*4.1.3. The Heart Circle (hr.dayacakra) (15.73–85)*

The Heart Circle mostly consists of the major deities from the Guhyasamaja ¯ tradition, viz., those derived from the six lineage masters (1)–(6), the four goddesses (7)–(10), the six adamantine goddesses of the Six Sensorial Objects (11)–(16), a group of deities including the Eight Bodhisattvas (17)–(26), and the Ten Vidya¯ Kings (27)–(36). The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs, who are seen copulating with their consort heroes, are presented below. The heroes are collectively called "Light Heruka" (*laghuheruka*, 15.80d), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c–238a):143 (1) **Vajradhar¯ı**, (2) **Aks.obhy¯ı**, (3) **Vairocan¯ı**, (4) **Ratne´sika¯**, <sup>144</sup> (5) **Padmanart¯ı**, <sup>145</sup> (6) **Amogh¯ı**, (7) **Locana¯**, (8) **Mamak ¯ ¯ı**, (9) **Pan¯ . d. ara¯**, (10) **Tar¯ a¯**, (11) **Rupavajr ¯ a¯**, (12) **Sabdavajr ´ a¯**, (13) **Gandhavajra¯**, (14) **Rasavajra¯**, (15) **Spar´savajra¯**, (16) **Dharmadhatuvajr ¯ a¯**, (17) **Khitigarbh¯ı** (for Ks.itigarbh¯ı), (18) **Khagarbhak¯ı**, (19) **Vajrapan¯ . ¯ı**, (20) **Lokanath¯ ¯ı**, (21) **Sarvan¯ı** (for Sarvanivaran. avis.kambhin¯ı), (22) **Samantabhadr¯ı**, (23) **Ratnolak¯ı** (*m.c.* for Ratnolk¯ı), (24) **Nairatmy ¯ a¯**, (25) **Bhr.kut.¯ı**, (26) **Pan. n. asorika¯** (for Parn. a´sabar¯ı), (27) **Yamantak ¯ ¯ı**, (28) **Prajñantak ¯ ¯ı**, (29) **Padmantak ¯ ¯ı**, (30) **Vighnantak ¯ ¯ı**, (31) **Acal¯ı**, (32) **N¯ıladan. d. ¯ı,** (33) **T. akkiraj¯ ¯ı**, (34) **Mahabal ¯ a¯**, (35) **Us.n. ¯ıs.a¯**, and (36) **Sumbharajñ¯ ¯ı**.

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Heart Circle are reddish-yellow in color, which is similar to the color of the Speech Circle of the fivefold Heruka man. d. ala (*rakta* or

<sup>141</sup> The text does not explicitly explain the postures that the heroes assume. However, I consider that their standing posture is the *al¯ ¯ıd. ha* posture because their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs assume the *pratyal¯ ¯ıd. ha* posture. The *al¯ ¯ıd. ha* posture is assumed while shooting: a hero stretches and advances his right leg to his right side and bends his left knee. A d. akin ¯ ¯ı stretches and advances her left leg to her left side and bends her right knee. This is the *pratyal¯ ¯ıd. ha* posture.

<sup>142</sup> For "Heruka in union with the triple wheel (*tricakrasam. varaheruka*)," see footnote 885 in this monograph.

<sup>143</sup> The *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* does not teach individual heroes' names; it just tells that their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names. This is also the case for the remaining heroes on the man. d. ala. The *Bohita¯* does not clarify their names either. Their individual names are detailed in the *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* and the *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* . In Chapter 9 of this monograph, I have noted their individual names according to the *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* .

<sup>144</sup> She is also named Ratna´sikhin¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 25v7).

<sup>145</sup> She is named Padmanarte´svar¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 9r4 and 25v7).

red).<sup>146</sup> Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle (such as one face and four arms). Jewels (*ratna*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Heart Circle (15.22a).

## *4.1.4. The Merit Circle (gun. acakra, Also Called sarvagun. acakra, "Entire Merit Circle") (15.86–111)*

The Merit Circle comprises d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are anthropomorphized castes in human society. Of them, twenty-four d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are similar to twenty-four of the thirty-six lineage-d. akin ¯ ¯ıs found in the *Kalacakra ¯* (and its commentary, Pun. d. ar¯ıka's *Vimalaprabha¯*) and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, a commentary on the *Cakrasam. vara*. 147 Twelve d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are similar to the twelve manifestations of the Mistress in the *Can. d. amaharo ¯ s.an. atantra* (abbreviated to *Can. d. amaharo ¯ s.an. a*).148 The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs

<sup>146</sup> Luy¯ ¯ıpada's ¯ *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , Skt ed. (Sakurai 1998), 7 (g).

<sup>147</sup> *Kalacakra ¯* , Skt ed. (Dwivedi 1994), 3.130–134, which describes the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs as lineage yogin¯ıs divided according to the 36 *varn. a*s, and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, Skt ed. (Cicuzza 2001), p. 69, l. 3–l. 16, which calls the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs "thirty-six lineage female messengers" (*s.at.trim. satkulad ´ utik ¯ a¯*). Their correspondence is shown below: "D. (1)" means the first d. akin ¯ ¯ı in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*; "K (4)," the fourth d. akin ¯ ¯ı in the *Kalacakra ¯* ; and "L (4)," the fourth d. akin ¯ ¯ı in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. Brahma ¯ n.¯ı in D. (1) corresponds to Dvijajanakulaja in K (4), who is Br ¯ ahma ¯ n.¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Brahma ¯ n.¯ı in L (4); Ks.atrin.¯ı in D. (2) to Ks.atrin.¯ı in K (2) and L (2); Vai´sy¯ı in D. (3) to Vai´sya in K (3) and L (3); ¯ S´udr ¯ ¯ı in D. (4) to S´udr ¯ ¯ı in K (1) and L (1); Nat.¯ı in D. (8) to Nartak¯ı in K (17), who is Nat.¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Nat.¯ı in L (32); Kaivart¯ı in D. (10) to Dh¯ıvar¯ı in K (16), who is Kaivart¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Kaivart¯ı in L (34); Ven. unat.¯ı in D. (11) to Ven. unr.tya in K (28), who is Ve ¯ n. unartak¯ı or D. ombanat.¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Ven. unartak¯ı in L (18); Tantuvay¯ ¯ı in D. (13) to Am. suk ´ ar¯ ¯ı in K (9), who is Tantuvay¯ ¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabh*, and Am. suk ´ ari ¯ n.¯ı in L (13); Kandun¯ı in D. (14) to Kanduk¯ı in K (13) and L (30); Ka¯s.t.hakarik ¯ a in ¯ D. (15) to Ka¯s.t.hakar¯ ¯ı in K (24) and L (27); Malin ¯ ¯ı in D. (16) to Mal¯ ak¯ ar¯ ¯ı in K (8) and L (15); Tailin¯ı in D. (17) to Tailap¯ıd. a in K (21), who is Tailin ¯ ¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Tailin¯ı in L (24); Chey¯ı in D. (18) perhaps to Rangak ˙ ar¯ ¯ı in K (19), who is Lak¯ s.ak¯ ar¯ ¯ı according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Lak¯ s.ak¯ ar¯ ¯ı in L (22); Ko´sakar¯ ¯ı in D. (19) to Ko´sakar¯ ¯ı in K (20) and L (23); Had. aga¯d.¯ı in D. (21) to Had. d. in¯ı in K (30) and L (6); Gan. ika in ¯ D. (22) to Gan. ika in K (14) and L (36); ¯ Kallaval¯ ¯ı in D. (23) to Saun ´ . d. in¯ı in K (6) and Kalyapalin ¯ ¯ı in L (14); Kupar ¯ ¯ı in D. (24) to Kupakartr ¯ ¯ı in K (27) and Kupakart ¯ ¯ı in L (17); Khat.t.ik¯ı in D. (26) to Khat.t.ik¯ı in K (11) and Khat.ikin¯ı L (29); Suvarn. akar¯ ¯ı in D. (28), Hemakar¯ ¯ı in K (7), who is Suvarn. akar¯ ¯ı in *Vimalaprabha¯*, and Hemakar¯ ¯ı in L (16); Lohar¯ ¯ı in D. (29) to Lohakar¯ ¯ı in K (22) and L (21); Man. ihar¯ ¯ı in D. (30) to Man. ikar¯ ¯ı in K (10) and L (20); Mlecch¯ı in D. (32) to Mleccha in K (29) and Mlecch ¯ ¯ı in L (5); and Carmakar¯ ¯ı in D. (36) to Carmakar¯ ¯ı in K (23) and L (26). D. omb¯ı in D. (7) may correspond to D. ombanat.¯ı in *Vimalaprabha¯* (for K, 3.133), which is not mentioned in K, and D. ombin¯ı in L, which is mentioned as a lower lineage woman (*akul¯ı*) and not as one of the thirty-six lineage females. The lists of the thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs in the *Kalacakra ¯* and the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯* mentioned above are quite similar, and the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*'s list is slightly more similar to the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*'s than to the *Kalacakra ¯* 's.

<sup>148</sup> *Can. d. amaharo ¯ s.an. a*, Skt ed. (DTC 2019), 8.6–8. (5) Can. d. alin ¯ ¯ı in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* (D. ) is similar to *can. d. al¯ ¯ı* in *Can. d. amaharo ¯ s.an. a* (C, 8.6); (7) D. omb¯ı in D. to *d. omb¯ı* in C, 8.6; (8) Nat.¯ı in D. to *nat.in¯ı* in C, 8.7; (9) Kapalin ¯ ¯ı in D. to *kap¯ alin ¯ ¯ı* in C, 8.8; (10) Kaivart¯ı in D. to *kaivart¯ı* in C, 8.7; (12) Sa´ nkhin ˙ ¯ı in D. to *sa´ nkhin ˙ ¯ı* in C, 8.8; (16) Malin ¯ ¯ı in D. to *malin ¯ ¯ı* in C, 8.7; (21) Had. aga¯d.¯ı in D. perhaps to *hatrin. ¯ı* (*had. d. in¯ı*) in C, 8.6; (23) Kallaval¯ ¯ı in D. to *sau ´ n. d. in¯ı* in C, 8.6; (26) Khat.t.ik¯ı in D. to *khat.ak¯ı* in C, 8.7, or *kocin¯ı* in C, 8.8; (28) Suvarn. akar¯ ¯ı in D. to *suvarn. akarin ¯ . ¯ı* in C, 8.7; and (34) Pattharagad¯ . h¯ı in D. to *sil ´ akut ¯ .¯ı* in C, 8.8.

are seen copulating with their consort heroes on the Merit Circle, and are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.87–95). The heroes are collectively called "Lotus Heruka" (*padmaheruka*, 15.81a), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c–238a): (1) **Brahman ¯ . ¯ı**, (2) **Ks.atrin. ¯ı**, (3) **Vai´sy¯ı**, (4) **S´udr ¯ ¯ı**, <sup>149</sup> (5) **Can. d. alin ¯ ¯ı**, (6) **Suc¯ı** (perhaps for Svac ´ ¯ı, *m.c.* for Svapac ´ ¯ı),<sup>150</sup> (7) **D. omb¯ı**, <sup>151</sup> (8) **Nat.¯ı**, (9) **Kapalin ¯ ¯ı**, (10) **Kaivart¯ı**, (11) **Ven. unat.¯ı**, (12) **Sa´ nkhin ˙ ¯ı**, <sup>152</sup> (13) **Tantuvap¯ ¯ı**, <sup>153</sup> (14) **Kandun¯ı** (for Kanduk¯ı),<sup>154</sup> (15) **Kas¯ .t .hakarik ¯ a¯**, (16) **Malin ¯ ¯ı**, (17) **Tailin¯ı**, <sup>155</sup> (18) **Chep¯ı** (or Chey¯ı),156 (19) **Ko´sakar¯ ¯ı**, (20) **Dhutin ¯ ¯ı** (for Dutin ¯ ¯ı, *m.c.* for Dut¯ ¯ı),<sup>157</sup> (21) **Had. agad¯ . ¯ı**, (22) **Gan. ika¯**, (23) **Kallaval¯ ¯ı** (for Kalyapal¯ ¯ı), (24) **Kupar ¯ ¯ı** (*m.c.* for Kupak ¯ ar¯ ¯ı), (25) **Rajabhat ¯ .¯ı**, (26) **Khat.t .ik¯ı**, (27) **Tambolavikray¯ı** (for Tamb ¯ ulavikray ¯ ¯ı), (28) **Suvarn. akar¯ ¯ı**, (29) **Lohar¯ ¯ı** (*m.c.* for Lohakar¯ ¯ı), (30) **Man. ihar¯ ¯ı**, (31) **Davak ¯ ¯ı**, (32) **Mlecch¯ı**, who is **Od. in¯ı**, <sup>158</sup> (33) **Van. ij¯ı**, (34) **Pattharagad¯ . h¯ı**, <sup>159</sup> (35) **Kr.s.ika¯**, <sup>160</sup> and (36) **Carmakar¯ ¯ı**. 161

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Heart Circle are whitish-red in color, which is similar to the color of the Body Circle in the fivefold Heruka man. d. ala (*sukla ´* or white).162 Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical

<sup>149</sup> Her name is S´udrin ¯ .¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27v1).

<sup>150</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , her name is Svacin ´ ¯ı (used as Svapacin ´ ¯ı) (D 1516, 27v1). Suc¯ı is perhaps a corruption of Svac ´ ¯ı (*m.c.* for Svapac ´ ¯ı). Eight of the thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs on the Merit Circle may be equivalent to the eight (including Svapac ´ ¯ı) of the sixteen goddesses (eight Kula goddess, *kula¯s.t.aka*, and eight non-Kula goddesses, *akula¯s.t.aka*) taught in the Saiva or ´ S´akta ¯ *Kular¯ n. avatantra* (abbreviated to *Kular¯ n. ava*, Skt ed. (Avalon and Vidyaratna [1965] 1975, 7.42–44b)). Their correspondence is shown ¯ below. "D. (5)" means the fifth d. akin ¯ ¯ı in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*; "KK (1)," the first goddess in the eight Kula goddesses in the *Kular¯ n. ava*; and "KA (1)," the first goddess in the eight non-Kula goddesses in the *Kular¯ n. ava*: Can. d. alin ¯ ¯ı in D. (5) corresponds to Can. d. al¯ ¯ı in KK (1); Suc¯ı in D. (6), to Svapac ´ ¯ı in KK (5); Kaivart¯ı in D. (10), to Kaivart¯ı in KK (7); Kandun¯ı in D. (14), to Kanduk¯ı in KA (1); Chep¯ı in D. (18), to Rañjak¯ı in KA (4); Kallaval¯ ¯ı in D. (23), to Sau ´ n. d. ik¯ı in KA (2); Khat.t.ik¯ı in D. (26), to Khat.t.ak¯ı in KK (6); and Carmakar¯ ¯ı in D. (36), to Carmakar¯ ¯ı in KK (2). For this part in the *Kular¯ n. ava*, see also (Rai 1999, p. 112).

<sup>151</sup> Her name is D. ombin¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27v1).

<sup>152</sup> Her name is Sa´ nkhak ˙ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27v2).

<sup>153</sup> Her name is Tantuvayak ¯ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 26v2–v3).

<sup>154</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , her name is Kanduk¯ı and Kan. d. uk¯ı (D 1516, 9v1 and 26v3, respectively).

<sup>155</sup> Her name is Tail¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 26v3).

<sup>156</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , her name is transcribed as Chiy¯ı (D 1516, 26v4).

<sup>157</sup> The words *dut¯ ¯ı* ("female messenger") and (*ava*)*dhut¯ ¯ı* (the central inner channel in the body) are equivalent in the etymology in the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava* (12.33).

<sup>158</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , she, Mlecch¯ı alias Od. in¯ı, is also called Mlecched.¯ı (D 1516, 26v7). In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , Mlecch¯ı and Od. in¯ı are two different goddesses (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 12v1 and 12v2).

<sup>159</sup> She is named Pattharagadh ¯ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 26v7).

<sup>160</sup> She is named Kr.s.ikar¯ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 26v7).

<sup>161</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , Carmakar¯ ¯ı is not considered a goddess's name: Kr.s.ika is the ¯ thirty-sixth and last d. akin ¯ ¯ı.

<sup>162</sup> Luy¯ ¯ıpada's ¯ *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , Skt ed. (Sakurai 1998), 7 (h).

features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Vajras (*vajra*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Merit Circle (15.22a).

The Merit Circle also contains the four gates, eight charnel grounds, and some others shown in Table 3, which are located outside the circle of the thirty-six couples of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes described above. The Merit Circle has a three-layer structure: the inner ground (*bhumi ¯* ), on which the thirty-six pairs of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes reside, the middle ground, on which the four gates are placed, and the outer ground, on which the eight charnel grounds exist. These constitute the Merit Circle.163

The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs shown in Table 2 reside at the four gates and four corners. Except for the body color and the face, the four gate d. akin ¯ ¯ıs have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs on the Adamantine Circle. Except for the body color, the four corner d. akin ¯ ¯ıs have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs on the Adamantine Circle (15.66–68b). Their names are identical to the eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs on the Pledge Circle of the fivefold Heruka man. d. ala. The animal faces of the four gate d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are in line with their respective names (crow-faced, owl-faced, dog-faced, and boar-faced). They have the same body color as D. akin ¯ ¯ı, Lam¯ a, Kha ¯ n. d. aroha, and R ¯ upi ¯ n.¯ı on the central lotus, namely, (1) black, (2) green, (3) red, and (4) yellow, respectively, which can be seen as identical to the colors of the four divisions of the entire man. d. ala, as mentioned earlier. The four corner d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are colored (5) half black and half yellow, (6) half yellow and half red, (7) half red and half green, and (8) half green and half black, respectively. They appear very violent, have their mouths wide open, and are resplendent with halos of fire (15.229cd).


**Table 2.** Eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners on the Merit Circle.

There are **eight charnel grounds** (*sma´ ´ sana ¯* ), **tree**s (*vr.ks.a*), **guardians of direction** (*dikpala ¯* ), **serpent king**s (*nagendra ¯* ), and **cloud king**s (*meghendra*) outside the four gates. They are shown in Table 3. They are similar to the eight serpents (*naga ¯* ) and the eight cloud kings (*megharaja ¯* ) in the *Catus.p¯ıt.ha* (and Bhavabhat.t.a's *Nibandha*, a commentary on it),164 the eight charnel grounds in Luy¯ ¯ıpa's *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , <sup>165</sup> the eight trees and direction-guardians (no word

<sup>163</sup> The other outermost circles (the Earth, Knowledge, and Body Circles described below) also have the same three-layer structure.

<sup>164</sup> *Catu¸sp¯ıt.hatantra* (with Bhavabhat.t.a's *Nibandha*), Skt ed. (Szánt<sup>ó</sup> 2012b), 1.2.74b–77.

<sup>165</sup> Luy¯ ¯ıpa's *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , Skt ed. (Sakurai 1998), 7.b.

for it) in the *Samput.odbhava*, <sup>166</sup> the eight charnel grounds, trees, direction-guardians (no word for it), serpent kings (no word for it), and cloud kings (*meghadhipa ¯* ) in the *Sam. varodaya*, <sup>167</sup> eight charnel grounds, trees (*druma*), direction-guardians (*pati*), serpents (*naga ¯* ), and clouds (*megha*) in Umapatideva's ¯ *Vajravar¯ ah¯ ¯ısadhana ¯* , 168 and the eight charnel grounds, trees, direction-guardians (*dikpati*), serpents, and clouds in Jalandharap ¯ ada's ¯ *Vajraprad¯ıpa¯*, <sup>169</sup> Bhadrapada's ¯ *Dves. avajrasadhana ¯* , <sup>170</sup> and Rahulagupta's ¯ *Hevajrapraka´¯sa*. 171


**Table 3.** Eight charnel grounds and others outside the four gates on the Merit Circle.

<sup>166</sup> *Samput.odbhava*, Skt ed. (DTC 2021), 3.4.65–69. The eight direction-guardians are called *as.t.amahabh ¯ uta ¯* or "the eight great spirits (or beings)" (Skt. 3.4.65). In connection with these eight trees and direction-guardians, the *Samput.odbhava* also mentions the eight charnel grounds (*as.t.a´sma´sana ¯* ) and the cloud king (*megharaja ¯* ). However, it does not teach the respective names of the eight charnel grounds, and the cloud king is mentioned as a deity residing in the *a´soka* (= *kankeli ˙* ) tree in the west (Skt. 3.4.65 and 67ab). The cloud king in the west became the eight cloud kings residing in the eight directions in the *Sam. varodaya* (see also footnote 175).

<sup>167</sup> *Sam. varodaya*, Skt ed. (Tripathi and Negi 2001), 17.36–41.

<sup>168</sup> Umapatideva's ¯ *Vajravar¯ ah¯ ¯ısadhana ¯* , Skt ed. (English 2002), 70–76. See also (English 2002, pp. 140–41).

<sup>169</sup> Jalandharap ¯ ada's ¯ *Vajraprad¯ıpa¯*, Skt ed. (Gerloff 2017), 8.1–8.

<sup>170</sup> Bhadrapada's ¯ *Dves. avajrasadhana ¯* , Skt ed. (Gerloff 2017), p. 414, l.9–p. 416, l.6.

<sup>171</sup> Rahulagupta's ¯ *Hevajrapraka´¯sa*, Skt ed. (Gerloff 2017), p. 491, 8.1–8.

#### **4.2. The Second** *Dharma* **Layer (15.113–151)**

The *Dharma* Layer encircles the *Sahaja* Layer and consists of three circles (viz., the Space, Wind, and Earth Circles) arranged in a concentric way.

#### *4.2.1. The Space Circle (ak¯ a´¯sacakra) (15.113–123)*

The Space Circle comprises flying musical deities who are divine musicians and anthropomorphizations of musical concepts such as instruments. The thirty-six flying musical deities or d. akin ¯ ¯ıs (collectively called "Sky-goers," *khecar¯ı*), who are seen copulating with their consort heroes, are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.114–117). The heroes are collectively called "Space Heruka", (*ak¯ a´¯saheruka*, 15.81b), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c-238a): (1) **Kinnar¯ı**, (2) **Gandhar¯ ¯ı**, <sup>175</sup> (3) **Huntak¯ı** (perhaps for Hud. ukk¯ı),176 (4) **Pat¯.av¯ı**, (5) **V¯ın. a¯**, (6) **Vam. s´a¯**, (7) **Mukunda¯**, (8) **Muruja¯** (for Muraja), ¯ <sup>177</sup> (9) **Gaggarika¯** (for Gargarika), (10) ¯ **Kam¯ . sa¯**, (11) **Selendrik¯ı** (for Sailendrik ´ ¯ı),<sup>178</sup> (12) **G¯ıta¯**, (13) **Karad. a¯** (for Karat.a), (14) ¯ **Tamad. a¯**, (15) **Nr.tya¯**, (16) **Lasy ¯ a¯**, (17) **D. ukka¯** (for D. hakka), (18) ¯ **Tal¯ ¯ı**, (19) **Saran ¯ . a¯**, <sup>179</sup> (20) **Dundubhika¯**, (21) **Modr¯ı** (for Maudry¯ı),180 (22) **Tan¯ ¯ı**, (23) **Pañcama¯**, <sup>181</sup> (24) **Nalav ¯ ¯ı** (*m.c.* for **Nalavam ¯ . s´¯ı**), (25) **T. ambhak¯ı** (perhaps for Tumbak¯ı),<sup>182</sup> (26) **D. amar¯ı**, (27) **D. un. d. uk¯ı**, <sup>183</sup> (28) **Kahal ¯ ¯ı**, (29) **Orak¯ı**, (30) **Bhuk¯ ¯ı** (perhaps for Bhukk¯ı), (31) **Ghan. <sup>t</sup> .a¯**, (32) **Kinkin ˙ . ¯ı**, (33) **Ghugghur¯ı** (for Ghurghur¯ı), (34) **D. ukolika¯**, <sup>184</sup> (35) **S´ a¯nkh ˙ ¯ı**, and (36) **Ghos.avat¯ı**. 185

<sup>172</sup> It is Karankabhairava in Ratnasena's ˙ *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 30r1).

<sup>173</sup> According to Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 30r2), the four charnel grounds in the four intermediate quarters, starting with At.t.at.t.ahasa, are located in the southeast, southwest, ¯ northwest, and northeast, respectively. However, in the other part of the text (Skt ms. 12v6), Ratnasena says that they are located in the directions starting with the northeast, as shown in the table.

<sup>174</sup> It is Laks.m¯ıvanahuta´¯sana in Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 12v5 and 30r1).

<sup>175</sup> She is Gandhaharin.¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27r2).

<sup>176</sup> She is Hut.uk¯ı (which is perhaps a corruption of Hud. ukk¯ı) in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27r2–r3).

<sup>177</sup> She is Murj¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27r4).

<sup>178</sup> She is named S´¯ılendrik¯ı and Sailendrik ´ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 12r3 and 27r4, respectively).

<sup>179</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , Tal¯ ¯ı and Sara ¯ n.¯ı are not divided: Tali´ ¯ saran.¯ı is the name of a single goddess (D 1516, 27r6).

<sup>180</sup> She is named Maudr¯ı (for Maudry¯ı) in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27r6).

<sup>181</sup> She is named Matun ¯ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 12r3 and 27r7).

<sup>182</sup> Her name is D. hambak¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 12r3 and 27r7).

<sup>183</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , she is also named T. un. t.uk¯ı (D 1516, 27r7) as well as D. un. d. uk¯ı.

<sup>184</sup> Her name is D. akolik¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 12r4 and 27v2).

<sup>185</sup> The word *pars.ada¯*, which comes after the word *ghos. avat¯ı*, is regarded as the name of the thirty-sixth goddess (Pars.ad.¯ı) in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 27v3). According to the *Bohita¯* (D 1419, 143v2), the thirty-sixth goddess is Ghos.avat¯ı and not Pars.ad.¯ı.

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes are variously (*nan¯ a¯*) colored, and the Space Circle is colored dark blue. Alternatively, all these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Space Circle are colored dark blue. Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Alternatively, each of the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs have their respective marks or musical gestures (instead of a skull bowl and a skull staff)<sup>186</sup> in the two right hands. Lotuses (*padma*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Space Circle (15.22b).

#### *4.2.2. The Wind Circle (vayucakra) (15.124–133) ¯*

The Wind Circle comprises d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are anthropomorphized sky-going creatures such as birds. Eighteen deities are similar to eighteen of the thirty-six female deities found in the *Kalacakra ¯* (and its commentary, *Vimalaprabha¯*) and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, who are transformed into birds or sky-going creatures (*khecara* or *khecar¯ı*).187 The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are seen copulating with their consort heroes on the Wind Circle, and are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.125c–129b). The heroes are collectively called "Wind Heruka", (*bhairambham. herum.* , 15.81c), and are also collectively called "Ak¯ a´¯sagarbha", and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c–238a): (1) **Garud. ¯ı**, (2) **Ham. s¯ı**, (3) **Citr¯ı**, (4) **Kak¯ ¯ı**, (5) **Bak¯ı**, (6) **Tittirika¯**, (7) **Mayur¯ ¯ı**, (8) **Tamrac ¯ ud¯ . ¯ı**, (9) **Gudabulika¯** (perhaps for Gudaculik ¯ a), (10) ¯ **Komala¯**, (11) **Par¯ avat ¯ ¯ı**, (12) **Br.hatkak¯ ¯ı**, (13) **Gad. in¯ı**, (14) **Kapiñjal¯ı**,

<sup>186</sup> Neither the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* nor the *Bohita¯* gives details of what these musical gestures are like. I interpret that the deities make hand gestures that look like, or that symbolically represent, musical instruments and other musical concepts that are used as their individual names.

<sup>187</sup> *Kalacakra ¯* , Skt ed. (Dwivedi 1994), 3.150–152, and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, Skt ed. (Cicuzza 2001), p. 70, l. 16–p. 71, l. 2. These female deities are called "pledge-females" (*samaya¯*) in the *Kalacakra ¯* and "yogin¯ıs" (*yogin¯ı*) in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. Their correspondence is shown below. ("D. (2)" means the second deity in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*; "K (10)," the tenth deity in the list of birds in the *Kalacakra ¯* ; and "L (10)," the tenth deity in the list of birds in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*)—Ham. s¯ı in D. (2) corresponds to Ham. sa in K (10) and Ham. s¯ı in L (10); Kak¯ ¯ı in D. (4), to Kaka in K (19) and K ¯ ak¯ ¯ı in L (13); Bak¯ı in D. (5) to Baka in K (7) and Bak¯ı in L (7); Tittirika in ¯ D. (6) to Tittir¯ı in K (15) and L (25); Mayur¯ ¯ı in D. (7) perhaps to Sikhin in K (20) and ´ Sikhin ´ ¯ı in L (17); Gudabulika or Gudac ¯ ulik ¯ a in ¯ D. (9) to Gudamukha in K (32) and Vagbulik ¯ a in L (32); P ¯ ar¯ avat ¯ ¯ı in D. (11) to Par¯ avata in K (6) and P ¯ ar¯ avat ¯ ¯ı in L (6); Suk¯ı in D. (15) to Suka ´ in K (2) and Suk ´ ¯ı in L (2); Saras ¯ a in ¯ D. (17) to Saras ¯ a in K (16) and S ¯ aras ¯ ¯ı in L (26); Gr.ddha in ¯ D. (18) to Gr.dhra in K (20) and Gr.dhr¯ı in L (14); Uluk¯ ¯ı in D. (19) to Uluka in K (57) and Ghuk ¯ ¯ı (which should be corrected into Uluk¯ ¯ı) in L (15); Cat.ika in ¯ D. (20) to Cat.aka in K (8) and Cat.ak¯ı in L (8); Cakravak¯ ¯ı in D. (22) to Cakravaka in K (9) and Cakrav ¯ ak¯ ¯ı in L (9); Vr.ks.ara ¯ n.¯ı in D. (23) to Vr.ks.ari in K (28) and ¯ Vr.ks.ari ¯ n.¯ı in L (12); Jalakak¯ ¯ı in D. (25) to N¯ıravi ¯ s.t.a in K (17) and Jalakak¯ ¯ı in L (27); Bila¯d.¯ı in D. (26) to Vid. ala in K (26 in the list of animals moving on the ground) and Bi ¯ d. al¯ ¯ı in L (20 in the list of animals on the ground); Sarik ¯ a in ¯ D. (28) to S´arik ¯ a in K (4) and S ¯ arik ¯ a in L (3); and M ¯ r.gari ¯ n.¯ı in D. (36) to Mr.garipu in K (22) and Mr.gari ¯ n.¯ı in L (16). N¯ılagr¯ıv¯ı in D. (27) may correspond to N¯ılak¯ s.a in K (30) and N¯ılak¯ s.¯ı in L (29). The lists of the thirty-six female deities in the *Kalacakra ¯* and the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯* mentioned above are quite similar, and the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*'s list is slightly more similar to the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*'s than to the *Kalacakra ¯* 's.

(15) **Suk¯ı** (for Suk ´ ¯ı), (16) **Mantr¯ı**, (17) **Saras ¯ a¯**, (18) **Gr.ddha¯** (for Gr.dhra), (19) ¯ **Uluk¯ ¯ı**, (20) **Cat.ika¯**, (21) **Kas¯ .t .hacat.¯ı** (*m.c.* for Ka¯s.t.hacat.ak¯ı), (22) **Cakravak¯ ¯ı**, (23) **Vr.ks.aran ¯ . ¯ı,** (24) **Karkav¯ı**, (25) **Jalakak¯ ¯ı**, (26) **Bilad¯ . ¯ı** (for Bid. al¯ ¯ı), (27) **N¯ılagr¯ıv¯ı**, <sup>188</sup> (28) **Sarik ¯ a¯**, (29) **Sena¯** (for Syen ´ a), (30) ¯ **Kunkumalol ˙ a¯**, (31) **Vat¯.ir¯ı**, (32) **Kakaja ¯ nghak ˙ ¯ı**, (33) **Sam¯ a¯** (for Sy´ am¯ a), (34) ¯ **Lehapis.t .a¯**, <sup>189</sup> (35) **Daddar¯ı** (for Dardar¯ı), and (36) **Sr.galin ¯ ¯ı**. 190

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Wind Circle are variegated dark blue (*karburan¯ılakam*) in color. Alternatively, the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have different body colors.<sup>191</sup> Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical feature and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Disks (*cakra*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Wind Circle (15.22b).

#### *4.2.3. The Earth Circle (medin¯ıcakra) (15.134–150)*

The Earth Circle consists of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are anthropomorphizations of animals living on the ground. Twenty-four deities are similar to twenty-three of the thirty-six female deities taught in the *Kalacakra ¯* (and *Vimalaprabha¯*) and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, <sup>192</sup> who are transformed into creatures living on the ground (*bhucar ¯ ¯ı* or "ground-goers") according to the *Kalacakra ¯* and dry-land creatures, water creatures, and forest creatures (*sthalacarajalacaravanacara*) according to the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs (which are, like in the *Kalacakra ¯* , collectively called *bhucar ¯ ¯ı* or creatures on the ground) are seen copulating with their consort heroes on the Earth

<sup>188</sup> Or Nalagr ¯ ¯ıv¯ı. In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* her name is Nalagr ¯ ¯ıva (D 1516, 28r2). ¯

<sup>189</sup> Her name is Lehasr.s.t.a in Jayasena's ¯ *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 28r3).

<sup>190</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* her name is Mr.garin ¯ .¯ı (D 1516, 28r4).

<sup>191</sup> However, the available texts do not indicate what their respective colors are.

<sup>192</sup> *Kalacakratantra ¯* , Skt ed. (Dwivedi 1994), 3.149–150, and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, Skt ed. (Cicuzza 2001), p. 70, l. 1–l. 15. These female deities are called "pledge-females" (*samaya¯*) in the *Kalacakra ¯* and "pledge-goddesses" (*samayadevat¯ı*) in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. Their correspondence is shown below. ("D. (1)" means the first deity in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*; "K (28)," the twenty-eighth deity in the list of ground creatures in the *Kalacakra ¯* ; and "L (12)," the twelfth deity in the list of dry-land, water, and forest creatures in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*): Sim. gh¯ı in D. (1) corresponds to Sim. ha in K (28) and Aran. yasim. hin¯ı in L (12); Vyaghr ¯ ¯ı in D. (2) to Vyaghra in K (20) and Vy ¯ aghr ¯ ¯ı in L (14); Sa´ ´ s¯ı in D. (4) to Sa´ ´ saka in K (33); Gaj¯ı in D. (5) perhaps to Hastin in K (4) and Hastin¯ı in L (3); Mr.g¯ı in D. (6) perhaps to Harin. a in K (7) and Harin.¯ı (deer) in L (7); Marj ¯ arik ¯ ¯ı in D. (7) perhaps to Vid. ala in K (26) and Bi ¯ d. al¯ ¯ı in L (20); Gav¯ ¯ı in D. (8) to Go in K (3) and L (4); Mahis.¯ı in D. (9) perhaps to Gaval¯ı in L (34); Turag¯ı in D. (10) perhaps to A´sva in K (2) and A´sv¯ı in L (2); Jambuk¯ı in D. (11) to Jambuka in K (24) and Jambuk¯ı in L (18); Gan. d.¯ı in D. (8) to Gan. d. a in K (19) and Gan. d.¯ı in L (13); Camar¯ı in D. (13) to Camar¯ı in K (23) and L (17); Mu¯ s.ika¯ in D. (15) to Akhu in K (30) and M ¯ u¯ s.ak¯ı in L (30); Gardabh¯ı in D. (15) perhaps to Khara in K (8) and Khar¯ı in L (8); Bhed.¯ı or Ed. ak¯ı respectively in D. (16) or (18) perhaps to Mes.a in K (5) and Mes.¯ı in L (6); Ajak¯ı (goat) in D. (17) to Aja in K (6) and Aj¯ı in K (6); Sv´ an¯ ¯ı in D. (19) to Svan in K (1) and ´ Sv´ an¯ ¯ı in L (2); Sukar ¯ ¯ı in D. (20) to S´ukara in K (9) and S ¯ ukara in L (9); Bhall ¯ ¯ı in D. (21) perhaps to R. ks.a in K (21) and R. ks.¯ı in L (15); (26) Aran.¯ı and Br.ha´svanik ¯ a respectively in ¯ D. (26) and (27) to Ara ¯ n. ya´svan in K (27) and Aran. ya´svan¯ ¯ı in L (11); Kut.ika in ¯ D. (32) perhaps to Us.t.ra in K (10) and Us.t.r¯ı in L (11); Nakul¯ı in D. (33) to Nakula in K (22) and Nakul¯ı in L (16); and Kr.k¯ı (lizard) in D. (34) to Kr.ka in K (36) and Kr.kalas¯ ¯ı in L (36). The lists of the thirty-six female deities in the *Kalacakra ¯* and the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯* mentioned above are quite similar. It is difficult to say which of them the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava*'s list is more similar to.

Circle, and are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.135c–138). The heroes are collectively called "Earth Heruka" (*sa yi he ru ka*; the Sanskrit †*ddhi*†*herukam* is corrupted, 15.81d), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c-238a): (1) **Sim. gh¯ı**, (2) **Vyaghr ¯ ¯ı**, (3) **Bh¯ımbha¯**, (4) **Sa´ ´ s¯ı**, (5) **Gaj¯ı**, (6) **Mr.g¯ı**, (7) **Marj ¯ arik ¯ ¯ı**, (8) **Gav¯ ¯ı**, (9) **Mahis.¯ı**, (10) **Turag¯ı**, (11) **Jambuk¯ı,** (12) **Gan. d. ¯ı**, (13) **Camar¯ı**, (14) **Mus¯ .¯ı**, (15) **Gardabh¯ı**, (16) **Bhed. ¯ı**, (17) **Ajak¯ı,** (18) **Ed. ak¯ı**, (19) **Sv´ an¯ ¯ı**, (20) **Sukar ¯ ¯ı**, (21) **Bhall¯ı**, (22) **D. an. d. ar¯ ¯ı** (for Dan. d. ar¯ ¯ı), (23) **Muñjak ¯ ¯ı**, <sup>193</sup> (24) **Vesara¯**, (25) **Vilas¯ .¯ı** (for Vilasin ¯ ¯ı), (26) **Aran. y¯ı**, (27) **Br.ha´svanik ¯ a¯** (for Br.hacchvanik ¯ a), (28) ¯ **Dron. akak¯ ¯ı**, (29) **S´ ard ¯ ul¯ ¯ı**, (30) **Vyad¯ . a¯**, (31) **Citrin. ¯ı**, (32) **Kut.ika¯**, (33) **Nakul¯ı**, (34) **Kr.k¯ı**, (35) **Guha¯**, and (36) **Gramaniv ¯ asin ¯ ¯ı**.

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Earth Circle are yellow in color. Alternatively, the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have varying body colors.<sup>194</sup> Except for the body color and face, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. The d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Earth Circle have animal faces that are in line with their animal names. Swords (*khad. ga*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Earth Circle (15.22b).

The Earth Circle also contains the four gates, eight charnel grounds, and some others shown in Table 5, in addition to the thirty-six couples of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes described above. The Earth Circle has a three-layer structure: the inner ground, on which the thirty-six pairs of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes reside, the middle ground, on which the four gates are placed, and the outer ground, on which the eight charnel grounds exist. All these constitute the Earth Circle.

The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the **four gates** and **four corners** are shown in Table 4. They are the Eight Mothers that are quite common in goddess-worship traditions both in Buddhism and Saivism. ´ <sup>195</sup> The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners have the same physical form (except for the face) and marks as the eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners on the Merit Circle (Kak¯ asy ¯ a and so on). ¯

<sup>193</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* her name is Maujñak¯ ¯ı (D 1516, 28v2).

<sup>194</sup> However, the available texts do not specify what their colors are.

<sup>195</sup> The Eight Mothers can be called by different names, and their locations in a man. d. ala are not uniform. The *Vajrad. aka ¯* , Chapter 19 (Skt ed., (Sugiki 2016b)), and the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*, Chapter 50.8 (Skt ed., (Sugiki 2018b)), all address the man. d. ala of the Eight Mothers. They are named and located as follows: Var¯ ah¯ ¯ı (E), Sa´ m. kar¯ı or Siv ´ a (S), Kaum ¯ ar¯ ¯ı (W), Camu ¯ n. d. a or C ¯ amu ¯ n. d.¯ı (N), Brahma¯n.¯ı (NE), Gan. e´s¯ı or Gan. e´sa (SE), Huta´¯san¯ı or Vais.n. av¯ı (SW), and Indr¯ı (NW). See (Sugiki 2018b, p. 52).


**Table 4.** Eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at four gates and four corners on the Earth Circle.

The **eight charnel grounds**, **trees**, **female direction-guardians** (*lokapalin ¯ ¯ı*), **female serpents** (*nagin ¯ ¯ı*), and **female clouds** (*meghin¯ı*) outside the four gates are shown in Table 5. These direction-guardians, serpents, and clouds are roughly female forms of the direction-guardians, serpent kings, and cloud kings on the Merit Circle as shown in Table 3 above. Individual names of the female serpents and female clouds are not specified in the available sources.


**Table 5.** Eight charnel grounds and others outside the four gates on the Earth Circle.

<sup>196</sup> The third and fourth charnel grounds are Mahabhayabhaya ¯ m. kara and Raudra´sma´sanaka, respectively, ¯ in Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 14v7).

<sup>197</sup> The deity in the west is \*Varun.¯ı according to the Tibetan translation (*chu mo*) and Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (*chu mo*, D 24v6). The protector deity in the west is more generally Varun. a than Rudra.
