*3.1. Problem Formulation*

As for recycling construction waste, the strategy bank of government agencies, waste recyclers, and waste producers are *SGA* = {*PS*, *NS*}, *SWR* = {*IR*, *NIR*}, and *SWP* = {*I*, *N I*}, respectively. In particular, *PS* and *NS* represent positive and negative supervision, *IR* and *NIR* indicate implement construction waste recycling and not implement construction waste recycling. The tripartite evolutionary game model, including government agencies, waste recyclers, and waste producers are as follows:

The government agencies, waste recyclers, and waste producers are the members of the construction waste recycling system. In this system, government agency aims to increase the proportion of implementing construction waste recycling to realize and promote the construction sustainability development. As for waste recyclers and producers, they try to maximize their interests. It is worth noting that if waste producers do not implement construction waste recycling, the construction waste will increase, which will further pollute the environment and lead to higher environmental management costs [28,29]. Therefore, strategies from waste recyclers and producers play an essential role for the environment

and eco-system, the more these two enterprises adopt waste recycling, the less pollution led by construction waste. Following Ref. [2], this work first introduces a more precise multi-agent evolutionary model by introducing environmental benefits and penalties for waste recyclers and producers, respectively. In particular, it is assumed that government is more prone to support waste recyclers than waste producers. Then the evolution behavior of three participants is analyzed during the procedure of construction waste recycling through the evolutionary game framework. The description of corresponding parameters is given in Table 1.

**Table 1.** Model parameter descriptions.


Among them, the assumptions are summarized as follows:


construction waste recycling, 1 − *y* indicates the probability that waste recyclers do not conduct construction waste recycling. If *z* denotes the probability that waste producers implement construction waste recycling, 1 − *z* represents the probability that waste producers do not implement construction waste recycling.

