**4.3. The Third** *Sam. bhoga* **(Enjoyment) Layer (15.152–194)**

The *Sam. bhoga* or Enjoyment Layer encircles the *Dharma* Layer and comprises three circles (the Fire, Water, and Knowledge Circles) arranged in a concentric fashion.

### *4.3.1. The Fire Circle (agnicakra) (15.152–165)*

The Fire Circle comprises d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are gods or spirits (1)–(4) or deifications of human kin members (5)–(36).<sup>198</sup> The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs (collectively called "Sky-goer," *khecar¯ı*), who are seen copulating with their consort heroes, are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.153c–160). Ten of the thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are similar to the ten kinswomen, whom laymen (*gr.hin* or *gr.havasin ¯* ) give to their teacher for their initiation ritual (*seka*), as taught in the *Kalacakra ¯* 's fundamental tantra (*mulatantra ¯* ) according to the *Vimalaprabha¯*. <sup>199</sup> The heroes are collectively called "Fire Heruka" (*jval¯ aheruka ¯* , 15.82a), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c–238a): ("Pitu," "matu," and bhr ¯ at¯ ay¯ a(¯ h.)" below are used as "pitur," "matur," and bhr ¯ atu¯ h. /-r,", respectively) (1) **Devin¯ı**, (2) **Nagin ¯ ¯ı**, (3) **Yaks.¯ı**, (4) **Bhut¯ ¯ı**, (5) **Mat¯ a¯**, (6) **Bhary ¯ a¯**, (7) **Bhagin¯ı**, (8) **Duhita¯**, (9) **Bhagineyik ¯ a¯**, (10) **Pitu Bhagin¯ı**, (11) **Matulasya Bh ¯ aryak ¯ a¯**, (12) **Bhary ¯ abhagin ¯ ¯ı**, (13) **Bhary ¯ am¯ at¯ a¯**, (14) **Bhary ¯ apitur M ¯ atr ¯ .ka¯**, (15) **Bhary ¯ apit ¯ amah ¯ ¯ı**, (16) **Matu M ¯ at¯ a¯**, (17) **Bandhav ¯ ¯ı**, (18) **Matu Bhagin ¯ ¯ı**, (19) **Matu Bh ¯ agineyik ¯ a¯**, (20) **Svamatu M ¯ at¯ a¯**, (21) **Svamatu¯ Bhagin¯ı**, (22) **Svamatu Bh ¯ aginey ¯ ¯ı**, (23) **Svamatu Putrik ¯ a¯** or **Bhaginey ¯ ¯ıputrika¯**, (24) **Pitur Mat¯ a¯**, (25) **Pitamah ¯ ¯ı**, (26) **Pitulasya** (for Pitr.vyasya) **Bharyak ¯ a¯**, (27) **Duhitaputrabh ¯ ary ¯ a¯**, (28) **Bhary ¯ ay¯ a Bhagin ¯ ¯ı**, (29) **Svapitur Bhagin¯ı**, (30) **Svapitur Putr¯ı**, (31) **Svapitur Svagotraja¯**, (32) **Bhrat¯ ay¯ a Bh ¯ ary ¯ a¯**, (33) **Bhrat¯ ay¯ ah¯ . Putr¯ı**, (34)

<sup>198</sup> Many tantras mention kinswomen (such as mother and sister) to indicate particular female spiritual beings and the practitioners' female partners. In Buddhism, the *Subahuparip ¯ r. ccha¯* presents one of the oldest examples of this kind of instruction (D 805, 130b5–b6), in which Yaks.¯ıs (female spiritual beings) are expressed by the words *ma* ("mother"), *sgyug mo* ("mother-in-law"), *sru mo* ("maternal aunt"), *grogs mo* ("female friend"), *bu mo* ("daughter"), *chung ma* ("wife"), and *mna' ma* ("daughter-in-law"). The *Hevajratantra* (Skt ed. (Snellgrove 1959), II.5.59) mentions the eight kinswomen that a practitioner should worship (*janan¯ı*, *bhagin¯ı*, *duhitr.*, *bhagineyik ¯ a¯*, *matulasya bh ¯ ary ¯ a¯*, *mat¯ r.bhagin¯ı*, *svasr.ka¯*, and *pitur bhagin¯ı*). They are similar to (5), (7), (8), (9), (11), (18), (35), and (10), respectively, in the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* described below. The text, which is more similar to the *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava* than those mentioned above, can be found in the *Vimalaprabha¯*, which is noted below.

<sup>199</sup> *Vimalaprabha¯*, Skt ed. (Dwivedi 1994), p. 105, l. 1–l. 14 (a commentary on the *Kalacakra ¯* , 3.9). The ten kinswomen in the *Kalacakra ¯* 's fundamental tantra are: (1) *bhaginey ¯ a¯* ("sister's daughter"), (2) *duhitr¯ı* ("daughter"), (3) *bhagin¯ı* ("sister"), (4) *janan¯ı* ("mother"), (5) *bhary ¯ ay¯ a janan ¯ ¯ı* ("wife's mother"), (6) *matulasya a ¯ ngan ˙ a¯* ("maternal uncle's kinswoman"), (7) *pitur bhratus bh ¯ ary ¯ a¯* ("father's brother's wife"), (8) *bhagin¯ı janakasya* ("father's sister"), (9) *svamatur bhagin ¯ ¯ı* ("one's own mother's sister"), and (10) *svabhary ¯ a¯* ("one's own wife"). They correspond to d. akin ¯ ¯ıs (9), (8), (7), (5), (13), (11), (32), (10), (21), and (6), respectively, in the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava*.

#### **Bhrat¯ ay¯ ah¯ . Putrasya Bharyak ¯ a¯**, (35) **Duhitay¯ a Bhartr ¯ .matuh ¯ . Putrasya Svasr.ka¯**, and (36) **Duhitaputr ¯ ¯ı**. 200

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Fire Circle are red in color. Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Crossed-vajras (*vi´svavajra*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Fire Circle (15.22c).

#### *4.3.2. The Water Circle (jala-/udakacakra) (15.166–176)*

The Water Circle comprises d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes who are anthropomorphized creatures living in water, wet places, or places near water. Twelve deities are similar to twelve of the thirty-six female deities taught in the *Kalacakra ¯* (and *Vimalaprabha¯*)

<sup>200</sup> I consider that this is the most natural and reasonable reading of the text. However, Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* and Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* present different readings in several parts. According to Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 28v6–29r7), the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names are as follows: (1) **Dev¯ı**, (2) **Nag¯ ¯ı**, (3) **Yaks.in. ¯ı**, (4) **Bhutin ¯ ¯ı**, (5) **Mat¯ a¯** ("mother"), (6) **Bhary ¯ a¯** ("wife"), (7) **Bhagin¯ı** ("sister"), (8) **Duhita¯** ("daughter"), (9) **Bhagineyik ¯ a¯** ("sister's daughter"), (10) **Pitur Bhagin¯ı** ("father's sister"), (11) **Sa ca M ¯ atulasya Bh ¯ aryak ¯ ¯ı** ("and maternal uncle's that wife"), (12) **Bhary ¯ abhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("wife's sister"), (13) **Bhary ¯ am¯ at¯ a¯** ("wife's mother"), (14) **Tasyaiva Pitur Matr ¯ .k¯ı** ("her [viz., wife's] father's mother"; tasyaiva is tasya eva), (15) ¯ **Bhary ¯ apit ¯ amah ¯ ¯ı** ("wife's paternal grandmother"), (16) **Matur M ¯ at¯ a¯** ("mother's mother"), (17) **Bandhav ¯ ¯ı** ("female relative"), (18) **Matur Bhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("mother's sister"), (19) **Bhagineyik ¯ a¯** ("sister's daughter"), (20) **Svamatur M ¯ at¯ abhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("one's own mother's mother's sister"), (21) **Bhaginey ¯ ¯ı** ("sister's daughter"). (22) **Asya Putrika¯** ("her [viz., sister's daughter's] daughter"; asya is asya¯h.), (23) **Pitur Mat¯ a¯** ("father's mother"), (24) **Pitamah ¯ ¯ı** ("paternal grandmother"), (25) **Pitulasya Bharyak ¯ ¯ı** ("paternal uncle's wife"), (26) **Duhitaputrabh ¯ ary ¯ ¯ı** ("daughter's son's wife"), (27) **Bhary ¯ ay¯ a Bhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("wife's sister"), (28) **Svapitur Bhagin¯ı** ("one's own father's sister"), (29) **Putr¯ı** ("[one's own father's] daughter"), (30) **Tasyaiva tu Svagotraj¯ı** ("that same one's [viz., one's own father's] own kinswoman"), (31) **Bhrat¯ ay¯ a Bh ¯ ary ¯ a¯** ("brother's wife"; bhrat¯ ay¯ a[¯ h.] is bhratur), (32) ¯ **Putr¯ı** ("[brother's] daughter"), (33) **Putrasyaiva tu Bharyak ¯ ¯ı** ("the same son's wife"), (34) **Duhitay¯ a Bhartr ¯ .matuh ¯ . Putrasyaiva Svasr.ka¯** ("daughter's husband's mother's same son's sister"), (35) **Duhita¯** ("daughter"), and (36) **Putr¯ı** ("daughter"). According to Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 15r2–v5), the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names are as follows: (1) **Devin¯ı**, (2) **Nagin ¯ ¯ı**, (3) **Yaks.¯ı**, (4) **Bhut¯ ¯ı**, (5) **Mat¯ a¯** ("mother"), (6) **Bhary ¯ a¯** ("wife"), (7) **Bhagin¯ı** ("sister"), (8) **Duhita¯** ("daughter"), (9) **Bhagineyik ¯ a¯** ("sister's daughter"), (10) **Pitur Bhagin¯ı** ("father's sister"), (11) **Matulabh ¯ aryak ¯ a¯** ("maternal uncle's wife"), (12) **Bhary ¯ abhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("wife's sister"), (13) **Bhary ¯ am¯ at¯ a¯** ("wife's mother"), (14) **Bhary ¯ apitur M ¯ atr ¯ .ka¯** ("wife's father's mother"), (15) **Bhary ¯ apit ¯ amah ¯ ¯ı** ("wife's paternal grandmother"), (16) **Matur M ¯ at¯ a¯** ("mother's mother"), (17) **Bandhav ¯ ¯ı** ("female relative"), (18) **Matur Bhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("mother's sister"), (19) **Bhagineyik ¯ a¯** ("sister's daughter"), (20) **Svamatur M ¯ at¯ a¯** ("one's own mother's mother"), (21) **Svabhagin¯ı** ("one's own sister"), (22) **Svabhaginey ¯ ¯ı** ("one's own sister's daughter"), (23) **Bhaginey ¯ ¯ıputrika¯** ("sister's daughter's daughter"), (24) **Pitur Mat¯ a¯** ("father's mother"), (25) **Pitamah ¯ ¯ı** ("paternal grandmother"), (26) **Pitulasya Bharyak ¯ a¯** ("paternal uncle's wife"), (27) **Duhita¯** ("daughter"), (28) **Putrabhary ¯ a¯** ("son's wife"), (29) **Bhary ¯ abhagin ¯ ¯ı** ("wife's sister"), (30) **Pitur Bhagin¯ı** ("father's sister"), (31) **Pituh. Putr¯ı** ("father's daughter"), (32) **Bhratr ¯ a Bh ¯ ary ¯ a¯** ("brother's wife"), (33) **Bhratr ¯ a Putr ¯ ¯ı** ("brother's daughter"), (34) **Bhratr ¯ a Putrasya Bh ¯ ary ¯ ¯ı** ("brother's son's wife"), (35) **Duhitay¯ a Bhartur ¯ Mat¯ a¯** ("daughter's husband's mother")**,** (36) **Putrasvasr.ka¯** ("son's sister"), and (37) **Duhitaputr ¯ ¯ı** ("daughter's daughter"). As above, the text mentions the names of thirty-seven d. akin ¯ ¯ıs. Part of the text has perhaps been corrupted.

and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, <sup>201</sup> who are transformed into creatures living on the ground (*bhucar ¯ ¯ı* or "ground-goers") according to the *Kalacakra ¯* and the dry-land, water, and forest creatures (*sthalacarajalacaravanacara*) according to the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. The thirty-six d. akin ¯ ¯ıs are seen copulating with their consort heroes on the Water Circle, and are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.167–170b). The heroes are collectively called "Water Heruka" (*dravaheruka*, 15.82b), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c-238a): (1) **Makar¯ı**, (2) **Kurm¯ ¯ı**, (3) **Maccha¯** (for Matsya), (4) ¯ **Ving˙ ¯ı** (for Vyang˙ ¯ı), (5) **Kacchap¯ı**, (6) **Od.rika¯**, (7) **Suc¯ ¯ı**, (8) **Gaggar¯ı** (for Gargar¯ı), (9) **M¯ıl¯ı** (perhaps a corruption of S¯ıl¯ı = S´¯ıl¯ı or Sil ´ ¯ı),<sup>202</sup> (10) **Jalaguha¯**, (11) **K¯ıt.¯ımukha¯**, (12) **Phad. ing˙ ¯ı**, (13) **Karkat.¯ı**, (14) **Suy¯ ¯ı**, (15) **Mus¯ .ika¯**, (16) **Pippat.¯ımukha¯** (for Pip¯ılamukha), ¯ <sup>203</sup> (17) **Jalanar¯ ¯ı**, (18) **Vad. av¯ı**, (19) **Dantin¯ı**, (20) **Vyaghr ¯ ¯ı**, <sup>204</sup> (21) **Jambuk¯ı**, (22) **Jalah¯ ¯ı**, (23) **Sa´ nkh ˙ a¯**, (24) **Kapard¯ı**, (25) **Muktik¯ı**, (26) **Man. ¯ı**, <sup>205</sup> (27) **Jingur ˙ ¯ı**, <sup>206</sup> (28) **L¯ıs¯ı**, (29) **Durddur¯ı** (perhaps for Dardur¯ı),<sup>207</sup> (30) **Karn. at¯.¯ı**, <sup>208</sup> (31) **Phat¯.ak¯ı** (perhaps for Spha¯t.ak¯ı), (32) **Davak ¯** ¯ı, (33) **Kr.m¯ı**, (34) **Jus.ujus.¯ı**, <sup>209</sup> (35) **Dam. sak ´ ¯ı**, and (36) **Kala¯**. 210

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Water Circle are white in color. Alternatively, the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have varying body colors.<sup>211</sup> Except for the body color and

<sup>201</sup> *Kalacakra ¯* , Skt ed. (Dwivedi 1994), 3.149–150, and Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*, Skt ed. (Cicuzza 2001), p. 70, l. 1–l. 15. These female deities are called "pledge-females" (*samaya¯*) in the *Kalacakra ¯* and "pledge-goddesses" (*samayadevat¯ı*) in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. Their correspondence is shown below: ("D. (1)" means the first deity in the *D. ak¯ arn ¯ . ava*; "K (15)," the fifteenth deity in the list of ground creatures in the *Kalacakra ¯* ; and "L (25)," the twenty-fifth deity in the list of dry-land, water, and forest creatures in the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*): Makar¯ı in D. (1) corresponds to Makara in K (15) and Makar¯ı in L (25); Kurm¯ ¯ı in D. (2) to Kurma in K (17) and K ¯ urm¯ ¯ı in L (27); Maccha in ¯ D. (3) to Jhas.a in K (14) and Mats¯ı in L (24); Od.rika in ¯ D. (6) to Udra in K (25) and Udr¯ı in L (19); Karkat.¯ı in D. (13) to Kul¯ıra in K (13) and Karkat.¯ı in L (23); Mu¯ s.ika in ¯ D. (15) to Akhu in K (30) and M ¯ u¯ s.ak¯ı in L (30); Dantin¯ı in D. (19) perhaps to Hastin in K (4) and Hastin¯ı in L (3); Vyaghr ¯ ¯ı in D. (20) to Vyaghra in K (20) and Vy ¯ aghr ¯ ¯ı in L (14); Jambuk¯ı in D. (21) to Jambuka in K (24) and Jambuk¯ı in L (18); Sam. kha in ¯ D. (23) to Sa´ nkha in K (18) and ˙ Sa´ nkhin ˙ ¯ı in L (28); Kapard¯ı in D. (24) to Kapardika in L (22); and Dardur ¯ ¯ı in D. (29) to Dardura in K (16) and Dardur¯ı in L (26). The lists of the thirty-six female deities in the *Kalacakra ¯* and the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯* mentioned above are quite similar. The *D. ak¯ ar¯ n. ava*'s list is slightly more similar to the *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*'s than to the *Kalacakra ¯* 's.

<sup>202</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , her name is Sil ´ ¯ı (D 1516, 29v2).

<sup>203</sup> She is named Pippat.imukh¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 29v4).

<sup>204</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , she is Vyaghrajambuk ¯ ¯ı (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 16r3): it does not separate Vyaghr ¯ ¯ı from Jambuk¯ı.

<sup>205</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , she is Man. ijingul ˙ ¯ı (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 16r4): it does not separate Man.¯ı from Jingur ˙ ¯ı.

<sup>206</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 29v6), she is Jigur¯ı.

<sup>207</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 29v7), she is Duddur¯ı.

<sup>208</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , (D 1516, 29v7) she is Karn. ot.¯ı.

<sup>209</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , (D 1516, 30r1) she is Jus.ijus.¯ı.

<sup>210</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , Kala (or Kal ¯ ¯ı) is the thirty-fourth goddess; the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth goddesses are Devata (or Devat ¯ ¯ı) and Nayak ¯ ¯ı (Skt ms. 16r6–r7), respectively.

<sup>211</sup> However, the available texts do not specify their colors.

face, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Their faces are in line with their respective names. Skull bowls (*kapala ¯* ) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Water Circle (15.22c).

## *4.3.3. The Knowledge Circle (jñanacakra) (15.177–193) ¯*

The Knowledge Circle comprises d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes belonging to the asura clan. They are presented below. Their names are annotated and translated into English in Chapters 5 and 6 (see 15.178–182b). The first female asura is the well-known apsaras (celestial nymph), Tilottama. Some of the female asuras' names (7–9) are ¯ derived from the classes of women or magical female beings (*padmin¯ı*, *sa´ nkhin ˙ ¯ı*, and *citrin. ¯ı*) that can be found widely in both Saiva and Buddhist Tantric texts. The ´ heroes are collectively called "Knowledge Heruka" (*jñanaheruka ¯* , 15.82c), and their individual names are masculine forms of their consort d. akin ¯ ¯ıs' names (15.237c-238a): (1) **Tilottama¯**, (2) **Atisukha¯**, (3) **Apsarasa¯**, (4) **Maharat ¯ a¯**, (5) **Rat**¯ı,<sup>212</sup> (6) **Ratakhy ¯ a¯**, 213 (7) **Padmin¯ı**, (8) **Sa´ nkhin ˙ ¯ı**, (9) **Citrin. ¯ı**, (10) **Gaja¯**, <sup>214</sup> (11) **Mahar¯ up¯ a¯**, (12) **Surup¯ a¯**, (13) **Kant ¯ ¯ı**, (14) **Vilasin ¯ ¯ı**, (15) **Sukha¯**, (16) **Pus.pakam¯ ¯ı**, (17) **Kumud¯ı**, (18) **N¯ılotpala¯**, (19) **Sundar¯ı**, (20) **Rag¯ a¯**, (21) **Mahar¯ ag¯ a¯**, (22) **Ram¯ akhy ¯ a¯**, (23) **Mahar¯ amak ¯ ¯ı**, (24) **Madana¯**, (25) **Madanapriya¯**, (26) **Kamin ¯ ¯ı**, (27) **Mahak¯ amik ¯ a¯**, <sup>215</sup> (28) **Sukhodbhava¯**, (29) **Sukhamat¯ı**, (30) **Priyatama¯**, (31) **Premaka¯**, (32) **Saubhagyamat ¯ ¯ı**, (33) **Saubhagy ¯ a¯**, (34) **Men. uka¯**, (35) **Pradyumukh¯ı**, <sup>216</sup> and (36) **Jatir ¯ up¯ ¯ı**.

These d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes and the Knowledge Circle are multicolored. Except for the body color, these d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes have the same physical features and objects as the d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes on the Adamantine Circle. Hairless heads (*mun. d. a*) are arranged in a circular pattern on the Knowledge Circle (15.22d).

The Knowledge Circle also contains the four gates, eight charnel grounds, and some others shown in Table 7, in addition to the thirty-six couples of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes described above. The Knowledge Circle has a three-layer structure: the inner ground, on which the thirty-six pairs of d. akin ¯ ¯ıs and heroes reside; the middle ground, on which the four gates are placed; and the outer ground, on which the eight charnel grounds exist. All these constitute the Knowledge Circle.

The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the **four gates** and **four corners** are presented in Table 6. They are the Eight Yogin¯ıs from the Hevajra tradition. The eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners have the same physical form (except for the face) and marks

<sup>212</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , she is Ratirata (or Ravinabh ¯ a) (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 16v2). ¯ <sup>213</sup> In Ratnasena's *Man. d. alarcanavidhi ¯* , she is Akhy ¯ a (Skt ms. NGMPP B24/52, 16v2). ¯ <sup>214</sup> She is Gajin¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 30r4).

<sup>215</sup> She is Mahakamin¯ı in Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* (D 1516, 30r7–v1).

<sup>216</sup> In Jayasena's *Ratnapadmaraganidhi ¯* , her name is Pradyumnak¯ı (D 1516, 30v2).

as the eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at the four gates and four corners on the Merit Circle (Kak¯ asy ¯ a¯ and so on).

**Table 6.** Eight d. akin ¯ ¯ıs at four gates and four corners on the Knowledge Circle.


The **eight charnel grounds**, **trees**, and **direction-guardians** outside the four gates are shown in Table 7. The first four charnel grounds are similar to the four charnel grounds found in Vajrapa¯n. i's *Laghutantrat.¯ıka¯*. <sup>217</sup> The direction-guardians are planets. Unlike the Merit and the Earth Circles, serpents and clouds are not mentioned.

**Table 7.** Eight charnel grounds and others outside the four gates on the Knowledge Circle.

