*5.3. Operation-Based Routing Protocols*

Finally, routing protocols can be classified based on the operation or communication model employed, which may include:


In addition to route architectural construction and data transmission, efficient MAC must be embedded in the routing protocol to manage the wireless medium access and the duty-cycle/sampling schedules of the deployed SNs in Agri-IoT networks. As opposed to classic IoT, the MAC techniques in Agri-IoT are architecture-defined by the associated routing protocol to meet the energy efficiency requirements of the network via channel access management (CAM) and the moderation of the active–sleep duty cycles of the deployed SNs to save extra energy. The next subsection presents a concise overview of MAC techniques and their roles in WSN-based Agri-IoT networks.
