**3.2. The Language of the** *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava* **15**

The *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15 consists of Sanskrit passages (15.1–24, 29–285, 288–290, and the chapter title), most of which are verses, and Apabhram. sa verses (15.25–28 and ´

<sup>14</sup>v9–v11) = R 25v5–v6 = V 79r5–v1 and 79v7 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.124–129b (A 14v11–v12) = R 13v1–14r3 and 25v6–26r2 = V 79v7–80r4 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.129c–133 (A 14v12–15r2) = R 26v1–v2 = V 80r2–r6 and 81r3–r4 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.134–138 (A 15r2–r3) = R 14r3–v5 and 26v2–v5 = V 81r4–r7 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.139–141b (A 15r3–r4) = R 26v5–v6 and 27r2–r4 = V 81r7–v2 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.141c–151 (A 15r4–r7) = R 14v5–15r2 and 27r4–v2 = V81v2–82r3 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.152–160 (A 15r7–r10) = R 15r2–v6 and 27v2–v7 = V 82r3–v2 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.161–165 (A 15r10–r12) = R 28r5–r7 = V 82v2–v5 and 83v3–v4 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.166–170b (A 15r12–v1) = R 15v6–16r7 and 28r7–28v4 = V 83v4–v7 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.170c–176 (A 15v1–v3) = R 29r3–r4 = V 83v7–84r3 and 84v5 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.177–182b (A 15v3–v5) = R 16r7–17r2 and 29r4–v1 = V 84v5–85r2 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.182c–184 (A 15v5–v6) = R 29v6 = V 85r2–r3 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.185–194 (A 15v6–v9) = R 17r2–r6 and 29v6–30r4 = V 85r3–v2 and 85v6–v7 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.195–200b (A 15v9–v11) = R 17r6–v7 and 30r4–r7 = V 85v7–86r4 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.200c–205 (A 15v11–v12) = R 30v5 = V 86r3–r6 and 87v4 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.206–213 (A 16r1–r3) = R 17v7–18v1 and 30v6–31r2 = V 87v4–88r2 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.214–215 (A 16r3) = R 31r7–v1 = V 88r2–r3 and 89v7 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.216–223 (A 16r3–r5) = R 18v1– (19rv missing) and 31v1–32r1 = V 89v7–90r2 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.224–226b (A 16r5–r6) = R 32v1 = V 90r2–r3 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.226c–229 (A 16r6–r7) = R (19rv missing) and 32v1–v7 = V 90r3–r5 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.230–232b (A 16r7–r8) = R—=V 90r5–r7 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.232c–237b (A 16r8–r9) = R 9v6–10v5 and 22v4–23r3 = V 90r7–v3 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.237c–238 (A 16r9) = R 10v5–11v4 and 23v1–v6, 11v4–12v2 and 24r5–v2, 12v6–13v1 and 25r7–v4, 13v1–14r3 and 26r3–v1, 14r3–v5 and 26v6–27r2, 15r2–v6 and 27v7–28r5, 15v6–16r7 and 28v5–29r3, 16r7–17r2 and 29v1–v6, 17r6–v7 and 30r7–v5, 17v7–18v1 and 31r2–r7, 18v1– (19rv missing) and 32r1–v1 = V 90v3–v4 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.239–242c (A 16r9–r11) = R — = V 90v4–v6 ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.242d–260 (A 16r11–v4) = R (19rv missing), 32v7–33r3, and 33r4–r5 = V 90v6–91r3 and 92r6–r7 (the end of the text) ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.261–272 (A 16v4–v8)=R—=V — ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.273–279 (A 16v8–v10) = R — = V — ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.280–283b (A 16v10–v11) = R 33r6–v1=V— ♦ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15.283c–289 (A 16v11–17r1) = R 33v2–34r6 (the end of the text) ♦ *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava* 15.290 (the end of the text) (A 17r1–r2)= R — = V —. <sup>59</sup> That passage can be found in the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava*, 15.46–49.

286–287).<sup>60</sup> The Sanskrit passages also include Middle-Indic terms. In Chapters 3.2.1, I examine the language in the Sanskrit passages, and in Section 3.2.3, I explore the Apabhram. sa verses. ´

## *3.2.1. Morphological and Orthographical Peculiarities*

Some morphological and orthographical peculiarities are present in the Sanskrit passages in manuscript A in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15. Similar peculiarities can also be partially found in the Buddhist tantras such as the *Catus.p¯ıt.hatantra* (hereafter *Catus.p¯ıt.ha*), the *Buddhakapalatantra ¯* (hereafter *Buddhakapala ¯* ), and the *Vajram¯ r.tatantra* (hereafter *Vajram¯ r.ta*) <sup>61</sup> as well as the Saiva ´ *Siddhayoge´svar¯ımata*, *Ni´svasatattvasa ¯ m. hita¯*, and *Brahmayamalatantra ¯* . <sup>62</sup> For example, whether the meter requires it or not, the *pratipadika ¯* s or stem-forms without case-endings are often used as equivalent to inflected forms.63 Most of the words without case-endings that occur when the meter does not require the loss of case-ending are used in the sense of either nominative or accusative.

I speculate about possible reasons why stem-forms without case-endings are often used in manuscript A of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15 as follows: (1) They are scribal errors that occurred during transmission. Originally, they had case-endings; (2) They occurred to accommodate the meter; (3) They were influenced by the same words that are without case-endings (or the same words that appear to be without case-endings)

<sup>60</sup> Tagare questions whether the language of these verses in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* should be called "Apabhram. sa": The language of these verses in the ´ *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*, which is different in several respects from the language used in the *Dohako ¯ s. a*s of Ka¯n. ha and Saraha, may rather be classified as a form of Eastern Prakrit (Tagare 1948, p. 20). However, this is associated with the controversial topic of the definition of "Apabhram. sa". In this monograph, I do not deal with this topic, and I call the language ´

<sup>&</sup>quot;Apabhram. sa" for convenience, following Chaudhuri. ´ <sup>61</sup> See (Luo 2010, pp. xxxviii–xlv) for the grammar in the *Buddhakapala ¯* ., (Szánt<sup>ó</sup> 2012a, pp. 60–67) for the

*Catus.p¯ıt.ha*, and (Sferra 2017, pp. 415–17) for the *Vajramr ¯ .ta*. <sup>62</sup> See (Törzsök 1999, pp. xxvi–lxix) for the grammar in the *Siddhayoge´svar¯ımata*, (Goodall 2015, pp. 113–36) for the grammar in the *Ni´svasatattvasa ¯ m. hita¯*, and (Kiss 2015, pp. 73–86; Hatley 2018b, pp. 28–38) for the grammar in the *Brahmayamalatantra ¯* .

<sup>63</sup> For the cases in which the loss of case-ending occurs whether the meter requires it or not, see (Szántó 2012a, p. 65) for the *Catus.p¯ıt.ha*, "The Dative is almost completely absent, the most common 'case' being that of the stem form (*pratipadika ¯* ), in other words the nil-suffix. This can stand for any case."; (Kiss 2015, p. 78) for the *Brahmayamala ¯* , "Stem-forms (*pratipadika ¯* ) of nominal forms used as though they were inflected forms: This is probably one of the key factors in the language of the BraYa ( ¯ *Brahmayamala ¯* )."; and (Goodall 2015, p. 126) for the *Ni´svasatattvasa ¯ m. hita¯*, "the *pratipadika ¯* s used instead of inflected forms (particularly nominative)". For the cases in which the loss of case-ending occurs only when the meter requires it, see (Törzsök 1999, pp. xxvi–lxix) for the *Siddhayoge´svar¯ımata*, "Nominative and accusative endings are often elided if the metre requires Sandhi without them."; (Luo 2010, p. xl) for the *Buddhakapalatantra ¯* (only the cases induced for metrical reason); and (Sferra 2017, p. 416) for the *Vajram¯ r.ta*, "Furthermore, we observe the use of morphological irregularities, such as the loss of case ending etc., in order to fit the metre". In manuscript A of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*, the loss of case-ending also occurs when it is not induced metrically.

in the previous lines;64 (4) They were influenced by the morphology of Apabhram. sa. ´ According to Tagare, in Apabhram. sa, some forms of the direct cases (nominative, ´ accusative, and vocative) are devoid of case-endings: "The frequent use of zero as a term of the direct case in EAp (Eastern Apabhram. sa) deserves attention;" ´ <sup>65</sup> (5) Words without case-endings were already present in the source texts, based on which the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* was composed;<sup>66</sup> (6) The authors of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*, who had thorough knowledge of its contents, deliberately removed the case-endings so as to make the text more esoteric; (7) The authors of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* had only insufficient knowledge of Sanskrit. These seven reasons, some aspects of which may be overlapping, can be roughly grouped into two: (1) scribal errors, which should be emended; and (2)–(7) those not being scribal errors, which do not necessarily need emendation. Perhaps some words without case-endings occurred for the first reason, and the others for the other reasons. It is often difficult to discern them. The same is said of the other peculiarities found in manuscript A.

Peculiarities presented below can be found in manuscript A. Many of those peculiarities are also preserved in manuscripts B, C, and D, and parallel passages found in the other chapters of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* and the other texts that were composed on the basis of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15, i.e., Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* and Chapter 20 of the *Var¯ ah¯ ¯ıkalpa*. Perhaps Chapter 20 of the *Var¯ ah¯ ¯ıkalpa* was also composed based on manuscript A of the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*, or they were produced from the same source manuscript that is not extant. The peculiarities presented below were influential in the transmissional lines of manuscript A. Some of the peculiarities might have originally occurred as scribal errors. However, they became normal in these transmissional lines.

In the list of the peculiarities presented below, those that seem to have occurred to accommodate the meter are indicated with "*m.c.*" (metri causa). As I explain in detail below, in editing the text, I have emended all or many of the peculiarities that are marked with "*•*" (mostly orthographical peculiarities), and some without that mark that I consider scribal errors. I have thus emended many orthographical peculiarities (in bold as I explain below). However, I have done so just for the readers' convenience in searching words: Probably many of the orthographical peculiarities are authorial and not transmissional. In Chapter 16 of the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava*, 67 which teaches the encoding of the letters constituting the fundamental mantra, the

<sup>64</sup> For example, see the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*, 15.104ab: *at.t.at.t.ahasa ¯ ¯ı´sany ¯ a lak ¯ s.m¯ıvana huta´¯sane*. The loss of case-ending of *laks.m¯ıvana* (used for *laks.m¯ıvano*) has occurred influenced by the previous *at.t.at.t.ahasa ¯* , whose form of ending (caused by the correct *sandhi*) appears as being devoid of case-ending.

<sup>65</sup> (Tagare 1948, p. 108). For the possibility of the influence from Apabhram. sa, see also (Törzsök 1999, ´ p. xxxvii).

<sup>66</sup> For the fifth reason, see also (Sugiki 2018a, p. 43), where I described some examples of this.

<sup>67</sup> My unpublished edition of the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava* 16.

orthographical peculiarities in question are encoded, i.e., *tribhuvan. a* for *tribhuvana*; *parus.u* for *para´su*; *sma´ ´ sa¯n. a* for *sma´ ´ sana ¯* ; *gat.va¯m. ga* for *khat.va¯nga ˙* ; *mardhan. a* for *mardana*; *sri ´ s.t.i* for *sr.s.t.i*; *nisum. bhan. a* for *nisumbhana* (= *ni´sumbhana*); *vighraha* for *vigraha*; *bam. dana* for *bandhana*; *bham. jan. a* for *bhañjana*; *dharmodhaya* for *dharmodaya*; and *satva* for *sattva*. This strongly shows the possibility that the compilers of the extant version of the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava* acknowledged the peculiarities to a certain or considerable degree.

## (1) Verbs and verbals

**Indicative present active:** *-ma* **ending used in the third person**: *bruma ¯* (for *brumi ¯* [*brav¯ımi*]; 15.166a and 216a).<sup>68</sup>

**Passive used in the sense of active**: *sthapyat ¯ am¯ .* (*m.c*. for *sthapayat ¯ am¯ .* ; 15. 14b).

**Optative:** *-e* **and** *-ya¯* **endings used in the third person**: *kurya¯* (for *kuryad¯* ; 15.122a) and *yacaye ¯* (for *yacayet ¯* ; 15. 273a).

**Singular used in the sense of plural**: *tis.t.hed* (*m.c.* for *tis.t.heyur*; 15.105c).

**Present participle: feminine singular nominative used as masculine plural**: *utpadyant¯ı* (for *utpadyanto*; 15.8a)

**Gerundives: feminine singular nominative used as any gender and number or optative**: <sup>69</sup> *jñeya¯* (for *jñeyam*, 15.34c); *-dras.t.avya¯* (for *-dras.t.avyam.* ; 15.91c), etc. These gerundives may be used as optative *jan¯ ¯ıyat¯* , *pa´syet*, etc., respectively.

(2) Nouns, pronouns, relative pronouns, and adjectives

**Influence by the form of the previous word**: <sup>70</sup> *bhumir acal ¯ a´¯s capar ¯ a¯h.* (for *bhumir acal ¯ a¯ capar ¯ a¯*; 15.171d: The sound *-´s* was added to *acala¯*, probably induced by the next *ca-¯* , and influenced by the ending *-´s* of *acala´¯s*, *-h.* was added to the ending of *capar ¯ a¯*.); *dvada´ ¯ sa vijñeya sañc ¯ ar¯ a p ¯ ¯ıt.hopap¯ıt.hika¯* (for *dvada´ ¯ sa vijñeya¯h. sañcar¯ a¯h. p¯ıt.hopap¯ıt.hika¯h.* ; 15.241b: Influenced by *vijñeya¯*, which is devoid of a *visarga*, the two words that follow, viz., *sañcar¯ a p ¯ ¯ıt.hopap¯ıt.hika¯*, are also devoid of *visarga*s.); *trih. catuh. pañcas* (for *trih. catuh. pañcakr.tvas*; 15.255c: The peculiar form *pañcas* has partially occurred due to the influence by the *s-*ending of the previous *trih.* and *catuh.* ; 15.255c), etc.

**Stem-form used as inflected form (mostly nominative and accusative)**: 71 *laks.m¯ıvana huta´¯sane* (for *laks.m¯ıvanam. huta´¯sane*; 15.104b); *s.at.trim. sati sam ´ akhy ¯ at¯ a¯* (for *s. at.trim. sati ´ h. samakhy ¯ at¯ a¯h.* ; 15.70c); *sarvakarman. ¯ı an¯ ¯ıta* (for *sarvakarman. ¯ı an¯ ¯ıta¯*; 15.251a), etc.

<sup>68</sup> However, according to (Oberlies 2003, p. 171), *bruma ¯* can be used for *brumah ¯ .* in the Epic literature.

<sup>69</sup> Among the verbal irregularities, this is also the most commonly found throughout the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* <sup>15</sup> (and its other chapters).

<sup>70</sup> This peculiarity can be widely found throughout the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* 15 (and its other chapters). Some of the peculiarities listed below are partially induced by this one. For this peculiarity, see also the first two paragraphs of Section 3.2.1 (particularly footnote 70) in this monograph.

<sup>71</sup> For this, see the first two paragraphs of Section 3.2.1 in this monograph.

### **Omissions of final consonants:**

**Inflected form without final** *h.* **/***r***/***t*: *-svabhav¯ a tu ¯* (for *-svabhav¯ at¯* or *-svabhav¯ an¯ tu*; 15.16a); *pitu* (*m.c.* for *pitur*; 15.155d); *yogin¯ıbhi* (for *yogin¯ıbhir*; 15.185b);<sup>72</sup> *yoginya* (for *yoginyah.* ; 15.231c), etc.

**The others**: *pran. avady ¯ a prak ¯ ¯ırtita¯h.* (for *pran. avady ¯ a¯h. prak¯ırtita¯h.* ; 15.93d); *vr. ks. a¯* ... *dapayet ¯* (for *vr.ks.an¯* ... *dapayet ¯* ; 15.146d); *dapayel lokap ¯ alin ¯ ¯ı* (for *dapayel ¯ lokapalin ¯ ¯ıh.* ; 15.148d); *te v¯ıra¯* (for *te v¯ırah¯.* ; 15.231a), etc.

## **Additions of final consonants**:

**Redundant final** *h.* **/***m***/***n* **at the end of a** *pada ¯* **(especially an even** *pada ¯* **)**: *vijñeya sumer ¯ uparibh ¯ agaj ¯ am¯* //(for *vijñeya sumer ¯ uparibh ¯ agaj ¯ a¯* //; 15.59cd); *sarvagun. amayam. vibhuh.* //(for *sarvagun. amayam. vibhu* //; 15.70d), etc. **Redundant final** *s´***/***c* **before** *c-*: *-vatm¯ ac ca ¯* (for *-vatm¯ a ca ¯* ; 15.15c);73 ... *yogin¯ı // nan¯ abhara ¯ n. ayukta´¯s ca* ... *-nvita¯* (for *yogin¯ı // nan¯ abhara ¯ n. ayukta ca ¯* ... *-nvita¯*; 15.67d-68b), etc.

**Final** *m.* **/***m***/***<sup>n</sup>* **and** *h.* **/***s´***/***s***/***<sup>r</sup>* **used interchangeably:**<sup>74</sup> *prabuddham. herukah.* (for *prabuddho herukah.* , 15.29b); *-nigad. as tu had. im.* (for *-nigad. as tu had. ir*; 15.38d), etc.

**Case-endings** *-es.u* **and** *-e***/***-ena* **used interchangeably**: <sup>75</sup> *dvihastes.u* (for *dvihastena*; 15.35a); *-dvares ¯ .u* (*m.c.* for *-dvare ¯* ; 15.95c); *kon. e* (for *kon. es.u*; 15.146c), etc.

**Irregular inflected forms**: *-bhum¯ ¯ıs.u* (perhaps *m.c*. for *-bhumi ¯ s.u*; 15.69a); *jantavam¯* (for *jantavah.* ; 15.174b)<sup>76</sup> and *imaih.* (for *ebhih.* ; 15.283d).

**Thematization (or consonantal stems treated as vocalic)**: *arci* (for *arcih.* ; 15.13a and 278c); *namam ¯ .* (for *nama ¯* ; 15.125b); *br.ha-* (for *br.hat-*; 15.137d), etc.

**Lengthening of the final short vowel at the end of an even** *pada ¯* : *-purit ¯ am / ¯* (for *-puritam / ¯* ; 15. 13b); *pat¯ım* / (for *patim /*; 15.14b); *suryak ¯ am / ¯* (for *suryakam / ¯* ; 15.23d), etc.

**The feminine ending** *-ik¯ı* **for** *-ika¯* **and** *-ak¯ı*: <sup>77</sup> *selendrik¯ı* (for *sailendrak ´ ¯ı*; 15.115a); *marjj ¯ arik ¯ ¯ı* (for *marj ¯ arak ¯ ¯ı*; 15.135f), etc.

<sup>72</sup> Whether the meter requires it or not, the plural instrumental ending *-bhi* (for *-bhih.* ) often occurs in the *Catus.p¯ıt.ha*: (e.g., *ebhi* for *ebhir*, 1.2.14d, and *d. akinibhi ¯* for *d. akin ¯ ¯ıbhih.* , 1.2.27a).

<sup>73</sup> This is otherwise the ablative form of the thematized *-vatman. ¯*

<sup>74</sup> It is possible to see this as the assimilation of the nominative and accusative forms, which is a grammatical peculiarity or tendency found in several forms of Apabhram. sa (Tagare 1948, p. 104). See ´ also (Tanaka 2010, p. xxix), etc.

<sup>75</sup> It is not impossible to see this as a form of the assimilation of the instrumental and locative, which is a

grammatical peculiarity of Apabhram. sa (Tagare 1948, p. 104). See also (Tanaka 2010, p. li). ´ <sup>76</sup> The form *jantavam¯* appears many times in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*. In Chapter 15, it is used in the sense of nominative. However, in other chapters, it is also used in the sense of other cases.

<sup>77</sup> See also *Buddhakapalatantra ¯* , Skt ed., 13.5g and (Luo 2010, p. 102, footnote 13).

**Exchange of <consonant +** *i***/***¯ı* **> and <consonant +** *ya* **>**: <sup>78</sup> *-suryagnyopari ¯* (*m.c.* for *-sury ¯ agnyupari ¯* ; [*agnya* for *agni*] 15.31b); *-valyam.* (for *-val¯ım.* ; 15.110b); *ving˙ ¯ı* (for *vyang˙ ¯ı*; 15.167b), etc.

**Extension and contraction of word induced metrically**:

**Extended stems**: *bhrat¯ ay¯ a¯* (for *bhratur ¯* ; 15.159a [*bhrat¯ ay¯ a(¯ h.)* is the genitive of *bhrat¯ a¯*, which is the nominative of *bhrat¯ r.*]); *apsarasa¯* (not instrumental; *apsaras* + female singular -*a¯*: 15.178b), etc.

**Extension of a word by the addition of a syllable into the middle**: *ratnolak¯ı* (*m.c.* for *ratnolk¯ı* or *ratnolka¯*; 15.76c).

**Contraction of** *-in* **stem**: *-bhu¯s.¯ı* (*m.c.* for -bhu¯ s.in.¯ı; 15.48c); *dam. s.t.r¯ı* (*m.c.* for *dam. s.t.rin. ¯ı*; 15.97c); *-vart¯ı* (*m.c.* for *-vartin¯ı*; 15.217b and 218a), etc.

**Contraction of a word by the omission of the ending** *-ka*: *prajñant ¯ ¯ı* (*m.c.* for *prajñantak ¯ ¯ı*; 15.77a); *herum.* (*m.c.* for *herukam.* ; 15.81c); *pañcarekhatm¯ a¯* (*m.c.* for *pañcarekhatmakam ¯ .* ; 15.101a), etc.

**Contraction of a word by the omission of one or more syllables from the middle**: *pan. n. asorika¯* (*m.c.* for *parn. a´sabarika¯*; *-´saba-* [*-saba-*] was contracted to *-so-*; 15.76d); *kupar ¯ ¯ı* (*m.c.* for *kupak ¯ ar¯ ¯ı*; 15.89b); *cintayevam.* (*m.c.* for *cintayed evam.* ; 15.188b); *trih. catuh. pañcas* (*m.c.* for *trih. catuh. pañcakr.tvas*; 15.255c), etc.

**The other examples of the number, case, and gender irregularities (or the lack of concord)**: <sup>79</sup> *-gatras t ¯ a[¯ h. ]* (for *-gatr ¯ a s ¯ a¯*; 15.67a); *sakticakra ´ m. sada hy e ¯ s. <sup>a</sup>* (for *sakticakra ´ m. sada hy etat ¯* , 15.162a); *v¯ıra bhagavanta ¯ h. kulodbhava¯h.* (*m.c*. for *v¯ıra bhagavata ¯ h. kulodbhava¯h.* ; 15.258b), etc.

<sup>78</sup> This can often be found in the Buddhist Yogin¯ıtantra scriptures; an important example is the exchange of *d. akinyah ¯ .* and *d. akin ¯ ¯ı(h. )* (or *yoginyah.* and *yogin¯ı(h. )*).

<sup>79</sup> There are many examples that fall into these "other" groups: **Masculine singular nominative used as feminine** (*-gatras ¯* for *-gatr ¯ a¯*, 15.67a, and *es. a* for *es. a¯*, 15.162a); **masculine singular nominative used as neuter** (*anyah.* for *anyat*, 15.204e, and *sa kathyate m.c.* for *tat kathyate* or *sam. kathyate*, 15.206b); **masculine singular genitive used as feminine** (*tasyaiva m.c.* for *tasya eva ¯* [or a double *sandhi* of *tasya¯ eva*], 15.155d, and *asya m.c.* for *asya¯h.* , 15.157b); **masculine plural nominative used in the sense of singular genitive** (*bhagavantah.* for *bhagavatah.* , 15.258b); **masculine plural instrumental used in the sense of nominative** (*-mantrais* for *-mantras¯* , 15.93c); **masculine plural locative used in the sense of nominative** (*-kar¯ ante ¯ s.v* for *-kar¯ a¯*[*h.*], 15.94a); **feminine singular nominative used as neuter** (*-bh¯ıs.an. a¯* for *-bh¯ıs.an. am*, 15.34b); **feminine singular accusative used as masculine** (*-varn. akam¯* for *-varn. akam*, 15.149d); **feminine singular accusative used as neuter** (*-tmakam¯* for *-tmakam*, 15.92b); **feminine plural nominatives used in the sense of singular** (*ta[¯ h.]* for *sa¯*, 15.67a); **feminine plural instrumental used in the sense of singular nominative** (*pitamah ¯ ¯ıbhi* for *pitamah ¯ ¯ıbhih.* , *m.c.* for *pitamah ¯ ¯ı*, 15.157c); **neuter singular nominative used in the sense of plural** (*mukham.* for *mukhani ¯* , 15.171a); **neuter singular nominative used in the sense of masculine plural** (*-herukam.* for *-heruka[¯ h.]*, 15.83d); and **neuter plural accusative used as masculine** (*-pal¯ ani m.c. ¯* for *-pal¯ an¯* , 15.190a). However, I do not consider it so fruitful to enumerate them because no clear tendency can be found among them.

## (3) Adverbs

**Addition of a final** *s´* **(before** *c-***),** *h.* **, and** *t* **(at the end of an even** *pada ¯* **)**: *nan¯ a´¯s ca* (for *nan¯ a ca ¯* ; 15.13a), *yatharuci ¯ h.* (for *yatharuci ¯* ; 15.120d); *sarvatha¯h. /*(for *sarvatha/¯* ; 15.149b), and *purat¯* / (for *pura¯* /; 15.251d).

*Yatah.* **used in the sense of** *yatha¯* **("like")**: *kak¯ asy ¯ a¯ d. akin ¯ ¯ı yatah.* (for *kak¯ asy ¯ a¯ d. akin ¯ ¯ı yatha¯*, "Kak¯ asy ¯ a is like D ¯ . akin ¯ ¯ı"; 15.95d).
