**8. Conclusions**

Two-way communication is one of the most important features of a smart grid. These communication links may be hacked by attackers to launch attacks. A lot of damage, as well as loss, can be caused by cyber-attacks on a power system. Financial benefits can be obtained by the attacker through these attacks. An attacker can also create technical problems. Power information can be corrupted or blocked. The values of power can be increased or decreased, which will cause power blackouts or power outages. The accurate and continuous power flow can be ensured by detecting and minimizing cyber-attacks. The methods of DC state estimation, as well as AC state estimation, are unable to detect stealth FDI attacks.

For this purpose, in this study, a model based on dummy measurement values was proposed and implemented for the detection of stealth FDI attacks. The overall proposed model consisted of a fixed dummy value model and a variable dummy value model. The fixed dummy value model showed promising results against FDI attacks but with some limitations. The variable dummy value model handled those limitations and the stealth FDI attacks were efficiently detected in the control room using our proposed model. Simulations were performed for the model and the results indicated that all the stealth FDI attacks were detected in the control room. We made the power system a secure one.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.A.S., F.A. and F.R.A.; methodology, M.A.S., F.A. and G.H.; software, M.A.S. and Z.U.; validation, M.A.S., F.A. and Z.U.; investigation, F.A. and G.H.; data curation, M.A.S. and F.R.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.S., F.A. and Z.U.; writing review and editing, M.A.S., F.R.A. and G.H.; supervision, F.A. and G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was funded by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number (TURSP-2020/331), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number (TURSP-2020/331), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**

