*4.1. Data Generation*

The seasonal data was generated for the IEEE 14-bus test system. The standard realistic load curve of every season was followed by the generated data. For this purpose, the measurements of the power flow network were varied with the variation of the load that was connected to buses. The measurements were taken after a time interval of one

hour. Therefore, there was a time of one hour between the two measurement vectors. For a complete day, the values were recorded in the control room 24 times. We generated the data for one year, i.e., 365 days. Therefore, for the whole system, we obtained values for 8760 different instances. MATPOWER 7.0 was used for the simulation of the system model. The load was varied from 61% to 118.5% of its average value in the reference load curves. Therefore, we also varied the load between these two values. For one day, a specific pattern was followed for every different season by the load that was connected to the buses. We generated the data for one day of every season by using the pattern of that specific season. We selected all the load values in a particular range for a whole day to follow that specific pattern. After varying the total load of the power system, four load curves for one day of every season are shown in Figure 1. The values of the loads are shown at 24 different instances in one complete day. These load curves follow the standard realistic load curves and realistic data was generated according to these curves.

**Figure 1.** Seasonal load curves of four different seasons based on which data was generated.
