*1.3. Contributions*

The key contributions of this study are the following:


In this work, a quasi-steady state system was assumed to carry out the AC state estimation model. Therefore, the dynamic model of the system is not discussed. For the AC state estimator, the Jacobian matrix H is obtained after the linearization of the measurement model at every iteration. Thus, Equation (5) is solved at each iteration until a stopping threshold is reached.

The organization of the rest of the paper is as follows. Section 2 contains a brief literature review of the different methods and frameworks used for the detection of attacks. Section 3 consists of the proposed model of the fixed dummy value model. Section 4 discusses the simulations and results of DC state estimation, AC state estimation, and fixed dummy value model. The limitations of the fixed dummy value model are also given in that section. Section 5 covers the variable dummy value model. The simulations and results of the variable dummy value model are present in Section 6. Moreover, Section 7 is devoted to the discussion of results and future work. Section 8 contains the conclusion.
