**4. Simulations and Results of the Fixed Dummy Value Model**

We implemented the proposed model for the AC power flow network on an IEEE 14-bus system, which had 14 buses and 20 transmission lines. Therefore, at every instant, the measurement vector had 54 values of active power and 54 values of reactive power i.e., 108 measurement values in total. The system had 28 state variables. In this case, the voltage magnitudes and voltage angles were taken as the states of the system.
