2.1.3. Film Water Solubility (WS)

Greater solubility in water can increase film biodegradability by decreasing its degradation period in the environment. Furthermore, it will lessen the application of film on foods with high water content [29]. An increase in EPPE's addition percentage resulted in a decrease in EPPE films' WS values. Ch-1% EPPE film did not vary significantly (*p* < 0.05), while Ch-3% EPPE and Ch-5% EPPE films demonstrated a substantial reduction (*p* < 0.05) in WS in comparison to the control (Ch-0% EPPE). The WS of the EPPE films decreased, as demonstrated in Table 1, as a result of the extract's polyphenolic components forming strong hydrogen bonds with the CH matrix. Both Uranga et al. [31] and Riaz et al. [32] observed similar findings.
