**5. Conclusions**

This research introduced a medical imaging method, the minimum variance spatial smoothing (MVSS) beamforming imaging method, for near-surface seismic detection to achieve rapid and accurate imaging. To increase the robustness of the algorithm, the DL method was employed to add spatial white noise to the recorded wavefield and to adjust the weight calculation in the proposed method. The CF method was used to improve the image quality by amplifying the amplitudes of points with a strong focusing effect and depressing those with a weak focusing effect. We observed that reducing the delay time by one-half of a wavelet cycle provided the best image focusing effect when the wavelet length was not short enough for the imaging area in a near-surface situation. The method was tested on multiple synthetic near-surface geological models and compared with DAS beamforming, Kirchhoff migration, and reverse time migration. The results indicate that the MVSS beamforming method has a high computational efficiency while maintaining a high imaging quality, a high imaging resolution and a high contrast. The MVSS beamforming method provides the superior suppression of artifacts caused by surface waves as well as other imaging artifacts or interferences caused by S-waves, surface waves, and white noise. Meanwhile, we suggest that future works should focus on adapting inhomogeneous velocity models into beamforming imaging.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, C.L.; Formal analysis, D.W.; Funding acquisition, Z.S.; Methodology, D.W.; Project administration, M.P. and Z.S.; Resources, M.P., L.L., C.L., Z.S. and F.M.; Software, L.L. and J.S.; Writing—original draft, D.W.; Writing—review and editing, M.P., D.W. and L.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers 42172296, 42071010 and 42061160480, and the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation, grant number 20ZR1461300.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
