**Developing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models to Evaluate Available Energy in Exhaust Systems of Diesel Light-Duty Vehicles**

### **Pablo Fernández-Yáñez 1, Octavio Armas 1,\*, Arántzazu Gómez 1 and Antonio Gil 2**


### Academic Editor: Kuang-Chao Fan Received: 3 April 2017; Accepted: 1 June 2017; Published: 8 June 2017

**Abstract:** Around a third of the energy input in an automotive engine is wasted through the exhaust system. Since numerous technologies to harvest energy from exhaust gases are accessible, it is of grea<sup>t</sup> interest to find time- and cost-efficient methods to evaluate available thermal energy under different engine conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is becoming a very valuable tool for numerical predictions of exhaust flows. In this work, a methodology to build a simple three-dimensional (3D) model of the exhaust system of automotive internal combustion engines (ICE) was developed. Experimental data of exhaust gas in the most used part of the engine map in passenger diesel vehicles were employed as input for calculations. Sensitivity analyses of different numeric schemes have been conducted in order to attain accurate results. The model built allows for obtaining details on temperature and pressure fields along the exhaust system, and for complementing the experimental results for a better understanding of the flow phenomena and heat transfer through the system for further energy recovery devices.

**Keywords:** CFD (computational fluid dynamics); model; exhaust; diesel; engine; energy recovery
