2.2.1. Test Plan

The velocity profile imposed by the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) used for light-duty vehicle certification was translated into engine operating conditions (torque and engine speed), as shown in Figure 3 (black squares), employing longitudinal dynamics equations [27,28]. Then, a matrix of nine steady-state modes (see Figure 3, circles) covering the most-used quarter of the engine map under both urban and extra-urban NEDC conditions was selected for testing.

**Figure 3.** Test matrix. Circles represent selected engine operating points.

### 2.2.2. Experimental Characterization of Model Input Parameters
