Cavaliada participants.

## **7. Discussion**

A review of the literature on the problem shows that there is little research on the impact of small sporting events on the quality of life of residents. In addition, studies on the relationship between mega sporting events and the place where they are organized have a relatively short history and the first studies appeared after 1984 under the influence of LIO in Los Angeles [108,109]. Over the next 30 years, there were research results showing the relationship between events and their host [23,111–114]. In Poland, the first such research and reports began in 2007 when the results of the selection of the host of Euro 2012 was announced [115]. This gave impetus to get interested in the subject. There were few studies that referred to economic [115–119], tourists [24,120,121] and sociological [122] issues. All these studies refer to the analysis of the relationship between a sporting event and the place where it takes place and includes the effect, impact and influence of the mega event on the host [121]. Street running has already been analyzed from the side of runners' profiles and their motivation to participate in events [90,91,123]. Moreover, it was emphasized that the venue for the organization of running is increasingly important for sustainable development. For example, the effects of organizing running events in national parks were researched [96,97,124]. The impact of running events on local communities in the context of health promotion was also examined [100] but the results of the research on the negative impact of running events on the urban community have not been met before in the literature. There are not so many studies that concern small and local events and their negative or positive impact on residents [22,105,125,126]. Many authors at that time took up the issue of sports tourism, which is related to the organization of sporting events [107,127–130]. Sports tourism, if well organized, has the potential of creating more positive economic, social and cultural benefits to the host community. This is a kind of tourism that has recently been used to enhance the city's identity and appeal to businesses and travelers. Most cities' bids to host sporting events in order to achieve urban regeneration with revenues being generated from TV licenses and other areas. However, cities also face difficulties while trying to assess the impacts of these events when set against the costs incurred. This applies to the organization of major sporting events in popular tourist destinations. That is why many authors dealt with issues in this area, especially social impacts of hosting major sport events. Kim and co-authors [25] were trying to develop a complex scale to evaluate the perceived six social impacts of a large-scale sport tourism event. There were economic benefits; community pride; community development; economic costs; traffic problems; and security risks. Their questionnaire was tested among community of host's residents for the Formula One Korean Grand Prix in South Korea. They wanted to understand how residents view the impacts of a large sporting tourism event [25]. Liu, using Shanghai Formula One as a case study, examine the impact of mega sporting events on host city image from the international students perspective [131]. Leisure facilities and service were the most positive image impact in the opinion of the respondents. International students disagreed that Formula One would result in security problems or any crime. They had doubts about any negative impact on their daily life or environment. Lunhua & Haiyan [132] investigated residents' perceptions of the social impact of the Formula One Chinese Grand Prix and examined the relationships between the perceptions of social impact and four sets of variables. The results showed one dimension of negative impact (environmental and cultural problems) which was significantly associated with involvement in sports industry, community attachment and identification with the event. Moreover, Liu [133] developed a scale to measure the legacy of psychic income associated with the Olympic Games. The research collected from Beijing residents during the 2008 Beijing Games, identified a seven-factor of a scale of measuring psychic income (SPI) with 24 pertinent items retained. A study conducted by Balduck et al. [134] contributes to this line of inquiry by assessing the impact of the arrival of a stage of the 2007 Tour de France in Ghent. Exploratory factor analysis revealed seven impact factors. The most highly perceived benefits were cultural and image benefits whereas the most highly perceived costs were excessive spending and mobility problems. But Yi-De Liu [26] wrote that improving residents' quality of life (QoL) is one main reason to host major events. Also, event legacy has been emerging as a key outcome associated with the hosting of an event. Based on a case study of

Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture (ECOC), the research indicate that the most highly perceived benefits were image, identity and cultural legacies. However, respondents were less likely to perceive the legacy of economic and tourism development on their QoL. The study underlines also the importance of legacy planning as a holistic program from the early stages of event process [26].

However, presented examples of conducted research concern large sporting events and show that no one studied the impact of the organization of less known, medium scale sporting events on residents on the perception of negative externalities by host residents. The authors of the present paper did not reach the results of the research, which would show an assessment of the impact of the organization of non-mega scale sports events on the quality of the hosts' lives. With reference to the Faulkner and Tideswell studies [135], the perceptions of community members are important and, furthermore, obtaining responses from a diverse group of residents is essential in representing the varied perceptions. For example, Bynner [136] stated that longitudinal data is needed to study the transition process involved, the effects of societal change and the policy impact.
