3.2.2. Crossover

The second operator of the GA is crossover, which was applied with a probability of 90%. In the crossover, we used single-point crossover, since it has frequently been used by other researchers. The single point was selected randomly such that it was within the first half of the chromosome length. Then the content of the chromosome to the left of the crosspoint was copied, as was the similar position in the offspring, while the content to the right of the crosspoint was switched between parent 1 and parent 2 to produce offspring 1 and offspring 2, respectively, as shown in Figure 5.

**Figure 5.** Crossover operation and its effects in generation of offspring.
