**1. Introduction**

A necessity of impact assessment and requirement for a reduction in the impact of polluting (harmful) substances from industrial facilities (including energy facilities) on the environment are gaining more and more attention in the world. Currently, in the Russian Federation, the following have been approved and taken effect: "Energy strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035" [1], the national project "Ecology" [2], and "Strategy for socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050" [3]. These documents envisage, among other things, a shift to environmentally friendly and resource-saving energy, the rational use of natural resources, and a reduction in dangerous polluting substances' emissions [4,5]. Various teams, both Russian [6,7] and foreign [8,9], perform research on assessing the impact of industrial facilities on the environment. To carry out impact assessments, the results of measurements of environmental elements (air, water, soil) are used, as well as monitoring and statistical information: state reports and reports of industrial facilities. If that information is not available, then the assessment of the impact of pollutants on the environment is carried out using officially approved regulatory methods, such as [10,11]. However, these methods are used separately and we did not find information about attempts to integrate them. Methods also require a significant amount of information about object of study, starting from the technical parameters of the facility (brand and model of the boiler, characteristics of the used fuel) and ending with information about the weather in the area where the facility is located (wind speed and direction, air temperature) and terrain data. Research on the impact assessment of energy facilities on the environment is interdisciplinary, as it requires the involvement of experts from various subject areas, such as energy, ecology, and economics (to assess the economic feasibility of measures to reduce the harmful effects

**Citation:** Kuzmin, V.R.; Vorozhtsova, T.N.; Massel, L.V. Design and Development of Information and Computational System for Energy Facilities' Impact Assessment on Environment. *Eng. Proc.* **2023**, *33*, 21. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/engproc2023033021

Academic Editors: Askhat Diveev, Ivan Zelinka, Arutun Avetisyan and Alexander Ilin

Published: 13 June 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Lermontova Str. 130, 664058 Irkutsk, Russia

of pollutants). When conducting research, it will also be advisable to be able not only to assess the current state of environmental pollution, but also to provide an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to reduce the harmful effects of energy facilities and plan the placement of new facilities.

Based on the above, it is required to develop an information and computational system (ICS), which will allow for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of energy facilities on the environment and will include decision support tools to reduce the harmful effects of these facilities.

#### **2. Methods and Tools Used for Development**

To solve the problem mentioned in the introduction, we developed ICS WICS (Weboriented Information and Computational System). ICS is based on the authors' methodical approach for impact assessment of energy facilities on the environment. A detailed description of this approach was given in [12]. ICS allows us to


The components responsible for work with the mentioned methods will be discussed in the next section.

While developing ICS, we decided to develop it as a multiagent system (or MAS). The concept of MAS is to increase system's performance (speed of processing and output results' quality) by distributing tasks [17]. In [18], a multiagent system is considered as a network of asynchronous objects that jointly solve problems that cannot be solved by a single agent. Thus, the system consists of decentralized autonomously operating elements (or agents). To develop ICS as an MAS, we used the authors' method based on the agent-service approach, which was given in a previous paper [19]. In this paper, we also considered information and the analytical system WIS, which is a conceptual prototype of the ICS described in this article. The main steps of the method are

	- **–** Determine the purpose of the ICS;
	- **–** Define the set of tasks {*T*} that the ICS must be able to solve;
	- **–** Define the function set of the ICS {*F*};
	- **–** Create a list of agents {*A*} of the ICS based on the {*F*};
	- **–** Develop set of basic components {*CB*}.
	- **–** Define agents' call order {*PA*};
	- **–** Develop agent call scripts {*SA*};
	- **–** Give a description of the developed scenarios using event models {*ES*}.

In this article, we will not consider the second step because the description of their development requires an additional article. The purpose of the ICS, tasks, and functions were described in the introduction and the beginning of this section. The architecture and implementation of the ICS will be considered in the next section.

To store the information necessary for conducting research and research results, a database (DB) was developed, which is also used to store the knowledge base. The studies themselves require, as mentioned in the introduction, a significant amount of data and are interdisciplinary. Therefore, when formalizing knowledge in the considered subject areas, inaccuracies may occur, leading to the construction of incorrect models. Therefore, to formalize knowledge about the subject areas under consideration, ontological engineering of the considered subject areas was performed [20]. We also proposed a database design methodology for assessing environmental pollution by energy facilities based on ontologies. The main steps of the method are:


Next, we will consider the process of creating tables in a database using the constructed ontologies and the proposed methodology. Figure 1 shows an ontology describing the method from [10].

**Figure 1.** Ontology of the method for determining emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere during fuel combustion in boilers with a capacity of less than 30 tons of steam per hour or less than 20 Gcal per hour.

As can be seen from the ontology, in order to calculate the volume of emissions from an energy facility, it is required to know both the fuel parameters (for example, the lower heating value of the fuel) and the parameters of the boiler (fuel consumption, the fraction of particles captured in ash collectors). Based on the constructed ontologies, the corresponding tables in the database were developed. Figure 2 shows some of the tables.

**Figure 2.** Tables in the database developed on the basis of ontologies.

*Comments.* The *powerplant* table stores basic information about the energy facility, such as name and location. The *boiler* table stores data on the boiler units installed at the energy facility—type of boiler, fuel used, volume of fuel burned, installed capacity. The *boiler\_type\_fuels* table contains information about the allowed types of fuel that can be burned in the boiler and technical parameters, for example, heat loss from mechanical incomplete combustion of the fuel (*unburned\_mechanical\_losses*). The *coal\_datasource* table contains information about the parameters of the coal. The *emission\_calculation* and *emission\_calculation\_element* tables store data on emission calculation and calculation element, respectively. They indicate which energy facilities will participate in the calculation. The *emission\_calculation\_result\_element* table stores the results of the performed calculations. Next, we will consider in more detail the implementation of the proposed ICS: the architecture and main components, as well as the approbation of the ICS.

### **3. Implementation of ICS WICS**

ICS WICS is implemented as a Web application, due to the following reasons:


Figure 3 shows the client-server architecture of the ICS.

**Figure 3.** Architecture of ICS WICS.

The server side includes the following subsystems: calculation subsystem, DBMS subsystem, and subsystem with auxiliary components. The calculation subsystem consists of:


ICS WICS is a multiagent system, so it includes a main server that handles client requests and coordinates agents, responsible for calculations; auxiliary servers (four servers) that contain the mentioned calculation subsystems (currently, one server per subsystem) and a server with service components; database server.

The client part includes a user interface, tools for visualizing results (including geovisualization), as well as WebOntoMap, a component for working with ontologies stored in the knowledge base.

The developed ICS allows us to calculate pollutant emissions from energy facilities, assess the economic damage from emissions, calculate the dispersion of pollutants in the atmospheric air, and work with the results of analyzing snow samples for pollutant content. The system can be used to assess the current situation with environmental pollution, to assess the effectiveness of measures to reduce the harmful impact of energy facilities, for example, when planning the placement of new energy facilities.

#### **4. Computational Experiment**

To test the ICS WICS, computational experiments were carried out based on information about energy facilities (boiler houses) located in the Central Ecological Zone of the Baikal Natural Territory (CEZ BNT) [21]. Boiler houses have different installed capacity and equipment; coal is used as fuel (the results of calculations are given based on data for 2015). First, the quantitative indicators of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air from the assessed facilities were calculated. In an aggregated form, a fragment of the results obtained is shown in Table 1.

**Table 1.** Fragment of the results of calculations of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air.


The geovisualization of the results was also performed in the form of a heat map using the the Yandex.Maps cartographic service. Figure 4 shows the visualization of particulate matter emissions.

**Figure 4.** Geovisualization of the results of calculating the volume of pollutant emissions from energy facilities.

Blue marks indicate the assessed energy facilities. When a mark is clicked, a legend (detailed information about the facility) will be shown at the top left. The redder the heat map, the higher the volume of pollutant emissions relative to other facilities.

Based on the results of calculating the quantitative indicators of pollutant emissions, the calculation of the economic damage caused to the environment was carried out according to the methodology [11]. A fragment of the results is shown in Table 2.


**Table 2.** A fragment of the results of the calculation of economic damage.

The calculation of the dispersion of pollutants in the atmospheric air was also performed; Table 3 shows a fragment of the calculation results for particulate matter.

**Table 3.** Fragment of the results of the calculation of dispersion of particulate matter from energy facilities in the atmospheric air.


The results of the dispersion calculation can also be geovisualized in the form of a heat map; an example is shown in Figure 5.

**Figure 5.** Geovisualization of the results of calculating the dispersion of pollutants (particle matter) for energy facilities located in the Kabansky district of the Republic of Buryatia.

The results of the analysis of snow samples for the content of pollutants were additionally uploaded to the system. Figure 6 shows the geovisualization of the results of the

**Figure 6.** Interpolation of the results of the analysis of snow samples for *SO*<sup>4</sup> content.

Blue dots on the map indicate sampling sites, while red dots indicate energy facilities. The redder and brighter the heat map at sampling points, the higher the pollutant concentration.

The ICS also includes a subsystem for supporting the development of recommendations, which aggregates the results and visualizes them using infographics. An example of the subsystem operation is shown in Figure 7.

**Figure 7.** Decision-making support subsystem.

analysis of samples for the content of *SO*<sup>4</sup> in the form of a heat map after interpolation using Bayesian empirical kriging [22,23].

#### **5. Conclusions**

In this article, we substantiated the need for research on the impact assessment of energy facilities on the environment and described the ICS WICS developed for this purpose. The ICS allows us to assess the impact of both existing and planned energy facilities. The approaches and methods used in the development of the ICS are shown: the agent-service approach and ontological engineering. The ICS architecture is presented and its main blocks are described; examples of system interfaces are shown. The results of approbation confirming the correctness of the applied methods are presented.

In the future, as a part of the research on the sustainability of energy and socioecological systems, it is planned to integrate the ICS WICS with the INTEC-A software package (developed in a team represented by the authors [24]) to study the directions for the development of the fuel and energy complex, taking into account the requirements of energy security. This will make it possible to carry out comprehensive research on the directions of development of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, taking into account the impact of decisions made on the environment.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.V.M.; investigation, V.R.K.; methodology, V.R.K. and T.N.V.; software, V.R.K.; validation, T.N.V. and L.V.M.; writing—original draft preparation, V.R.K. and T.N.V.; writing—review and editing, L.V.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The research was carried out under State Assignment Project (No FWEU-2021-0007 AAAA-A21-121012090007-7).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


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