**2. Literature Review**

The construction industry encompasses the design, construction, maintenance, and demolition of assets, buildings, engineering, and infrastructure works. It involves the entire life cycle of buildings and infrastructure from concept and design, to development, use, and ultimate demolition [22] and the importance of the construction industry to the economy of a country cannot be underestimated. It has been argued that a country's construction industry is vital to its economic development and national growth [23], yet stakeholders are increasingly demanding construction companies take responsibility beyond their economic contribution to include their impact upon the wider environment and society [24]. Unlike many industries, the construction industry also operates almost wholly in the public eye and so is subject to a greater level of scrutiny over its practices, specifically around waste minimization, reuse, and recycling practices. The construction industry involves several participants and stakeholders, their consciousness and commitment can have a major impact on the effectiveness of C&DWM.

C&DWM is considered to be one of the most important environmental challenges faced by policymakers worldwide because of the rate of increase and associated pollution. Accordingly, many researchers have identified many barriers to effective C&DWM around the world. Bufoni et al. [25] identified socio-political, technological, regulatory, financial, and human resources constraints as the barriers to effective C&DWM. This is supported by Menegaki and Damigos [26], who also identified the lack of regulatory and financial resources as hindrances to sustainable C&DWM. Similarly, Udawatta et al. [27] found that the main barriers to effective C&DWM include the rigidity of construction practices, construction project characteristics, awareness, experience and commitment, and the rudimentary nature of waste management systems, and human and technical factors. Aghimien et al. [28] revealed that the major barriers to sustainable construction practices are fear of higher investment costs, no local green certification available, lack of government policies or support, and lack of financial incentives. Opoku and Ahmed [29] recognized the importance of public awareness and proper knowledge and understanding of sustainability as being essential to the successful promotion of sustainable construction practices in the various construction organizations. Aghimien et al. [28] noted that sustainability awareness and the knowledge-related factor are crucial barriers to sustainable construction. Karji et al. [5] found that pre-construction constraints, managerial constraints, legislative constraints, and financial and planning constraints are the most influential challenges that the industry faces to foster sustainable construction. Furthermore, the barriers to effective C&DWM are classified under three dimensions: behavioral, technical, and legal [30]. Huang et al. [31] also acknowledge that ineffective management systems, immature recycling technology, under-developed market for recycled C&DW products, and immature recycling market operations constitute barriers to C&DWM. Also of note is the findings that barriers to effective C&DWM vary from country to country and regions of the world. This is hardly surprising given the differences in levels of socio-economic cultural norms, institutions, energy sources, and climate [32].

Prior studies highlighted that the consideration of economic barriers is essential because contractors usually seek and give high priority to financial gains [19,33]. Lockrey et al. [34] underlined that economic viability is a significant barrier and has a substantial effect on contractors' performance, practices, and behaviors regarding C&DWM. Chen et al. [19] identified economic barriers as having the most influence on both government institutions' and contractors' management strategies. Negash et al. [1] revealed that the economic barriers are significant and should be investigated to improve the understanding of the obstacles to managing waste generated from construction works and provide solutions that address these obstacles. Moreover, technical barriers that involve the absence of the right expertise, knowledge, and technologies needed to promote sustainability are obstacles

to implement C&DWM [35,36]. Mahpour [30] argues that technical, legal, and social barriers are fundamental barriers that make it difficult to achieve sustainability. Negash et al. [1] noted that the technical weaknesses are significant sources of problems related to C&DWM and need to be considered. Social barriers, such as the lack of contractor awareness and lack of community involvement, significantly hinder the implementation of sustainability practices [34]. Abarca-Guerrero et al. [37] argue that social awareness affects the sustainability performance of C&DWM. Insufficient or the lack of management regulations, such as weak policies and inadequate supervision, create significant challenges for attaining sustainability in construction works [15,30,38]. Similarly, Negash et al. [1] indicate that it is necessary to consider the significance of regulatory barriers when assessing C&DWM.

On the other hand, policymakers and industry practitioners must improve their awareness and efforts to promote and implement effective C&DWM [39]. Albeit, the emergence of building information modeling technology provides new opportunities to reduce construction waste generation and project costs by enhancing the quality of design and construction management with inherent capabilities like material quantity take-off, spatial conflict analysis, and multidisciplinary data communications. However, few studies have focused on how to more effectively manage demolition waste generated from existing buildings with the aid of building information modeling applications [39,40]. Han et al. [39] identified the main barriers hindering the extensive adoption of building information modeling in C&DWM as the inefficient building data acquisition and integration process, moreover, existing waste management software and inherent waste analytic functionalities are not compatible with building information modeling.
