*Article* **Influence of Vanadium Micro-Alloying on the Microstructure of Structural High Strength Steels Welded Joints**

**Giulia Stornelli 1,\*, Anastasiya Tselikova 2, Daniele Mirabile Gattia 3, Michelangelo Mortello 4, Rolf Schmidt 2, Mirko Sgambetterra 5, Claudio Testani 6, Guido Zucca <sup>5</sup> and Andrea Di Schino <sup>1</sup>**


**Abstract:** The inter-critically reheated grain coarsened heat affected zone (IC GC HAZ) has been reported as one of the most brittle section of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels welds. The presence of micro-alloying elements in HSLA steels induces the formation of microstructural constituents, capable to improve the mechanical performance of welded joints. Following double welding thermal cycle, with second peak temperature in the range between Ac1 and Ac3, the IC GC HAZ undergoes a strong loss of toughness and fatigue resistance, mainly caused by the formation of residual austenite (RA). The present study aims to investigate the behavior of IC GC HAZ of a S355 steel grade, with the addition of different vanadium contents. The influence of vanadium micro-alloying on the microstructural variation, RA fraction formation and precipitation state of samples subjected to thermal cycles experienced during double-pass welding was reported. Double-pass welding thermal cycles were reproduced by heat treatment using a dilatometer at five different maximum temperatures of the secondary peak in the inter-critical area, from 720 ◦C to 790 ◦C. Although after the heat treatment it appears that the addition of V favors the formation of residual austenite, the amount of residual austenite formed is not significant for inducing detrimental effects (from the EBSD analysis the values are always less than 0.6%). Moreover, the precipitation state for the variant with 0.1 wt.% of V (high content) showed the presence of vanadium rich precipitates with size smaller than 60 nm of which, more than 50% are smaller than 15 nm.

**Keywords:** vanadium micro-alloying; microstructure; residual austenite; precipitation
