**5. Conclusions**

This review focused on the potential uses of biochar in faecal sludge management (FSM) practices in most developing countries relying on pit latrine sanitation systems. Initially, the designs of pit latrines and the potential ways pollutants may migrate towards water resources without biochar amendments were outlined from previous literature. To understand the pollutant pit latrine leaching threat, the composition (heavy metals and inorganic and organic contaminates) of the stored in situ faecal excreta is important. Possible ways were explored on the effectiveness of biochar use in aqueous waste contaminant adsorption. The physical and chemical properties of biochar mostly determine its adsorption ability as an adsorbent in faecal waste management. Potential challenges in the adoption of biochar in faecal sludge management were also reviewed. Motivation can also be necessary to encourage communities using latrines to adopt biochar as an alternative low-cost carbon-rich absorbent for faecal sludge treatment. Biochar has high potential to effectively treat faecal sludge and control the migration of pit latrine pollutants.
