*4.2. Yehud Gerah Type 5 O1/R2*

Multi-focal LM and SEM observations of the Type 5 O1/R2 coins revealed wellpreserved silver metal, where the dark areas are covered with oxides and corrosion products and the bright areas represent shiny silver metal (Supplementary Materials, Figure S3).

The SEM-EDS analysis results of 10 specimens of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R2 coin surfaces (obverse and reverse) revealed that the coins were composed of silver, though other elements were also detected, including Cu, O, Si, Cl, Al, Ca, Fe, S, Au, and Pb (Supplementary Materials, Table S2). The bright areas observed in the SEM BSE mode (Figure 6 and Supplementary Materials, Figure S3b) are silver metal regions and the dark areas according to BSE mode are covered with oxides and some corrosion products.

The coins' alloy after omitting the peaks of oxides, corrosion products, and soil elements revealed a composition of 90.2–100 wt% Ag and up to 9.8 wt% Cu, where the average composition value of the alloy of the coins was 96.4 ± 2.5 wt% Ag and 3.6 ± 2.5 wt% Cu (where 53 different areas of the Type 5 O1/R2 coins' obverse and reverse sides were measured).

IAA 154383 revealed a different alloy composition which is between 42.1–96.9 wt% Ag and 3.1–57.9 wt% Cu. IMJ 27387 also revealed a different alloy composition which is between 29.4–98.0 wt% Ag and 2.0–70.6 wt% Cu (Supplementary Materials, Table S2). Therefore, these two coins were not included in the average composition value and SD calculations of group Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R2 coins.

**Figure 6.** SEM images of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R2 coins, with the reverse depicting an owl (BSE mode): (**a**) IAA 177246; (**b**) IAA 153977; (**c**) IMJ 34553; and (**d**) IMJ 34537. The bright areas according to BSE mode (areas 1–4 inside the squares) were examined by SEM-EDS analysis.

#### *4.3. Yehud Gerah Type 5 O1/R3 Coins*

SEM observation of the reverse of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R3, IAA 153978 coin (Figure 7a,b) shows a lily, the symbol of Jerusalem, on the left and an owl on the right side. Only well-preserved silver alloy areas (bright areas according to BSE mode) were examined by EDS analysis (Figure 7b, areas 1–4). SEM-EDS elemental mapping of the reverse of the IAA 153978 coin (Figure 7c,d) revealed that the bright areas, according to the BSE mode, featured silver metal and the dark grey areas were rich in Cl (Figure 7d and Supplementary Materials, Figure S4), while the elements Cu and O (Supplementary Materials, Figure S4d,e, respectively) were distributed relatively homogeneously.

The SEM-EDS analysis results of four specimens of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R3 coins (obverse and reverse surfaces) revealed that the coins were composed of silver, though other elements were also detected, including Cu, O, Si, Cl, Al, Ca, S, and Au (Supplementary Materials, Table S3).

The alloy of the coins after omitting the peaks of oxides, corrosion products, and soil elements revealed a composition of 85.9–100 wt% Ag and up to 14.1 wt% Cu, where the average composition value of the alloy of the coins was 97.6 ± 3.6 wt% Ag and 2.4 ± 3.6 wt% Cu (where 31 different areas of the Type 5 O1/R3 coins' obverse and reverse sides were measured).

**Figure 7.** SEM images of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R3 coin IAA 153978: (**a**) reverse, images of a lily and an owl, SE mode; (**b**) reverse, BSE mode, where the bright areas 1–4 inside the squares were examined by EDS analysis; (**c**) obverse, BSE mode; and (**d**) elemental mapping, where the green areas are rich in silver and red areas are rich in chlorine.

#### *4.4. Yehud Gerah Type 5 O1/R4*

Multi-focal LM observation of the Ramallah area hoard coins (RH2–RH6) revealed relatively smooth and well-preserved surfaces, with the reverse showing an image of a lily on the left field, an owl, and the Paleo-Hebrew and the inscription YHD (Yeh[u]d, right) (Figure 8a). Yet relatively smooth and well-preserved surfaces, as well as scratches and areas covered with oxides and local corrosion products, were observed by SEM (Figure 8b–d).

SEM-EDS surface analysis results of eight specimens of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R4, the reverse of RH2–RH6, IAA 153980, and IMJ 34556 revealed that the coins were composed of silver, though other elements were also detected, including Cu, O, Si, Cl, S, Al, and Ca (Supplementary Materials, Table S4).

The alloy of seven Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R4 coins revealed a composition of 95.9–100 wt% Ag and up to 4.1 wt% Cu (Supplementary Materials, Table S4), where the average composition value of the alloy of the coins after omitting the peaks of oxides, corrosion products, and soil elements (O, Si, Cl, S, Al and Ca) was 99.1 ± 1.2 wt% Ag and 0.9 ± 1.2 wt% Cu (where 48 different areas of the Type 5 O1/R4 coins' obverse and reverse sides were measured).

IAA 153981 revealed a different alloy composition of 81.6–98.0 wt% Ag and 2.0–18.4 wt% Cu (Supplementary Materials, Table S4). Thus, this coin was not included in the average composition value and SD calculations of group Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R4.

**Figure 8.** Images of the Yehud *gerah* Type 5 O1/R4, the reverse of the Ramallah area hoard coins (RH): (**a**) general view of coin RH2 (multi-focal LM); (**b**) RH2 (SEM, SE mode); (**c**) RH3 (SEM, SE mode); and (**d**) RH5 (SEM, SE mode). The areas 1–4 inside the squares were examined by SEM-EDS analysis.
