*Article* **Estimation of Active Earth Pressure for Narrow Unsaturated Backfills Considering Soil Arching Effect and Interlayer Shear Stress**

**Daxi Fu 1,2, Minghui Yang <sup>3</sup> , Bo Deng 4,\* and Hutao Gong <sup>2</sup>**


**Abstract:** Affected by climatic conditions such as rainfall, evaporation and air temperature, most of the backfill soil is in an unsaturated state, and the decrease in matric suction leads to the failure of the retaining structure. In view of this, this study takes the vertical rigid retaining wall with narrow unsaturated backfill as the research object, assuming that the backfill behind the wall forms a circular soil arch and considering the interlayer shear stress; thus, the analytical solution of the active earth pressure of narrow unsaturated soil is derived based on the thin layer element method. The reliability of this method is verified by comparing with the experimental and existing theoretical results. A parameter analysis demonstrates that with the increase in the interface friction angle of the moving wall–soil, the average shear stress coefficient of zone I and zone II increases gradually, but with the increase in the interface friction angle of the fixed wall–soil, the average shear stress coefficient of zone I decreases; with the increase in effective internal friction angle and effective cohesion, the active earth pressure decreases and the tension crack depth increases; with the increase in the interface friction angle, the active earth pressure in the upper part of the retaining wall increases slightly, while the active earth pressure in the lower part decreases obviously; with the increase in matric suction, the active earth pressure first decreases rapidly and then increases gradually, and the tension crack depth first increases and then decreases, but the distribution pattern of the horizontal active earth pressure remains unchanged; the active earth pressure decreases with the decrease in the aspect ratio, and when the aspect ratio is smaller, the attenuation is more obvious; until the aspect ratio reaches a certain value, the active earth pressure is basically unchanged.

**Keywords:** active earth pressure; unsaturated narrow backfill; interlayer shear stress; arching effect; thin-layer element method

### **1. Introduction**

The lateral pressure of the retaining wall is a key factor affecting the safety and stability of the retaining wall. An accurate estimation of the earth pressure behind a retaining wall is the premise of rational design. Coulomb's and Rankine's earth pressure theory have been used by engineering designers until now because of their simple form and clear concept. Both of them assume that the backfill behind the wall is semi-infinite and is fully saturated or dry. Furthermore, the earth pressure obtained by the two theories is linearly distributed along the depth. However, it is proven that the active earth pressure distribution behind the wall is nonlinear due to the rough wall–soil interfaces [1–5].

With the rapid development of urban construction, underground buildings are becoming more and more intensive, so that the backfills behind many retaining walls cannot meet the conditions of semi-infinite soil. The adjacent underground structures prevent the sliding surface in the backfill from fully developing to the backfill surface, resulting in a

**Citation:** Fu, D.; Yang, M.; Deng, B.; Gong, H. Estimation of Active Earth Pressure for Narrow Unsaturated Backfills Considering Soil Arching Effect and Interlayer Shear Stress. *Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 12699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su141912699

Academic Editors: Mahdi Hasanipanah, Danial Jahed Armaghani and Jian Zhou

Received: 13 September 2022 Accepted: 27 September 2022 Published: 6 October 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

large difference between the earth pressure behind the wall and that in the semi-infinite soil case. Several studies have demonstrated that the active earth pressure acting on the retaining wall decreases with the narrowing of the backfill behind the wall [3,5–12]. In addition, some scholars have discussed the shape of the slip surface in the soil under the condition of narrow backfill. A simple but effective method is to assume that the linear sliding surface is truncated by the adjacent wall to form a trapezoidal sliding wedge [5,13]. Greco [14] believed that the sliding surface will reflect and form a multi fold line failure mode after it develops to the adjacent wall. Yang et al. [15] conducted a series of model tests and observed that the slip surfaces are curvilinear planes developed from the heel of the retaining wall to the crest of the backfill.

On the other hand, after the soil arch theory was put forward by Janssen [16], the relevant earth pressure research was carried out by many geotechnical scholars. Handy [17] defined the active soil arch as the trajectory of small principal stress, assumed that the trajectory of the soil arch between two parallel retaining walls is catenary, and established the expression of the earth pressure distribution behind the wall by the slice method. Paik and Salgado [18] assumed that the soil arch is a circular arc, and the sliding surface of the backfill is the Rankine sliding surface, but the deflection of the principal stress at the sliding surface is not considered. Goel [19] assumed the soil arch as a parabola and solved the theoretical expression of active earth pressure in the form of polar coordinates in the case of the linear failure mode and parabola failure mode. Many subsequent studies have proven that the soil arching effect cannot be ignored in the calculation of earth pressure [9,20–22].

Additionally, due to the complex natural geological environment, various retaining structures are inevitably backfilled by unsaturated soil. In this case, the traditional earth pressure theories treat backfills as completely saturated or dry soils. Nevertheless, many engineering cases demonstrate that economic and safe retaining structure design can only be carried out if the lateral pressure change caused by the change of matric suction in unsaturated backfill is reasonably considered [23–25]. The following work has been carried out by researchers: Pufahl et al. [26] obtained the Rankine earth pressure solution of unsaturated soil based on the strength theory of two stress variables [27]. Liang et al. [28] combined the strength theory of unsaturated soil with the Coulomb earth pressure theory, and obtained the unified solution of Coulomb earth pressure in unsaturated soil. Since then, the limit equilibrium method has been widely used to solve the earth pressure of unsaturated soil [24,29,30]. Moreover, the slip line theory [31,32] and the upper bound method of limit analysis [33–35] have also been extended to the calculation of earth pressure in unsaturated soils. However, most unsaturated earth pressure theories still assume that the backfill is in semi-infinite soil conditions when analyzing the finite fill behind the wall, which is seriously inconsistent with the actual situation, resulting in too conservative calculation results. In addition, two ideas are generally adopted for the theoretical derivation of unsaturated earth pressure at present. One is based on the traditional Coulomb earth pressure method, and the overall sliding wedge is used to solve the problem, but the distribution of earth pressure cannot be obtained. The other method is to use the horizontal thin-layer slicing method, but most theories do not consider the comprehensive influence of the soil arching effect and interlayer shear stress in the analysis, resulting in a large deviation between the predicted results and the actual situation.

Based on the above analysis, this study takes the narrow unsaturated backfill as the analysis object, assumes that the trajectory of small principal stress is an arc and the soil slip surface behind the wall is a Coulomb slip surface, and the Mohr stress circle is used to calculate the average vertical stress and shear stress of the horizontal interlayer; on this basis, the expression of active earth pressure, its resultant force and the height of the action point is given by the horizontal thin layer analysis method, and it is compared with the model test and other theoretical results in the relevant literature. At the same time, through parameter analysis, the effects of fill aspect ratio, cohesion, internal friction angle, matrix suction and wall–soil interface friction angle on active earth pressure, its resultant force and the height of the action point are studied.

#### **2. Shear Strength for Unsaturated Soils 2. Shear Strength for Unsaturated Soils**

*Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 12699 3 of 19

force and the height of the action point are studied.

In order to more clearly describe the characteristic that the shear strength of unsaturated soil increases with the increase in matric suction, Fredlund et al. [27] introduced a new material variable *ϕ* b related to matric suction, and proposed a shear strength theory of two independent stress state variables for calculating the shear strength of unsaturated soil. As shown in Figure 1, in the three-dimensional space of two stress variables and shear stress, the shear strength envelope is a plane. The expression of shear strength is given by: In order to more clearly describe the characteristic that the shear strength of unsaturated soil increases with the increase in matric suction, Fredlund et al. [27] introduced a new material variable *φ*b related to matric suction, and proposed a shear strength theory of two independent stress state variables for calculating the shear strength of unsaturated soil. As shown in Figure 1, in the three-dimensional space of two stress variables and shear stress, the shear strength envelope is a plane. The expression of shear strength is given by:

through parameter analysis, the effects of fill aspect ratio, cohesion, internal friction angle, matrix suction and wall–soil interface friction angle on active earth pressure, its resultant

$$\tau\_f = (\sigma - u\_a) \tan \phi' + c' + (u\_a - u\_w) \tan \phi^b \tag{1}$$

where *σ* is the total normal stress; *u<sup>a</sup>* and *u<sup>w</sup>* are the pore air pressure and the pore water pressure; (*σ* − *ua*) represents the net normal stress on the failure plane; *ϕ*' is the effective internal friction angle; *c*' is the effective cohesion; (*u<sup>a</sup>* − *uw*) represents the matric suction; *ϕ b* is matric suction angle, which indicates the rate of increase in the soil strength with respect to an increase in matric suction. where *σ* is the total normal stress; *ua* and *uw* are the pore air pressure and the pore water pressure; (*σ* − *ua*) represents the net normal stress on the failure plane; *φ'* is the effective internal friction angle; *c'* is the effective cohesion; (*ua* − *uw*) represents the matric suction; *φb* is matric suction angle, which indicates the rate of increase in the soil strength with respect to an increase in matric suction.

**Figure 1.** Extended Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope of unsaturated soils. **Figure 1.** Extended Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope of unsaturated soils.

ϕ

form:

Subsequent studies [36,37] found that the ϕ*<sup>b</sup>* is not a fixed value. With the change of matric suction, *φb* will take different values. Based on the microscopic analysis of unsaturated soil, Vanapalli et al. [38] suggested that the SWCC model be used to correlate the relationship between *<sup>b</sup>* and volumetric water content of soil, which has the following Subsequent studies [36,37] found that the *φ b* is not a fixed value. With the change of matric suction, *ϕ <sup>b</sup>* will take different values. Based on the microscopic analysis of unsaturated soil, Vanapalli et al. [38] suggested that the SWCC model be used to correlate the relationship between *φ <sup>b</sup>* and volumetric water content of soil, which has the following form:

$$\tan \varphi^b = \left(\frac{\theta - \theta\_r}{\theta\_s - \theta\_r}\right) \tan \varphi' \tag{2}$$

tan tan *<sup>b</sup> <sup>r</sup> s r* ϕ ϕ θ θ <sup>−</sup> <sup>=</sup> ′ <sup>−</sup> (2) where *θ* is the volumetric water content; *θr* is the residual volumetric water content; and *θs* is the saturated volumetric water content. Using the SWCC model proposed by Van where *θ* is the volumetric water content; *θ<sup>r</sup>* is the residual volumetric water content; and *θs* is the saturated volumetric water content. Using the SWCC model proposed by Van Genuchten [39], the matric suction angle corresponding to different matric suction can be obtained from the following formula:

$$\tan \varphi^b = \frac{\tan \varphi'}{\left\{1 + [a(u\_d - u\_w)]^n\right\}^{1 - 1/n}} \tag{3}$$

where *α* and *n* are SWCC fitting parameters; parameter *α* is approximate to the inverse of air entry suction; parameter *n* reflects the pore size distribution.

Through the above analysis, when the value of matric suction is determined, the shear strength provided by the matric suction can be calculated. The intercept of the shear strength envelope in the corresponding net stress and shear stress plane coordinate system is the sum of the shear strength provided by the effective cohesion and matric suction, as shown in Figure 1. In the subsequent calculation, we will express the contribution of matric suction to shear strength through total cohesion:

$$\mathcal{L}\_t = \mathcal{c}' + (\mathcal{u}\_a - \mathcal{u}\_w) \tan \varphi^b \tag{4}$$

#### **3. Lateral Pressure Coefficient and Shear Stress Coefficient**

Terzaghi [40] defines the phenomenon of earth pressure transfer from the yield zone to the adjacent static zone as a soil arching effect, and the existence of the soil arching effect changes the distribution of the earth pressure. The basic idea of calculating the earth pressure by soil arching effect is to obtain the active lateral earth pressure coefficient by assuming the geometric shape of the principal stress arch, and then solve the average vertical pressure and earth pressure of the soil layer according to the differential element force balance equation. In the calculation of the lateral earth pressure, the circular earth arch is widely used and the earth pressure distribution is in good agreement with the test results [18,19,41]. However, few studies have considered the influence of adjacent underground buildings on the soil arch.

As shown in Figure 2, in the case of narrow backfill, assuming that the backs of two rigid walls are vertical, and the backfill surface is horizontal, it is considered that there is an overload q0 on the surface of the backfill, and the backfill of the wall is in an unsaturated state. Suppose the wall height is *H*, the soil weight is *γ*, the soil cohesion is *c*', the soil friction angle is *ϕ*', the friction angle between the retaining wall and the soil is *δ*1, and the friction between the existing building and the soil is angle is *δ*2. The active slip surface intersects with the adjacent underground buildings to form a trapezoidal soil wedge, the Coulomb slip surface is assumed to be the slip surface under this working condition, and the inclination angle *β* of the Coulomb-type slip surface passing through the wall heel is:

$$\beta = \arctan\left(\sqrt{\tan^2 \varphi' + \frac{\tan \varphi'}{\tan(\varphi' + \delta\_1)}} + \tan \varphi'\right) \tag{5}$$

Different lateral earth pressure coefficients and interlayer shear stress coefficients will be obtained when the soil arching effect is analyzed in the upper rectangular region (zone I) and the lower triangular region (zone II). In this section, the lateral earth pressure coefficient and the interlayer shear stress coefficient of each region are solved first, and the influence of the wall soil friction angle on them is discussed. Then, in the next section, the distribution of earth pressure, resultant force and their action points in each region are solved according to the horizontal thin layer element method.

Considering the total cohesion of unsaturated soils, the coordinate system *σ*'*oτ* is obtained by translating the coordinate system *σoτ* to the left by *ct*cot*φ*', as shown in Figure 3. Next, the lateral earth pressure coefficient and interlayer shear stress coefficient will be calculated by analyzing the soil arching effect in different areas.

*Zone* I:

From the stress Mohr's circle in Figure 3, the angles *θ<sup>A</sup>* and *θ<sup>B</sup>* between the large principal stress and the horizontal direction at points A and B in Figure 2 can be expressed as:

$$\theta\_A = \frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{1}{2}\arcsin\left(\frac{\sin\delta\_1}{\sin\varphi'}\right) + \frac{\delta\_1}{2} \tag{6}$$

$$\theta\_B = \frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{1}{2}\arcsin\left(\frac{\sin\delta\_2}{\sin\varphi'}\right) + \frac{\delta\_2}{2} \tag{7}$$

where *δ*<sup>1</sup> and *δ*<sup>2</sup> are the interface friction angle of the moving wall and the fixed wall.

*Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 12699 5 of 19

*θ<sup>A</sup> θ<sup>B</sup>*

*q*0

Exterior wall of underground buildings

*θ*

Retaining wall

**Figure 2.** Narrow backfill behind retaining wall and its trajectory of minor principal stress. **Figure 2.** Narrow backfill behind retaining wall and its trajectory of minor principal stress. calculated by analyzing the soil arching effect in different areas.

**Figure 3.** Stress state behind retaining wall. (**a**) Mohr stress circle; (**b**) strss state. **Figure 3.** Stress state behind retaining wall. (**a**) Mohr stress circle; (**b**) strss state.

*Zone* I: The width of the horizontal thin layer element in zone I can be calculated as:

δ

$$b = R(\cos \theta\_A + \cos \theta\_B) \tag{8}$$

ϕ

*'*, as shown in Figure 3.

σ3

**Figure 3.** Stress state behind retaining wall. (**a**) Mohr stress circle; (**b**) strss state. as: where *R* is the radius of circular soil arch.

*w*

as:

*Zone* I: In the new coordinate system, the horizontal stress, vertical stress and shear stress at any point in the soil arch can be expressed as:

$$
\sigma\_{\mathbf{x}}' = \sigma\_1' \left( \cos^2 \theta + \mathbf{K}\_d \sin^2 \theta \right) \tag{9}
$$

$$
\sigma\_z' = \sigma\_1' \left(\sin^2\theta + \mathcal{K}\_a \cos^2\theta\right) \tag{10}
$$

$$
\pi = \sigma\_1'(1 - K\_d)\sin\theta\cos\theta \tag{11}
$$

where *σ*'<sup>1</sup> is the major principal stress of the new coordinate system; *K<sup>a</sup>* is the Rankine active earth pressure coefficient, which can be calculated by *K<sup>a</sup>* = 1−sin *ϕ* 0 1+sin *ϕ*0 .

Handy [17] and Paik [18] defined the lateral active earth pressure coefficient as the ratio of the horizontal stress behind the retaining wall to the average value of the vertical stress on the soil arch trajectory. Similarly, we define the interlayer shear stress coefficient as the ratio of the average shear stress on the soil arch trajectory to the average vertical stress on the soil arch trajectory.

The average shear stress and the average vertical stress on the soil arch trajectory can be obtained by the integral method:

$$\left| \overline{\sigma}\_{z1} \right|' = \frac{\int\_{\theta\_A}^{\pi-\theta\_B} \sigma\_1' \left( \sin^2 \theta + K\_d \cos^2 \theta \right) \text{R} \sin \theta d\theta}{b} = \sigma\_1' \left( 1 + \frac{(K\_d - 1) \left( \cos^3 \theta\_A + \cos^3 \theta\_B \right)}{3 \left( \cos \theta\_A + \cos \theta\_B \right)} \right) \tag{12}$$

$$\overline{\tau}\_{1} = \frac{\int\_{\theta\_{A}}^{\pi-\theta\_{B}} \sigma\_{1}^{\prime} (1 - K\_{d}) \sin \theta \cos \theta \text{R} \sin \theta d\theta}{b} = \sigma\_{1}^{\prime} \frac{(1 - K\_{d}) \left(\sin^{3} \theta\_{B} - \sin^{3} \theta\_{A}\right)}{3 (\cos \theta\_{A} + \cos \theta\_{B})} \tag{13}$$

The horizontal reaction force of the retaining wall in the new coordinate system can be expressed as:

$$
\sigma\_{\rm xA}{}^{\prime} = \sigma\_1^{\prime} \left( \cos^2 \theta\_A + \text{K}\_d \sin^2 \theta\_A \right) \tag{14}
$$

Therefore, in the new coordinate system, the lateral active earth pressure coefficient and interlayer shear stress coefficient are:

$$K\_{1} = \frac{\sigma\_{\ge 1}{\overline{\sigma}\_{z1}}^{\prime} = \frac{\Im(\cos \theta\_A + \cos \theta\_B)(\cos^2 \theta\_A + \mathcal{K}\_d \sin^2 \theta\_A)}{\Im(\cos \theta\_A + \cos \theta\_B) + (\mathcal{K}\_d - 1)(\cos^3 \theta\_A + \cos^3 \theta\_B)}\tag{15}$$

$$k\_1 = \frac{\overline{\tau}\_1}{\overline{\sigma}\_{z1}\prime} = \frac{(1 - \mathcal{K}\_d)(\sin^3\theta\_B - \sin^3\theta\_A)}{\Im(\cos\theta\_A + \cos\theta\_B) + (\mathcal{K}\_d - 1)(\cos^3\theta\_A + \cos^3\theta\_B)}\tag{16}$$

*Zone* II:

The deflection angle of point C has the same expression as that of point A. Considering the deflection of the principal stress at the sliding surface, *θ<sup>C</sup>* and *θ<sup>D</sup>* is obtained, as follows:

$$\theta\_{\mathbb{C}} = \frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \arcsin\left(\frac{\sin \delta\_1}{\sin \varphi'}\right) + \frac{\delta\_1}{2} \tag{17}$$

$$
\theta\_D = \frac{\pi}{4} + \beta - \frac{\phi'}{2} \tag{18}
$$

The width of the horizontal element in zone II and the radius of the soil arch conform to the following relationship:

$$b\_z = R(\cos \theta\_\mathbb{C} - \cos \theta\_\mathbb{D}) \tag{19}$$

Referring to Equations (12)–(14), the average vertical stress, average shear stress and horizontal reaction force of the retaining wall in zone II can be expressed as:

$$\overline{\sigma\_{22}}' = \frac{\int\_{\theta\_{\mathbb{C}}}^{\theta\_{\mathbb{D}}} \sigma\_{1}' \left(\sin^{2}\theta + \mathcal{K}\_{\text{d}}\cos^{2}\theta\right) \text{R}\sin\theta d\theta}{b\_{z}} = \sigma\_{1}' \left(1 + \frac{(\mathcal{K}\_{\text{d}} - 1)\left(\cos^{2}\theta\_{\mathbb{C}} - \cos^{2}\theta\_{\mathbb{D}}\right)}{\Im(\cos\theta\_{\mathbb{C}} - \cos\theta\_{\mathbb{D}})}\right) \tag{20}$$

$$\overline{\tau}\_{2} = \frac{\int\_{\theta\_{\mathbb{C}}}^{\theta\_{\mathbb{D}}} \sigma\_{1} ' (1 - K\_{d}) \sin \theta \cos \theta \mathcal{R} \sin \theta d\theta}{b\_{z}} = \sigma\_{1} \frac{(1 - K\_{d}) \left(\sin^{3} \theta\_{\mathbb{D}} - \sin^{3} \theta\_{\mathbb{C}}\right)}{3 (\cos \theta\_{\mathbb{C}} - \cos \theta\_{\mathbb{D}})} \tag{21}$$

$$
\sigma\_{\rm xC}{}^{\prime} = \sigma\_1{}^{\prime} \left( \cos^2 \theta\_{\mathbb{C}} + \text{K}\_d \sin^2 \theta\_{\mathbb{C}} \right) \tag{22}
$$

δ 1 =5° δ 1 =10°

δ 1 =15°

δ 1 =20°

Then, the lateral pressure coefficient and interlayer shear stress coefficient of zone II in the new coordinate system can be expressed as:

$$K\_{2} = \frac{\sigma\_{\text{xC}}}{\overline{\sigma}\_{z2}} = \frac{\Im(\cos\theta\_{\text{C}} - \cos\theta\_{\text{D}}) \left(\cos^{2}\theta\_{\text{C}} + \text{K}\_{d}\sin^{2}\theta\_{\text{C}}\right)}{\Im(\cos\theta\_{\text{C}} - \cos\theta\_{\text{D}}) + (\text{K}\_{d} - 1)(\cos^{3}\theta\_{\text{C}} - \cos^{3}\theta\_{\text{D}})} \tag{23}$$

$$k\_2 = \frac{\overline{\tau}\_2}{\overline{\sigma}\_{z2}\prime} = \frac{(1 - K\_d)\left(\sin^3\theta\_D - \sin^3\theta\_\mathbb{C}\right)}{3(\cos\theta\_\mathbb{C} - \cos\theta\_D) + (K\_d - 1)(\cos^3\theta\_\mathbb{C} - \cos^3\theta\_\mathbb{D})}\tag{24}$$

Figure 4 shows the relationship between the interlayer shear stress coefficients (*k*<sup>1</sup> and *k*2) and the interface friction angle of the fixed wall–soil *δ*<sup>2</sup> under different values of the interface friction angle of the moving wall–soil *δ*1. The curves in the figures are obtained from Equations (16) and (24). As shown in the Figure 4a, the increase of *δ*1, *k*<sup>1</sup> increases obviously, but decreases with the increase of *δ*2. Moreover, from Figure 4b, *k*<sup>2</sup> increases with the increase of *δ*1, but does not change with the increase of *δ*2. This is because the soil arch in zone II is not formed to the fixed wall. Additionally, when *δ*<sup>1</sup> = *δ*2, *k*<sup>1</sup> = 0. As *δ*<sup>2</sup> continues to increase, *k*<sup>1</sup> will take a negative value, and the direction of the interlayer shear stress will change. *Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 12699 8 of 19

0.15 **Figure 4.** *Cont*.

0.00

is given:

0.03

0.06

*k*<sup>2</sup>

0.09

0.12

**4. Derivation of Active Earth Pressure Formula** 

1

γ

In Equation (26), when *h*c < 0, take *h*c = 0.

σσ

0 5 10 15 20 25

( )

*xA A a A t*

0

 θ

2 2

**Figure 4.** Relationship between interlayer shear stress coefficients and *δ*2: (**a**) *k*1; (**b**) *k*2.

For unsaturated backfills, the tension cracks on the backfill surface cannot be ignored

2 2

2 2 0

 θ  ϕ

= ++ + − = ′ ′ (25)

 θ

cot

′ = −−′ <sup>+</sup> (26)

ϕ  ϕ

due to matric suction. Combining Equation (9) and the transformation relationship between the two coordinate systems, at the critical depth (*z* = *h*c), the following relationship

( )( )

Rewriting the above equation, the tension crack depth can be expressed as:

cos sin *t c t*

ϕθ

*K c*

 θ

cot cos sin cot 0

*c t Aa A t*

*hqc K c*

*Aa A <sup>c</sup> h cq <sup>K</sup>* ϕ

cos sin cot

1 cot

γθ

= +− ′ ′

δ 2 ( o )

(**b**)


is given:


0.00

*k*<sup>1</sup>

0.05

0.10

0 5 10 15 20 25

δ 1 =5° δ 1 =10°

δ 1 =15°

δ 1 =20°

δ 2 ( o )

**Figure 4.** Relationship between interlayer shear stress coefficients and *δ*2: (**a**) *k*1; (**b**) *k*2. **Figure 4.** Relationship between interlayer shear stress coefficients and *δ*<sup>2</sup> : (**a**) *k*<sup>1</sup> ; (**b**) *k*<sup>2</sup> .

#### **4. Derivation of Active Earth Pressure Formula**

**4. Derivation of Active Earth Pressure Formula**  For unsaturated backfills, the tension cracks on the backfill surface cannot be ignored due to matric suction. Combining Equation (9) and the transformation relationship be-For unsaturated backfills, the tension cracks on the backfill surface cannot be ignored due to matric suction. Combining Equation (9) and the transformation relationship between the two coordinate systems, at the critical depth (*z* = *h*c), the following relationship is given:

$$\begin{array}{ll} \sigma\_{\text{xA}} &= \sigma\_1' \left( \cos^2 \theta\_A + \text{K}\_a \sin^2 \theta\_A \right) - c\_l \cot \varphi' \\ &= \left( \gamma h\_c + q\_0 + c\_l \cot \varphi' \right) \left( \cos^2 \theta\_A + \text{K}\_a \sin^2 \theta\_A \right) - c\_l \cot \varphi' = 0 \end{array} \tag{25}$$

ϕ

( ) 2 2 1 cos sin cot *xA A a A t K c* σσ θ θ ϕ = +− ′ ′ Rewriting the above equation, the tension crack depth can be expressed as:

$$h\_{\ell} = \frac{1}{\gamma} \left( \frac{c\_{\ell} \cot \varphi'}{\cos^{2} \theta\_{A} + \mathcal{K}\_{d} \sin^{2} \theta\_{A}} - c\_{\ell} \cot \varphi' - q\_{0} \right) \tag{26}$$

1 cot *t* In Equation (26), when *h*<sup>c</sup> < 0, take *h*<sup>c</sup> = 0. *Zone* I:

2 2 0 cot cos sin *c t Aa A <sup>c</sup> h cq <sup>K</sup>* ϕ γθ θ ′ = −−′ <sup>+</sup> (26) In Equation (26), when *h*c < 0, take *h*c = 0. Carry out force balance analysis for rectangular thin layer element, as shown in Figure 5, in which *σx*<sup>1</sup> and *σx*<sup>2</sup> are the horizontal reaction force of the retaining wall and fixed wall; *τw*<sup>1</sup> and *τw*<sup>2</sup> are the interface shear stress of the retaining wall and fixed wall; *σ<sup>z</sup>* and *σ<sup>z</sup>* + *dσ<sup>z</sup>* are the average vertical stress acting on the upper surface and lower surface; *τ* and *τ* + *dτ* are the average interlayer shear stress acting on the upper surface and lower surface; d*W* is the self-weight of thin layer element.

**Figure 5.** Horizontal thin-layer element model of finite soil of element I. **Figure 5.** Horizontal thin-layer element model of finite soil of element I.

lower surface; d*W* is the self-weight of thin layer element.

The force equilibrium equations in the vertical and horizontal directions are estab-The force equilibrium equations in the vertical and horizontal directions are established as:

$$
\sigma\_{\ge 1} dz - \sigma\_{\ge 2} dz + (\overline{\tau} + d\overline{\tau}) b - \overline{\tau} b = 0 \tag{27}
$$

Carry out force balance analysis for rectangular thin layer element, as shown in Figure 5, in which *σx*1 and *σx*2 are the horizontal reaction force of the retaining wall and fixed

+ *d* are the average vertical stress acting on the upper surface and lower surface;

+ *d* are the average interlayer shear stress acting on the upper surface and

σ*<sup>z</sup>* and

(29)

(32)

wall; *τw*1 and *τw*2 are the interface shear stress of the retaining wall and fixed wall;

$$
\tau\_{w1}dz + \tau\_{w2}dz - \overline{\sigma}\_z b + (\overline{\sigma}\_z + d\overline{\sigma}\_z)b - dW = 0 \tag{28}
$$

where

where

lished as:

Zone I:

*z z*

and

 σ

τ

 τ

σ

τ

$$\begin{cases} \pi\_{w1} = \sigma\_{x1} \tan \delta\_1 + c\_{w1} \\ \pi\_{w2} = \sigma\_{x2} \tan \delta\_1 + c\_{w12} \\ \sigma\_{x1} = K\_1 \overline{\sigma}\_z + (K\_1 - 1) c\_l \cot \varphi' \\ \overline{\tau} = k\_1 \overline{\sigma}\_z + k\_1 c\_l \cot \varphi' \\ \ d \mathcal{W} = \gamma b dz \end{cases} \tag{29}$$

2212 tan *w x wt c* τσ δ = + The adhesive force of wall and soil can be considered as the same as the friction force, which is given by:

$$c\_{wt1} = c\_t \frac{\tan \delta\_1}{\tan \varphi'}, \ c\_{wt2} = c\_t \frac{\tan \delta\_2}{\tan \varphi'} \tag{30}$$

1 1 cot *z t k kc dW bdz* τσ ϕ γ = + ′ = Neglecting the second-order terms, the first-order differential equation can be obtained by solving Equations (27) and (28):

$$\frac{d\overline{\sigma}\_z}{dz} + M\_1 \overline{\sigma}\_z + N\_1 = 0 \tag{31}$$

which is given by: where

$$\begin{cases} M\_1 = \frac{K\_1(\tan \delta\_1 + \tan \delta\_2)}{b(k\_1 \tan \delta\_2 + 1)}\\\ N\_1 = \frac{K\_1 c\_1 \cot \theta'(\tan \delta\_1 + \tan \delta\_2) - \gamma b}{b(k\_1 \tan \delta\_2 + 1)} \end{cases} \tag{32}$$

By integrating Equation (30), the average vertical stress can be solved as:

$$\overline{\sigma}\_{z} = \mathbb{C}\_{1} e^{-M\_{1}z} - \frac{N\_{1}}{M\_{1}} \tag{33}$$

1 1 0 *<sup>z</sup> z <sup>d</sup> M N* σ + += σ (31) Substituting the boundary conditions (*z* = *hc*, *σ<sup>z</sup>* = *q*<sup>0</sup> + *γhc*) into Equation (33), *C*<sup>1</sup> is obtained as follows:

$$\mathbf{C}\_{1} = e^{M\_{1}h\_{\mathrm{c}}} \left( q\_{0} + \gamma h\_{\mathrm{c}} + \frac{N\_{1}}{M\_{1}} \right) \tag{34}$$

where *Zone* II:

( ) 11 2 1 tan tan *K M* δ δ δ + = As shown in Figure 6, according to the equilibrium conditions of stresses acting on the trapezoidal thin layer element, the two equations are expressed as:

$$\left[\sigma\_x dz - \sigma\_n dz \frac{\sin \beta}{\sin \beta} + \tau\_s dz \frac{\cos \beta}{\sin \beta} + (\overline{\tau} + d\overline{\tau})(b\_z - dz \cot \beta) - \overline{\tau} b\_z = 0 \tag{35} \right]$$

By integrating Equation (30), the average vertical stress can be solved as:

$$
\sigma\_x dz - \sigma\_\eta dz \frac{1}{\sin \beta} + \tau\_s dz \frac{1}{\sin \beta} + (\tau + d\tau)(\sigma\_z - d\tau \cot \beta) - \tau \sigma\_z = 0 \tag{33}
$$

$$
\tau\_w dz + \tau\_s dz \frac{\sin \beta}{\sin \beta} + \sigma\_\eta dz \frac{\cos \beta}{\sin \beta} + (\overline{\sigma}\_z + d\overline{\sigma}\_z)(b\_z - dz \cot \beta) - \overline{\sigma}\_z b\_z - d\mathcal{W} = 0 \tag{34}
$$

in which

in which

is obtained as follows:

*Zone* II:

τ

σ

 τ  σ

β

β

 σ

$$\begin{cases} \tau\_w = \sigma\_x \tan \delta\_1 + c\_{wt1} \\ \tau\_s = \sigma\_n \tan \varphi' + c\_t \\ \sigma\_x = K\_2 \overline{\sigma}\_z + (K\_2 - 1) c\_t \cot \varphi' \\ \overline{\tau} = k\_2 \overline{\sigma}\_z + k\_2 c\_l \cot \varphi' \\ b\_z = (H - z) \cot \beta \\ d\mathcal{W} = \gamma b\_z dz - \frac{1}{2} \gamma dz \cot \beta dz \end{cases} \tag{37}$$

( )

1 cot

 ϕ

1 1

*c*

*c*

<sup>1</sup> 1

*M z*

*<sup>N</sup> C e*

<sup>1</sup> 1

As shown in Figure 6, according to the equilibrium conditions of stresses acting on

γ

*<sup>N</sup> Ce q h <sup>M</sup>*

sin sin *xn s z z dz dz dz d b dz b*

sin sin *w s n z z z zz dz dz dz d b dz b dW*

2 2

*xz t*

*K Kc*

= +− ′

 τ

 β

 β

> σ

tan

 = + = +′

*w x wt*

 δ

 ϕ

tan

*sn t*

*c*

( )( ) sin cos cot 0

 τ

( )( ) sin cos cot 0

+ + ++ − − −= (36)

 σ

− + ++ − − = (35)

1

1

<sup>−</sup> = − (33)

 γ

= ++ (34)

 βτ

 βσ

= + *q h* ) into Equation (33), *C*<sup>1</sup>

(37)

*M*

σ

1

*z*

1 0

*M hc*

σ

Substituting the boundary conditions ( *<sup>c</sup> z h* = , *z c* <sup>0</sup>

the trapezoidal thin layer element, the two equations are expressed as:

 β

 β

τσ

τσ

σσ

τσ

 τ

β

β

where *σ<sup>n</sup>* and *τ<sup>s</sup>* are the normal stress and shear stress on the slip surface. where *σn* and *τs* are the normal stress and shear stress on the slip surface.

*Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 12699 10 of 19

**Figure 6.** Horizontal thin-layer element model of finite soil of element II. **Figure 6.** Horizontal thin-layer element model of finite soil of element II.

Combining Equations (35) and (36), a differential equation is obtained as:

$$\frac{d\overline{\sigma}\_z}{dz} + \frac{M\_2}{H-z}\overline{\sigma}\_z + \frac{N\_1}{H-z} + P\_2 = 0\tag{38}$$
 
$$\frac{d\overline{\sigma}\_z}{dz} + \frac{N\_2}{H-z} + \frac{N\_3}{H-z} = 0$$

*z*

where

where

$$\begin{cases} M\_{2} = \frac{K\_{2}\left[\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \beta + \varphi'\right) + \tan\delta\_{1}\right]}{\cot\beta\left[1 + k\_{2}\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \beta + \varphi'\right)\right]} - 1\\\ N\_{2} = c\_{t} \frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \beta + \varphi'\right)((K\_{2} - 1)\cot\varphi' + \cot\beta(1 - k\_{2}\cot\varphi')) + K\_{2}\cot\varphi'\tan\delta\_{1} + 1}{\cot\beta\left[1 + k\_{2}\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \beta + \varphi'\right)\right]}\\\ P\_{2} = \frac{-\gamma}{1 + k\_{2}\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \beta + \varphi'\right)}\end{cases} \tag{39}$$

Integrating Equation (38) can be solved as

$$\overline{\sigma}\_{z} = \mathbb{C}\_{2}(H - z)^{M\_{2}} + \frac{\mathbf{P\_{2}}}{1 - M\_{2}}(H - z) - \frac{N\_{2}}{M\_{2}} \tag{40}$$

By substituting the boundary value *z* = *h*, *σ<sup>z</sup>* = *C*1*e* <sup>−</sup>*M*1*<sup>h</sup>* <sup>−</sup> *N*1 *M*<sup>1</sup> , *C*<sup>2</sup> is obtained, as follows:

$$\mathbf{C}\_{2} = \frac{\mathbf{C}\_{1}e^{-M\_{1}h} - \frac{N\_{1}}{M\_{1}} - \frac{P\_{2}}{1 - M\_{2}}(H - h) + \frac{N\_{2}}{M\_{2}}}{(H - h)^{M\_{2}}} \tag{41}$$

Therefore, the distribution of the horizontal active earth pressure is obtained as:

$$\sigma\_{\chi} = \begin{cases} \begin{array}{c} \text{K}\_{1} \left[ \text{C}\_{1}e^{-M\_{1}z} - \frac{N\_{1}}{M\_{1}} \right] + (\text{K}\_{1} - 1)c\_{t} \cot \varphi' \,(h\_{c} \le z \le h) \\\ \text{K}\_{2} \left[ \text{C}\_{2}(H - z)^{M\_{2}} + \frac{P\_{2}}{1 - M\_{2}}(H - z) - \frac{N\_{2}}{M\_{2}} \right] + (\text{K}\_{2} - 1)c\_{t} \cot \varphi' \,(h \le z \le H) \end{array} \tag{42}$$

The resultant force of the horizontal active earth pressure and the total overturning moment of the retaining wall can be expressed, respectively, as

$$\begin{array}{ll} \mathbf{E}\_{\mathbf{x}} = & \int\_{\mathbf{h}\_{\mathsf{c}}}^{\mathbf{H}} \sigma\_{\mathbf{x}} d\mathbf{z} = \int\_{\mathbf{h}\_{\mathsf{c}}}^{\mathbf{h}} \mathbf{K}\_{1} \left[ \mathbf{C}\_{1} e^{-\mathbf{M}\_{1} \mathbf{z}} - \frac{\mathbf{N}\_{1}}{\mathbf{M}\_{1}} \right] + (\mathbf{K}\_{1} - \mathbf{1}) c\_{\mathsf{l}} \cot q^{\mathsf{l}} d\mathbf{z} \\ \quad + \int\_{\mathbf{h}}^{\mathbf{H}} \mathbf{K}\_{2} \left[ \mathbf{C}\_{2} (H - \mathbf{z})^{\mathbf{M}\_{2}} + \frac{\mathbf{p}\_{2}}{\mathbf{1} - \mathbf{M}\_{2}} (H - \mathbf{z}) - \frac{\mathbf{N}\_{2}}{\mathbf{M}\_{2}} \right] + (\mathbf{K}\_{2} - \mathbf{1}) c\_{\mathsf{l}} \cot q^{\mathsf{l}} d\mathbf{z} \end{array} \tag{43}$$

$$\begin{array}{ll} M = & \int\_{\hat{h}\_{\mathcal{L}}}^{H} \sigma\_{x}(H - z) dz = \int\_{\hat{h}\_{\mathcal{L}}}^{\hat{h}} \mathcal{K}\_{1} \Big[ \mathcal{C}\_{1} e^{-M\_{1}z} - \frac{N\_{1}}{M\_{1}} \Big] (H - z) + (K\_{1} - 1) c\_{l} \cot \varphi'(H - z) dz \\ & + \int\_{\hat{h}}^{H} \mathcal{K}\_{2} \Big[ \mathcal{C}\_{2} (H - z)^{M\_{2}} + \frac{\mathcal{R}\_{2}}{1 - M\_{2}} (H - z) - \frac{N\_{2}}{M\_{2}} \Big] (H - z) + (K\_{2} - 1) c\_{l} \cot \varphi'(H - z) dz \end{array} \tag{44}$$

It should be noted that a special working condition may also occur. When *h* < *h*c, there will be no zone I. In this case, the boundary conditions (*z* = *hc*, *σ<sup>z</sup>* = *q*<sup>0</sup> + *γhc*) are substituted into Equation (40), and *C*<sup>2</sup> is obtained as follows:

$$\mathcal{C}\_2 = \frac{q\_0 + \gamma h\_c - \frac{P\_2}{1 - M\_2}(H - h\_c) + \frac{N\_2}{M\_2}}{\left(H - h\_c\right)^{M\_2}} \tag{45}$$

Then, the horizontal active earth pressure, resultant force of horizontal active earth pressure and the total overturning moment of the retaining wall can be expressed, respectively, as

$$\sigma\_{\mathfrak{X}} = \begin{cases} \ 0 \ (0 \le z \le h\_{\mathfrak{C}})\\\ K\_{2} \left[ \mathcal{C}\_{2} (H - z)^{M\_{2}} + \frac{\mathcal{P}\_{2}}{1 - M\_{2}} (H - z) - \frac{N\_{2}}{M\_{2}} \right] + (K\_{2} - 1) c\_{l} \cot \varphi' \ (h\_{\mathfrak{C}} \le z \le H) \end{cases} \tag{46}$$

$$E\_x = \int\_{h\_\ell}^{H} \sigma\_x dz = \int\_{h\_\ell}^{H} K\_2 \left[ \mathbb{C}\_2 (H - z)^{M\_2} + \frac{P\_2}{1 - M\_2} (H - z) - \frac{N\_2}{M\_2} \right] + (K\_2 - 1) c\_l \cot q' dz \tag{47}$$

$$M = \int\_{h\_{\mathcal{L}}}^{H} \sigma\_{\mathcal{X}}(H - z) dz = \int\_{h\_{\mathcal{L}}}^{H} K\_2 \left[ \mathcal{C}\_2(H - z)^{M\_2} + \frac{p\_2}{1 - M\_2} (H - z) - \frac{N\_2}{M\_2} \right] (H - z) \tag{48}$$

$$+ (K\_2 - 1) c\_l \cot \varphi'(H - z) dz$$

The distance from the location of the resultant of the active earth pressure to the heel of the wall, denoted as *Ha*, can be easily derived as the ratio of *M* to *Ex*:

$$H\_d = \frac{M}{E\_x} \tag{49}$$

#### **5. Comparison and Verification**

The novelty of this study is to propose a theoretical framework for calculating the active earth pressure of narrowed unsaturated backfill. To the knowledge of the authors, no similar experimental and theoretical methods have been developed so far, so the proposed method is only compared with the results in the absence of the matric suction. Frydman et al. [6] carried out centrifugal tests of limited sand active earth pressure for vertical retaining walls under different aspect ratio (*b*/*H*) conditions. In the test, *b*/*H* = 0.235, *γ* = 15.8 kN/m<sup>3</sup> , *ϕ*' = 36◦ , *δ*<sup>1</sup> = *δ*<sup>2</sup> = 25◦ , and the backfill width b = 2 m. Additionally, Chen et al. [13] used the horizontal differential element method to calculate the *σx*/(*γH*) value of the narrow backfill behind the wall. Figure 7 shows the comparison results of the normalized active earth pressure *σx*/(*γH*) value obtained by the method in this paper and the centrifugal test [6] and Chen et al. [13]. It can be observed that the method in this paper is in good agreement with the results of the centrifugation test, which demonstrates the rationality and accuracy of the method in this paper. In addition, the horizontal differential element method adopted by Chen et al. [13] ignores the shear force between the adjacent elements; thus, the calculation result is larger than that of the method in this study.

**Figure 7.** Comparison of centrifugal test and theoretical calculation results [6,13]. **Figure 7.** Comparison of centrifugal test and theoretical calculation results [6,13].

#### **6. Parametric Study 6. Parametric Study**

In this section, a parametric study was performed to analyze the effective internal friction angle *φ*', surcharge pressure *q*0, interface friction angle *δ*, effective cohesion *c*', matric suction (*ua* − *uw*), and width-height ratio of backfill *b*/*H* on the distribution of the horizontal active earth pressure. In the analysis, these parameters were fixed: *γ* = 18 kN/m3, *α* = 0.02 kPa−1, *n* = 3 and *H* = 10 m. Other parameters for analysis can be found in the analysis figures. In addition, the interface friction angle *δ*1 of the moving wall–soil and the interface In this section, a parametric study was performed to analyze the effective internal friction angle *ϕ*', surcharge pressure *q*0, interface friction angle *δ*, effective cohesion *c*', matric suction (*u<sup>a</sup>* − *uw*), and width-height ratio of backfill *b*/*H* on the distribution of the horizontal active earth pressure. In the analysis, these parameters were fixed: *γ* = 18 kN/m<sup>3</sup> , *α* = 0.02 kPa−<sup>1</sup> , *n* = 3 and *H* = 10 m. Other parameters for analysis can be found in the analysis figures. In addition, the interface friction angle *δ*<sup>1</sup> of the moving wall–soil and the interface friction angle *δ*<sup>2</sup> of the fixed wall–soil are equal, that is, *δ*<sup>1</sup> = *δ*<sup>2</sup> = *δ*.

friction angle *δ*2 of the fixed wall–soil are equal, that is, *δ*1 = *δ*2 = *δ*. Figure 8 depicts the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for the various effective internal friction angle *φ*'. To investigate the effect of the effective internal friction angle on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, different values of *φ'* (i.e., *φ'* = 20°, 25°, 30°, 35° and 40°) were used. From Figure 8, it is obvious that the horizontal earth pressure first increases and then decreases along the depth, showing a nonlinear "drum" distribution, reaching a peak above the wall bottom. With the effective internal friction angle increases, the active earth pressure acting on the retaining wall at each depth decreases significantly, and the area where the earth pressure is zero gradually increases, indicating that the depth of the tension crack also increases with the increase in the effective internal friction angle. Figure 8 depicts the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for the various effective internal friction angle *ϕ*'. To investigate the effect of the effective internal friction angle on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, different values of *ϕ*' (i.e., *ϕ*' = 20◦ , 25◦ , 30◦ , 35◦ and 40◦ ) were used. From Figure 8, it is obvious that the horizontal earth pressure first increases and then decreases along the depth, showing a nonlinear "drum" distribution, reaching a peak above the wall bottom. With the effective internal friction angle increases, the active earth pressure acting on the retaining wall at each depth decreases significantly, and the area where the earth pressure is zero gradually increases, indicating that the depth of the tension crack also increases with the increase in the effective internal friction angle.

**Figure 8.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the effective internal friction angle *φ'.* **Figure 8.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the effective internal friction angle *ϕ*'. **Figure 8.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the effective internal friction angle *φ'.*

Figure 9 shows the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for different values of the surcharge pressure *q*0. Herein, the aim is to discuss the effect of the surcharge pressure on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, and thus different constant values of *q*0 (i.e., *q*0 = 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 30 kPa, 40 kPa and 50 kPa) were used. Figure 9 shows that the horizontal active earth pressure increases significantly with the increase in surcharge pressure applied on the backfill surface, whereas the shape of the horizontal active earth pressure distribution remains unchanged. Moreover, the depth of the tension crack decreases with the increase in the surcharge pressure, and when values of *q*0 are large enough, the tension crack will not form. Figure 9 shows the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for different values of the surcharge pressure *q*0. Herein, the aim is to discuss the effect of the surcharge pressure on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, and thus different constant values of *q*<sup>0</sup> (i.e., *q*<sup>0</sup> = 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 30 kPa, 40 kPa and 50 kPa) were used. Figure 9 shows that the horizontal active earth pressure increases significantly with the increase in surcharge pressure applied on the backfill surface, whereas the shape of the horizontal active earth pressure distribution remains unchanged. Moreover, the depth of the tension crack decreases with the increase in the surcharge pressure, and when values of *q*<sup>0</sup> are large enough, the tension crack will not form. Figure 9 shows the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for different values of the surcharge pressure *q*0. Herein, the aim is to discuss the effect of the surcharge pressure on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, and thus different constant values of *q*0 (i.e., *q*0 = 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 30 kPa, 40 kPa and 50 kPa) were used. Figure 9 shows that the horizontal active earth pressure increases significantly with the increase in surcharge pressure applied on the backfill surface, whereas the shape of the horizontal active earth pressure distribution remains unchanged. Moreover, the depth of the tension crack decreases with the increase in the surcharge pressure, and when values of *q*0 are large enough, the tension crack will not form.

 **Figure 9.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the surcharge pressure *q*0. **Figure 9. Figure 9.** Values of Values of *σσxx*// *γγHH* versus versus *z*/*zH*/ for different values of the surcharge pressure *H q*0. for different values of the surcharge pressure *q*<sup>0</sup> .

Figure 10 illustrates the normalized horizontal active pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for the various interface friction angle *δ*. To discuss the effect of interface friction angle on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, different values of *δ* varying from 0.2*ϕ*' to 0.8*ϕ*' were used here. As shown in Figure 10, with the increase in the interface friction angle, the horizontal active earth pressure in the upper part of the retaining wall increases slightly, while the horizontal active earth pressure in the lower part decreases obviously. Furthermore, the action point of the horizontal earth pressure resultant force has a tendency to move upward with the increase in interface friction angle. Figure 10 illustrates the normalized horizontal active pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for the various interface friction angle *δ*. To discuss the effect of interface friction angle on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining structure, different values of *δ* varying from 0.2*φ'* to 0.8*φ'* were used here. As shown in Figure 10, with the increase in the interface friction angle, the horizontal active earth pressure in the upper part of the retaining wall increases slightly, while the horizontal active earth pressure in the lower part decreases obviously. Furthermore, the action point of the horizontal earth pressure resultant force has a tendency to move upward with the increase in interface friction angle.

**Figure 10.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the interface friction angle *δ*. **Figure 10.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the interface friction angle *δ*.

Figure 11 shows the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for the various values of soil effective cohesion *c*'. To analyze the impact of the backfill inclination angle on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining wall, different values of *c'* (i.e., *c'* = 5 kPa, 10 kPa, 15 kPa, 20 kPa and 25 kPa) were used. Figure 11 shows a pronounced decrease in the horizontal active earth pressure against the rigid retaining wall with the increasing value of *c*', and the depth of the tension crack in soil increases correspondingly. From the earth pressure distribution curves, with the increase in the effective cohesion of the soil, the earth pressure distribution curves gradually shift to the left axis. Figure 11 shows the normalized horizontal active earth pressure (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for the various values of soil effective cohesion *c*'. To analyze the impact of the backfill inclination angle on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining wall, different values of *c*' (i.e., *c*' = 5 kPa, 10 kPa, 15 kPa, 20 kPa and 25 kPa) were used. Figure 11 shows a pronounced decrease in the horizontal active earth pressure against the rigid retaining wall with the increasing value of *c*', and the depth of the tension crack in soil increases correspondingly. From the earth pressure distribution curves, with the increase in the effective cohesion of the soil, the earth pressure distribution curves gradually shift to the left axis.

Figure 12 depicts the normalized horizontal active earth pressure distribution (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for various matric suction (*u<sup>a</sup>* − *uw*). To study the effect of the matric suction (*u<sup>a</sup>* − *uw*) on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining wall, various values of (*u<sup>a</sup>* − *uw*) varying from 0 kPa to 200 kPa were used. From Figure 11, with the increase in matric suction, the horizontal active earth pressure first decreases rapidly and then increases gradually, and the depth of the tension crack first increases obviously and then decreases, while the shape of the horizontal active earth pressure distribution remains unchanged. The reason is that the total cohesion increases first and then decreases with the increase in matric suction, and this is consistent with the conclusion given by Song [42]. the horizontal active earth pressure reaches its minimum value at the matric suction equaling 50 kPa; this is because the matric suction takes the air entry pressure (approximately equal to the reciprocal of parameter α), and the apparent cohesion provided by the matric suction is the largest.

0.8

0.6

0.4

*z*/*H*

0.2

0.0

*Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 12699 16 of 19

ϕ′=25°

(*ua* − δ=0.6ϕ′

=20kPa

*c*′=5kPa *c*′=10kPa *c*′=15kPa *c*′*=*20kPa *c*′=25kPa

*uw*)=150kPa

*b*/*H*=0.4 *q*<sup>0</sup>

**Figure 11.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the effective cohesion *c'.*  **Figure 11.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the effective cohesion *c*'. provided by the matric suction is the largest.

0.2 *b*/*H*=0.4 *q*<sup>0</sup> **Figure 12. Figure 12.**Values of Values of *σσxx*/ / *γ γ H H* versus versus *z*/*zH* /*H* for different values of the matric suction ( for different values of the matric suction ( *uau*−*<sup>a</sup> u*−*w*). *uw*).

0.8 0.6 0.4 *z*/*H* (*u*<sup>a</sup> *u*w)=0kPa (*u*<sup>a</sup> −*u*w)=50kPa (*u*<sup>a</sup> −*u*w)=100kPa (*u*<sup>a</sup> −*u*w)=150kPa (*u*<sup>a</sup> −*u*w)=200kPa The normalized horizontal active earth pressure distribution (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for different width-height ratio of backfill *b/H* is shown in Figure 13. In order to study the effect of the width of backfill on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining wall, various values of *b*/*H* (i.e., *b*/*H* = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were employed. As shown in Figure 13, the magnitude of the horizontal active earth pressure decreases with the decrease in the *b*/*H* value, and the attenuation becomes clearer when the *b*/*H* value is smaller. When the width of backfill reaches a certain value, the horizontal active earth pressure remains unchanged with the increase in the *b*/*H* value. This is because the backfill with a sufficient width allows the slip surface to fully develop.

=20kPa

−

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

**Figure 12.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the matric suction (*ua* − *uw*).

σ *<sup>w</sup>*<sup>1</sup> /γΗ

1.0

**Figure 13.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the width–height ratio *b*/*H.* **Figure 13.** Values of *σx*/*γH* versus *z*/*H* for different values of the width–height ratio *b*/*H*.

#### **7. Conclusions 7. Conclusions**

The variation of soil suction has a significant effect on the active earth pressure of narrow unsaturated backfill in retaining structures. An analytical framework was developed for evaluating the active earth pressures of narrow unsaturated backfills affected by arching when the interlayer shear stress was considered. By comparing the results of the proposed method with other theoretical and experimental results, the method's effectiveness was verified. A detailed parametric study was carried out to discuss the effect of The variation of soil suction has a significant effect on the active earth pressure of narrow unsaturated backfill in retaining structures. An analytical framework was developed for evaluating the active earth pressures of narrow unsaturated backfills affected by arching when the interlayer shear stress was considered. By comparing the results of the proposed method with other theoretical and experimental results, the method's effectiveness was verified. A detailed parametric study was carried out to discuss the effect of various factors on active earth pressure. The main conclusions include the following:

The normalized horizontal active earth pressure distribution (*σx*/*γH*) along the normalized height (*z*/*H*) for different width-height ratio of backfill *b/H* is shown in Figure 13. In order to study the effect of the width of backfill on the horizontal active earth pressure against the retaining wall, various values of *b*/*H* (i.e., *b*/*H* = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were employed. As shown in Figure 13, the magnitude of the horizontal active earth pressure decreases with the decrease in the *b*/*H* value, and the attenuation becomes clearer when the *b*/*H* value is smaller. When the width of backfill reaches a certain value, the horizontal active earth pressure remains unchanged with the increase in the *b*/*H* value. This is be-

cause the backfill with a sufficient width allows the slip surface to fully develop.


**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis, M.Y. and H.G.; Funding acquisition, M.Y. and B.D.; Investigation, M.Y.; Methodology, H.G.; Writing—original draft, D.F. and B.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was supported by the Transportation Science and Technology project of Henan province (2019J-2-12, 2021J7) and Science Foundation for Youths of Hunan Province of China (2021JJ40460), which are gratefully acknowledged.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

### **References**

