**4. Conclusions**

The atmospheric vortex street (AVS) is a common phenomenon recorded on the leeward side of mountainous islands. The prevailing westerlies were observed year-round around the Tibetan Plateau, which is the world's highest plateau above sea level. However, it remains unknown whether the wake on the leeward side of the Tibetan Plateau exhibits a stable AVS and how the AVS impacts precipitation over the downstream region. In this study, we present evidence that the wake on the leeward side of the Tibetan Plateau can be interpreted as the atmospheric analog of classic von Kármán vortex streets. Further analysis measured the percentage of precipitation over the wake of the Tibetan Plateau closely tied to seasonal variations in AVS. The major findings are summarized below.

(1) The meteorological factors around the Tibetan Plateau satisfy conditions in which a stable vortex street on the lee side of an obstacle can exist for the whole year. The Froude number varies from 0.2 to 0.3 and falls in the range of Froude numbers that could support vortex shedding for the whole year, whereas the Reynolds number was estimated to be 0.7 × <sup>10</sup>4–2.4 × 104 in winter and 0.4 × <sup>10</sup>4–1.2 × <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> in summer. Both of these dimensionless indices fall in the range of meteorological conditions summarized by previous studies [27].


Previous studies have suggested that the subtropical convergence zone (the Meiyu-Baiu-Changma frontal zone) is a key circulation system dominating summer precipitation over the wake of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the AVS in the subtropics was found on the leeward side of the Tibetan Plateau, spatiotemporally coinciding well with the subtropical convergence zone. Thus, the AVS can be regarded as the dominating mechanism of the subtropical convergence zone. Exploring the underlying relationship between the large-scale circulation and the AVS would help to improve the simulating skill of precipitation over East Asia in numerical simulations in the future.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Q.L., Z.W. and C.F.; methodology, Q.L.; validation, Z.W. and F.Y.; formal analysis, Q.L.; investigation, Q.L. and Z.W.; data curation, Q.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.L.; writing—review and editing, Z.W., C.F., Z.-M.T. and F.Y.; visualization, Q.L. and Z.W.; supervision, Z.W., C.F. and Z.-M.T.; project administration, Z.W. and C.F.; funding acquisition, C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Chinese Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, the Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling of Nanjing University, and the High-Performance Computing Centers of Nanjing University.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The ERA-Interim dataset can be downloaded from the website https: //apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/ (accessed on 1 January 2022). The NCEP/NCAR dataset can be downloaded from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data. ncep.reanalysis.html (accessed on 1 January 2022). The CPC precipitation data can be downloaded from the website https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globalprecip.html (accessed on 1 January 2022). The APHRODITE precipitation data can be downloaded from the website http://aphrodite.st.hirosaki-u.ac.jp/products.html (accessed on 1 January 2022).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

**Ronghui Huang 1,2, Jingliang Huangfu 1,\*, Yong Liu <sup>1</sup> and Riyu Lu <sup>2</sup>**


**Abstract:** This paper is written to commemorate the 10th anniversary of academician Ye Duzheng (Yeh T.C.) pass away and his great contributions to the development of atmospheric dynamics. Under the inspiration and guidance of the theory of Rossby wave energy dispersion, remarkable progresses have been made in research on planetary wave dynamics and teleconnections of atmospheric circulation anomalies. This paper aims to make a brief review of the studies on the propagating characteristics of quasi-stationary planetary waves in a three-dimensional spherical atmosphere and the dynamic processes of the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the East Asian summer and winter monsoon systems. Especially, this paper systematically reviews the progresses of the studies on the impacts of the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) pattern teleconnection wave train propagating along the meridional direction over East Asia and the "Silk Road" pattern teleconnection wave train propagating along the zonal direction within the subtropical jet from West Asia to East Asia on the East Asian summer monsoon system and the summer precipitation variability in China, under the guidance of the theory of Rossby wave energy dispersion. Moreover, this paper reviews the dynamic processes of the impact of the interannual and interdecadal oscillations of the propagating waveguides of boreal quasi-stationary planetary waves on the variability of the East Asian winter monsoon system.

**Keywords:** Rossby waves; energy dispersion; East Asian monsoon system; dynamic processes; planetary wave train
