4.5.13. Contravention Fines

In the Guangzhou light radiation environmental managemen<sup>t</sup> specifications (draft for comment), if a glass curtain wall is installed in a prohibited place, a fine of no more than 50,000 yuan (7450 USD) will be imposed. If a glass curtain wall material that does not meet the requirements is used, a fine of no more than 30,000 yuan (4470 USD) shall be imposed. If light source, lighting, and lighting methods that do not meet the requirements are used, a fine of no more than 30,000 yuan (4470 USD) shall be imposed. If municipal road tunnel lighting adopts a light source that does not meet the requirements for lighting mode, the dimming design does not meet the requirements of the specifications, or if the luminaire is not turned off at night, a fine of no more than 30,000 yuan (4470 USD) shall be imposed. If city night lighting facilities are not closed in accordance with the prescribed time, a fine of no more than 50,000 yuan (7450 USD) shall be imposed. The above noted penalties are imposed by the construction administrative department. Article 37 proposes that, if the existing glass curtain wall is ordered to be rebuilt within a time limit and the builder refuses or does not complete the task by the time limit, a fine of no more than 50,000 yuan (7450 USD) will be imposed. This article details the punishments to be imposed by the administrative department of land and resources. Article 39: The penalties imposed by the administrative departments of forestry and principles shall be as follows. First, those who install glass curtain walls in buildings in natural dark areas, such as nature reserves and forest parks, shall be fined no more than 50,000 yuan (7450 USD). Second, those who use night scene lighting, lighting, and lighting of outdoor advertising in dark environment areas shall be fined less than 50,000 yuan (7450 USD) [24]. Only Guangzhou has put forward relevant contravention fines.

### **5. Comparative Analysis of the Seoul and Chinese Light Pollution Ordinances**

As indicated in Table 7; Table 8, the lighting divisions are listed separately according to the CIE standard for Shanghai and Beijing. Since there is no dark–light area in the Beijing area, it does not appear on the standard. Guangzhou City has proposed to organize the development of light environment control areas with relevant departments. However, the provision does not give a specific division, which cannot constitute legal benefits. By comparison, Shanghai is the most comprehensive in the lighting division, although Seoul City and Shanghai are almost the same. Therefore, China has followed international standards in the lighting division.

In the lighting division, Shanghai has mentioned the maximum value of the upward light output ratio. In road lighting design, people often underestimate the increase in light pollution caused by the

direct upward discharge of lamps [29]. The upward light output ratio is often used to compare these emissions. Cinzano and Diaz Castro [30] suggested that the direction of light emission is important for determining the amount of light scattered in the atmosphere and the size of the contaminated area. The spread of light pollution is also related to the direction of the launch. Therefore, decreasing the light output ratio is necessary to curb light pollution.

Furthermore, in residential lighting, Shanghai not only gives the maximum vertical illumination of windows, but also gives the standard of lighting intensity for residential areas. Falchi et al. [31] reported that human exposure to light at night (LAN) reduces the production and secretion of pineal melatonin (MLT). Restraining the production of MLT requires two optical variables: Light intensity and wavelength. Therefore, an increase in light intensity may inhibit the production of MLT and have serious negative impacts on health. Light intensity has a negative impact not only on humans, but also on animals. Anika et al. [32] experimented with perch, using aquariums to simulate four di fferent light intensities for 14 days of observation. Through analysis, it was found that nighttime melatonin was inhibited as light intensity increased.

Meanwhile, Shanghai has only proposed minimum horizontal illuminance and vertical illuminance, but has not given a maximum limit for public area lighting. It has been documented that the main factor of the human sensation of glare is high light source brightness [33–35], and the overall brightness in human vision is closely related to the feeling of glare [36]. Therefore, Shanghai has not paid much attention to the possibility of glare in public areas. The specification only mentions that the lighting in public activity areas should create a bright, clear, and friendly atmosphere. Therefore, its regulations do not constitute a standard for light pollution. In contrast, Guangzhou has clearly defined a design standard for public areas and proposed night lighting that e ffectively control the glare and light environment a ffecting pedestrians and motor vehicles.

However, although the specification mentions that lighting facilities need to meet design standards, the standards are subtly explained. In practical applications, there is a tendency for formalism and lack of maneuverability, and prevention and control of light pollution are not achieved. In addition, since commercial center lighting areas and administrative o ffice lighting areas are in high-brightness areas, neither Shanghai nor Tianjin have given relevant restrictions on light pollution, and no specific solutions have been given. However, Guangzhou has pointed out that specific departments should solve the relevant complaints. As mentioned above in how to resolve related disputes, if there are no clear relevant standards, it is di fficult for governmen<sup>t</sup> departments to convince other departments, which brings di fficulties to management. In addition, in green space and plaza landscape lighting, to avoid unnatural plant growth and generation of glare, Shanghai limits the distance, location, and time of illumination. Intense light pollution at night may disturb the growth of plants [37]. More and more artificial lighting is used to grow plants in greenhouses, causing light pollution [38]. Most creatures tend to be active at night, but, unfortunately, night lighting is also the most important for humans. Excessive artificial lighting not only interferes with the growth of plants, but also causes serious damage to the health of birds, fish, insects, and even humans [39–42]. Therefore, a consideration of the effects on the human ecological environment is crucial. Although Shanghai has relatively curbed the production of light pollution, it has not proposed relevant standards. Similarly, Guangzhou has only limited the use of glass curtain walls, and Tianjin has only mentioned the prevention of glare.

In contrast, the emergence of floodlights has increased artistic beauty due to the emergence of modern buildings. Most floodlighting starts at the bottom of the object [43]. This means that most of the luminous flux is directed to the sky, causing it to miss objects, especially in projects where inappropriate design or poor-quality fixtures are often used. This will lead to a huge loss of energy and light pollution [44]. Krzysztof [45] said that the ratio of luminous flux of floodlighting needs to be determined on the surface of the object and named this measure the floodlighting utilization factor, which is part of the luminous flux of an object. Therefore, the portion of light not directed at the object is the loss of luminous flux. He used formulas and computer simulations to calculate the floodlighting utilization factor and loss of luminous flux at di fferent angles of illumination. Thus, the angle, the loss

of luminous flux, and the floodlighting utilization factor can be used to determine the production of light pollution and the loss of energy. In Shanghai, clear regulations and standards are given for the floodlighting utilization factor and loss of luminous flux, which states that the luminous flux outside the building surface must not exceed 25% of the total luminous flux, and it gives the maximum limit of the brightness of a building surface. All in all, this measure can relatively reduce the occurrence of light pollution.

In advertising lighting, both the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) [46] and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) [22] recommend limiting outdoor lighting. Although both give attention to this issue, the limits given by the two are di fferent. IESNA gives the limitation of surface brightness, while the CIE150 report gives the limits of the brightness and vertical illumination of the sign. We all know that the surface brightness limit term adjusts the brightness of a single sign, while vertical illuminations are used to prevent outdoor light from entering a room [11]. Although the latter is more suitable for evaluating the light intrusion status of advertising signs, Shanghai has not ignored the limitation of surface brightness and provides two limits.

In advertising lighting, Shanghai not only gives the limit values for surface brightness and vertical illumination, but also limits the LED display. In recent years, with the widespread use of LED displays in China, the LED advertising screens arranged in the city have seriously a ffected the normal life of residents. However, current international standards cannot be fully applied to the pollution status of Chinese cities. Therefore, research on LED display pollution in various cities in China is urgen<sup>t</sup> [47]. LED displays consume 12 times more energy per day than common signage lighting and severely increase the vertical illumination of the building façades in commercial areas, greatly increasing light intrusion [48]. In addition, high-brightness dynamic picture LED displays create visual interference for drivers [49].

In summary, Shanghai has the most comprehensive limits on light pollution, followed by Guangzhou. However, the specifications of Guangzhou City are only drafts and do not have legal benefits. On the o fficial website of the Guangzhou Municipal Government, to communicate with the people in a timely manner and solve problems, the governmen<sup>t</sup> has a leadership mailbox. Some citizens have asked whether the regulations on environmental radiation managemen<sup>t</sup> in Guangzhou have been officially promulgated and implemented. What is the basis? The governmen<sup>t</sup> replied that it does not specifically regulate light pollution. It gives the Guangzhou building glass curtain wall managemen<sup>t</sup> measures and the Guangzhou outdoor advertising and signboard managemen<sup>t</sup> methods as measures related to light pollution [50]. However, in these two regulations, only the relevant restrictions of LED display screens and glass curtain walls on second floors are specified in the relevant buildings [28,51]. Finally, it can easily be seen from Table 6 that Beijing and Tianjin have not paid special attention to the relevant regulations on light pollution. Therefore, the relevant specifications given by Shanghai for the light pollution problem are the most comprehensive.

On the other hand, Seoul gives limits not only for decorative lighting, but also for lighting in the overall space. China's local laws and regulations are mainly reflected in one aspect, such as landscape lighting or decorative lighting, which lacks operability. On the contrary, this single mode has given some inspiration to Seoul, such as the ULOR proposed by Shanghai, the intensity of lighting, the brightness of building surfaces, the surface brightness of advertising signs, and the hard regulations related to light pollution. Seoul can improve the e ffectiveness of its laws and regulations according to the actual situation and the above noted provisions.
