**4.4. The Fourth** *Nirman¯ . a* **(Emanation) Layer (15.195–260)**

The *Nirma¯n. a* or Emanation Layer encircles the *Sam. bhoga* Layer and consists of three circles (viz., the Mind, Speech, and Body Circles) arranged in a concentric manner.

<sup>217</sup> Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, Skt ed. (Cicuzza 2001), p. 74, l. 27–p. 75, l. 4. Those similar charnel grounds are Balam ¯ r.tyu, Sarpadam. sa, Ghorayuddha, and Ucchi ´ s.t.a. However, they are located in the northeast, northwest, southwest, and southeast directions. In the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, the four charnel grounds in the four cardinal directions are S´ulabheda, ¯ Savadahana, P ´ utigandha, and Klinnagandha, ¯

which are different from the charnel grounds in the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava*. <sup>218</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , the east, north, west, and south charnel grounds are Bala, M ¯ r.tyu, Ves.t.a, and Bhaks.a, respectively, and the southeast, southwest, northwest, and northeast are Ghora, Yuddha, Savada, and Sava, respectively (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 17r4–r5).

#### *4.4.1. The Mind Circle (cittacakra) (15.195–205)*

The Mind Circle consists of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are anthropomorphizations of unwholesome states of being. The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs, who are seen copulating with their consort heroes, are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.196–200b). The heroes are collectively called "Mind Heruka" (*cittaheruka*, 15.82d), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c-238a): (1) **Nagin ¯ ¯ı**, (2) **Yaks.in. ¯ı**, (3) **Bhut¯ ¯ı**, <sup>219</sup> (4) **Pret¯ı**, (5) **Narak ¯ ¯ı**, (6) **Av¯ıci**, (7) **Patak ¯ ¯ı**, (8) **Anantar¯ı**, (9) **Kumbh¯ı**, (10) **Yamastr¯ı**, <sup>220</sup> (11) **Kalas ¯ utr ¯ ¯ı**, (12) **Kukul¯ ¯ı**, (13) **Tapan¯ı**, (14) **Pratapan ¯ ¯ı**, (15) **Raurav¯ı**, (16) **Maharaurav ¯ ¯ı**, (17) **Tailapak¯ ¯ı**, <sup>221</sup> (18) **Dviparvat¯ı**, (19) **Dves.¯ı**, (20) **Moh¯ı,** (21) **¯ Irs.ya¯**, (22) **Rag¯ ¯ı**, (23) **Madamatsar¯ı**, <sup>222</sup> (24) **Sutik ¯ a¯**, <sup>223</sup> (25) **S´¯ıtak¯ı**, (26) **Asivan¯ı**, (27) **Krandan¯ı**, (28) **Durbhiks.aka¯**, (29) **Rogakant ¯ ar¯ ¯ı**, (30) **Sastr ´ a¯** (for **Sastrak ´ ant ¯ ar¯ ¯ı**), (31) **Pan¯ ¯ıyakant ¯ ar¯ ¯ı**, <sup>224</sup> (32) **Asinakh¯ı**, (33) **Vaitaran. ¯ı**, (34) **Ks.uradhar¯ ¯ı**, (35) **Cakrika¯**, 225 and (36) **Kumbhan¯ . d. ¯ı**.

Of these, deities (1)–(4), (10), and (36) represent demons and ghosts; deities (5)–(6), (9)–(18), and (25)–(35) represent hells, calamities, and negative feelings related to them; deities (7)–(8) and (24) represent sins and impurity; and deities (19)–(23) represent unwholesome states of mind. Many of them represent hells. Hells (6), (11)–(16), (26), (33), and (34) correspond to the hells mentioned in the *Abhidharmako´sa*. 226

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Mind Circle are in black, which is similar to the color of the Mind Circle of the fivefold Heruka man. d. ala (*n¯ıla* or dark blue).<sup>227</sup> Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Skeletons (*kank˙ ala ¯* ) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Mind Circle (15.22d).

<sup>219</sup> Her name is Bhutini in Jayasena's ¯ *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 30v4).

<sup>220</sup> Alternatively, Yamastriya (nominative and not instrumental). Her name is Yamastriy ¯ a according ¯ to her mantra (*yamastriyayai ¯* ) incorporated in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* and Ratnasena's

*Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* . <sup>221</sup> She is Tailapac¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 31r1) and Tailapat¯ ¯ı or Tailapat¯ a in ¯ Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 17v2 and 30r5-r6, which derives from manuscripts AB's reading).

<sup>222</sup> She is Madamanas ¯ ar¯ ¯ı ("loss of control and high pride") in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 31r2).

<sup>223</sup> She is Sutrik ¯ a ("thread") in Jayasena's ¯ *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 31r2).

<sup>224</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , they are two separate goddesses, Pan¯ ¯ıya (or P ¯ an¯ ¯ı) and Kant ¯ arik ¯ a (or ¯ Kant ¯ arak ¯ ¯ı) (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 17v5 and v6).

<sup>225</sup> Cakrika is not considered a goddess in Ratnasena's ¯ *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* . <sup>226</sup> *Abhidharmako´sakarik ¯ a¯*, Skt ed. (Pradhan 1967), 3.1 and 3.58–59 and its *Bha¯s.y*a, Skt ed. (Pradhan 1967), p. 111, l. 11–l. 12, p. 161, l. 1, p. 163. l. 20, and p. 164, l. 6.

<sup>227</sup> Luy¯ ¯ıpada's ¯ *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , Skt ed. (Sakurai 1998), 7 (f).

#### *4.4.2. The Speech Circle (vakcakra) (15.206–215) ¯*

The Speech Circle consists of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are anthropomor-phizations of various states of mind, equated with Jñana ¯ d. akin ¯ ¯ı and other deities taught in the *Catus.p¯ıt.ha*. <sup>228</sup> The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are seen copulating with their consort heroes on the Speech Circle, and are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.207–210). Except for the names ending with -cinta, the female endings ¯ *a¯* and *¯ı* of their names imply the word -cinta or -cint ¯ ¯ı ("considering,", e.g., Puj ¯ a is ¯ Puj ¯ acint ¯ a, and Bhak ¯ s.a is Bhak ¯ s.acinta). The heroes are collectively called "Speech ¯ Heruka" (*vak-heru ¯* , 15.83a), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort D. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c–238a): (1) **Puj¯ a¯**, (2) **Bhaks.a¯**, (3) **Nidra¯**, (4) **Alasy ¯ a¯**, (5) **Dharmacinta¯**, (6) **Bhavan ¯ a¯**, (7) **Gr.hacinta¯**, (8) **Str¯ıcinta¯**, (9) **Arthacinta¯**, (10) **Viyogaka¯**, (11) **Putracinta¯**, (12) **Abhi´soka¯**, <sup>229</sup> (13) **Dhyan¯ a¯**, (14) **Mantrajapik ¯ a¯**, (15) **Hr¯ıka¯**, (16) **Man¯ a¯**, <sup>230</sup> (17) **Sam. tap¯ a¯**, (18) **Sattvarthakarun ¯ . odyama¯**, <sup>231</sup> (19) **Rajacint ¯ a¯**, (20) **Paradroha¯**, (21) **Jñanal ¯ abh ¯ a¯**, (22) **Tapasvin¯ı**, (23) **Jara¯**, (24) **Maran. acinta¯**, (25) **Sukha¯**, (26) **Duh. kha¯**, (27) **A´subha¯**, (28) **Asti**, (29) **Nastik ¯ a¯**, (30) **Gurucinta¯**, (31) **Gamanika¯**, (32) **Ks.ema¯**, (33) **Aks.ema¯**, (34) **Sr´ ant ¯ a¯**, (35) **Vi´srant ¯ a¯**, and (36) **Bubhuks.ita¯**.

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Speech Circle are colored red like a madder (*raktamañji ¯ s.t.ha*), which is similar to the color of the Speech Circle of the fivefold Heruka man. d. ala (*rakta* or red).<sup>232</sup> Except for body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Nooses (*pa´¯sa*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Speech Circle (15.23a).

<sup>228</sup> This perhaps indicates the thirteen deities (and not thirty-six deities) constituting Jñana ¯ d. akin ¯ ¯ı's man. d. ala, which is expounded in the *Catus.p¯ıt.ha*, Skt ed., 2.3. They are: (1) Jñana ¯ d. akin ¯ ¯ı, (2) Vajrad. akin ¯ ¯ı or Vajr¯ı, (3) Ghorad. akin ¯ ¯ı or Ghor¯ı, (4) Vettal¯ ¯ı, (5) Ca¯n. d. al¯ ¯ı or Can. d. al¯ ¯ı, (6) Sim. gh¯ı or Sim. h¯ı, (7) Vyaghr ¯ ¯ı, (8) Jambuk¯ı, (9) Lukik ¯ a or Ul ¯ uk¯ ¯ı, (10) Raudr¯ı or D. akin ¯ ¯ı, (11) D¯ıpin¯ı, (12) Cu¯ s.in.¯ı, and (13) Kamboj ¯ ¯ı or Kamboj¯ı.

<sup>229</sup> She is Sok ´ a according to the Tibetan translation ( ¯ *mya ngan ma*), Sokacint ´ ¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 31v1), and Bhiks.oka in Ratnasena's ¯ *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 18r3).

<sup>230</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , she is Manasa ¯ m. tap¯ a: it does not divide M ¯ an¯ a from Sa ¯ m. tap¯ a (Skt ¯ ms. NGMPP B24/52, 18r4).

<sup>231</sup> Her name is Sattvarthakara ¯ n. odyama in Jayasena's ¯ *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 18v1 and 31v2), which is in accordance with the Tibetan translation of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* (*sems can don byed brtson ma*). Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* divides *sattvartha ¯* from *karun. odyama¯*: these are two goddesses, Sattvarth ¯ a and ¯

Karun. odyama (or Karun ¯ . ottama) (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 18r4). ¯ <sup>232</sup> Luy¯ ¯ıpada's ¯ *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , Skt ed. (Sakurai 1998), 7 (g).

#### *4.4.3. The Body Circle (kayacakra) (15.216–259) ¯*

The Body Circle consists of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are wheel-turning rulers (*cakravartin¯ı* and *cakravartin*) of the worlds such as heavens that constitute the Three Realms of Existence (*traidhatuka ¯* or equivalent, namely, Desire, Form, and Formless Realms [*kama- ¯* /*rupya- ¯* /*ar¯ upya-dh ¯ atu ¯* ]), i.e., one universe. The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs who are seen copulating with their consort heroes are presented below. The heroes are collectively called "Body Heruka" (*kayika ¯ m.* , 15.83b), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c-238a): (1) **Caturmah ¯ ar¯ ajak ¯ ayik ¯ ¯ı**, (2) **Trayastrim ¯ . sacakravartin ´ ¯ı**, <sup>233</sup> (3) **Yam¯ ¯ı**, (4) **Tus.it¯ı**, (5) **Nirman¯ . aratay¯ı** (for Nirma¯n. arati), (6) **Paranirmitava´savartin¯ı**, (7) **Brahmakayik ¯ a¯**, (8) **Brahmapurohita¯**, (9) **Mahabrahm ¯ an¯ . avartin¯ı**, (10) **Par¯ıttabh ¯ a¯**, (11) **Apraman¯ . abh ¯ ¯ı**, (12) **Abh ¯ asur ¯ ¯ı**, (13) **Par¯ıtta´subh¯ı**, (14) **Apraman¯ . a´subh¯ı**, (15) **Subhakr ´ .tsna¯**, (16) **Anabhrak¯ı**, (17) **Pun. yaprasava¯**, (18) **Br.hatphalacakravartin¯ı**, (19) **Avr.h¯ı**, (20) **Atap¯ı**, (21) **Sudr.s´¯ı**, (22) **Sudar´san¯ı**, (23) **Akanis.t .havartin¯ı**, (24) **Ak¯ a´¯sananty ¯ ayatan ¯ ¯ı**, (25) **Vijñan¯ ananty ¯ ayatan ¯ ¯ı**, (26) **Akim ¯ . canyayatan ¯ ¯ı**, (27) **Naivasam. jñan¯ asam ¯ . jñan¯ ¯ı** (*m.c.* for Naivasam. jñan¯ asa ¯ m. jñayatan ¯ ¯ı), (28) **Narak ¯ ¯ı**, (29) **Pretan¯ı** (*m.c.* for Pret¯ı), (30) **Tirya¯**, (31) **Nar¯ı**, (32) **Asur¯ı**, (33) **Vimanac ¯ arin ¯ . ¯ı**, (34) **Sa´ ´ sirav¯ı**, (35) **Yama¯**, and (36) **Indr¯ı**. 234

Of these, deities from (1) to (27) represent heavens and are arranged in ascending order: deities (1)–(6) are of the Desire Realm; deities (7)–(23) the Form Realm; and deities (24)–(27) the Formless Realm. Deities (28)–(33) represent the Six Paths of Reincarnation, namely, hell, ghost, beast, human, asura or demon, and god realms, in order. Deities (34)–(36) also represent celestial worlds, namely, Sa´ ´ sin and Ravi (the moon and the sun), and Yama's and Indra's heavens in order.

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Body Circle are the color of body, speech, and mind (*kayav ¯ akcittavar ¯ n. akam*), which is a mixture of white, red, and black (roughly corresponding to the colors of the Body, Speech, and Mind Circles of the fivefold Heruka man. d. ala235), according to the *Bohita¯* and Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* . 236 Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. On the Body Circle, hooks (*anku´ ˙ sa*) are arranged in a circular pattern (15.23a).

The Body Circle also contains the four gates, eight charnel grounds, and some others shown in Table 9, addition to the thirty-six couples of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes described above. The Body Circle has a three-layer structure: the inner ground, on

<sup>233</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , she is not a single goddess, but instead, the word is separated into two, Trayastrim ¯ . s´a and Cakravartin ¯ ¯ı (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 18v2 and v3).

<sup>234</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , the thirty-sixth goddess is Yam¯ı (or Yama). It does not mention ¯ Indr¯ı (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 31v6).

<sup>235</sup> Luy¯ ¯ıpada's ¯ *Cakrasam. varabhisamaya ¯* , Skt ed. (Sakurai 1998), 7 (f), (g), and (h).

<sup>236</sup> *Bohita¯* (D 1419, 148v1–v2) and Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 31v1–v2).

which the thirty-six pairs of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes reside; the middle ground, on which the four gates are placed; and the outer ground, on which the eight charnel grounds exist. All these constitute the Body Circle.

The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the **four gates** and **four corners** are shown in Table 8. The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners have the same physical form (except for the face) and marks as the eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners on the Merit Circle (Kak¯ asy ¯ a and so on). The ¯ **eight charnel grounds**, **trees**, and female **hell-guardians** (*narakapal¯ a¯*) outside the four gates are presented in Table 9.

**Table 8.** Eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners on the Body Circle.


**Table 9.** Eight charnel grounds and others outside the four gates on the Body Circle.

