2.4.1. Personal Demographics

Personal demographics, including age, gender, marital status, educational level, number of dependents to support, and industrial experience, may have an influence on safety behavior [41]. Meng and Chan found that female poorly educated workers exhibit less safety citizenship behavior [42]. The level of safety citizenship behavior has seen an initial downtrend followed by an uptrend as industrial experience increases.

#### 2.4.2. Habit

Alcohol and tobacco use are more prevalent in blue collar workers than in white collar workers. There is a strong association between unsafe behavior (e.g., infrequently using sunscreen) and smoking and risky drinking [43].

#### 2.4.3. Affiliation

At least two affiliation-related factors, namely, affiliation type and hierarchical position in affiliation, are related to construction personnel's safety behavior. Personnel affiliated with clients exhibit more safety behaviors than those with contractors and consultants. Personnel in managerial positions exhibit more safety behaviors than supervisory staff, who in turn exhibit more safety behavior than workers.

#### 2.4.4. Safety Motivation

Safety motivation refers to an individual's readiness to expend effort to engage in safety behaviors and the valence associated with these behaviors. It directs, energizes and sustains safety behavior [3]. Griffin and Curcuruto view safety motivation as an outcome of safety climate and a determinant of safety behavior based on theories and empirical evidence [3].

Based on the arguments made earlier, the safety behavior factor analysis and classification system is proposed and shown in Figure 1.

**Figure 1.** Safety behavior factor analysis and classification system.
