2.3.2. Contingent Reward

Contingent reward is a facet of transactional leadership, and refers to the leader clarifying which employee behaviors are desired, what the rewards for such behaviors will be, and rewarding the followers depending on task fulfilment and outcome. Behaviorism maintains that behavior is a function of its consequences. Leaders engage in contingent reward with regard to safety when they help employees appreciate safety-related goals, keep them focused on meeting these goals, and reward them for engaging in safety behaviors required by those goals [33]. Therefore, contingent reward should be associated with increased employee safety behaviors.

#### 2.3.3. Leader–Member Exchange

Leader–follower relationships are an essential part of leadership effectiveness, and leader–member exchange refers to the follower's perceptions of the quality of the exchange between leader and followers [34]. Leader–member exchange is positively associated with safety behavior [35–37].

#### 2.3.4. Team–Member Exchange

Similar to leader–member exchange, team–member exchange refers to an individual's perception of the quality of the exchange relationships within the team. It is positively associated with safety behavior [38,39].

#### *2.4. Individual Level Factors*

Safety behavior is complex, and an individual may work safely in some occasions and unsafely in others [40]. Hence, some individual differences may contribute to an individual's safety behavior. This study focuses on construction personnel's personal demographics, habit, affiliation, and safety motivation.
