2.1.1. Logistic Services

The supply chain can work efficiently by enabling M2M sensors to track goods and vehicles in real time. M2M logistic services enable total surveillance on the status of raw materials, products, storage, transportation, and after-sell services by monitoring temperature, humidity, and light. If the status has a problem (i.e., an emergency event), the M2M sensor will transmit an alerting message to the M2M server to take the proper decision via the core network [40]. In addition, the M2M logistic services can also track the inventory in the warehouses by enabling the stakeholders to monitor the market dynamics and take the appropriate decision regarding either to launch sale or to refill. The aforementioned policies will help to reduce the occupied spaces in the warehouses, reducing the waiting times for the customers and consequently gaining the customers' satisfaction [41]. These services can help companies improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase safety by providing real-time visibility and data-driven insights. The logistic transportation IoT services include:

1. Asset Tracking

Deploy IoT sensors to track the location and condition of cargo, containers, and other assets in real time. This can help companies optimize logistics and reduce the risk of theft or loss [42].

2. Condition Monitoring

Utilize sensors to monitor the condition of goods during transportation, including temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors. This can help companies ensure the quality and safety of their products [43].

3. Predictive Maintenance

IoT sensors can be used to monitor the condition of vehicles and equipment in real time and predict when maintenance is needed. This can help companies reduce downtime and extend the life of their assets [44,45]. Overall, logistic transportation IoT services can provide companies with a range of benefits, including improved efficiency, reduced costs, increased safety, and enhanced customer satisfaction.

#### 2.1.2. Electric Vehicles

The intelligent transportation systems (ITS) depend on the M2M communications accompanied by the roads, which are equipped with IoT sensors and actuators which contribute to regulating the traffic flow, vehicle navigation and/or safety [46]. If the vehicle operator is sleeping, the sensors will alert the operator to avoid accidents. In addition, the M2M sensors equipped in the roads will guide the operators to the closest charging station, as it has all information of the vehicle including the battery charging level [47]. IoT sensors installed in the road and high definition (HD) cameras [14] equipped in the traffic lights are integrated together to regulate and control the vehicles' traffic flow in the street [48]. Furthermore, in case of an accident, the M2M sensors installed in the roads and vehicles will detect the location of the accident which enables the governmental agencies to act immediately. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a rapidly growing industry that is helping to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality [49]. With the rise of the IoT, there are numerous IoT applications that can be used to enhance the capabilities of electric vehicles as illustrated in Figure 2.

**Figure 2.** Electric Vehicle M2M Applications.

1. Remote monitoring:

Monitor the health and status of electric vehicle components, such as batteries, motors, and charging systems using IoT sensors. This information can be transmitted to a central server for analysis, allowing vehicle owners to receive alerts if there are any issues with their vehicle [50].

2. Smart charging:

Optimize the charging of electric vehicles, ensuring that they are charged at the most efficient times and using the most cost-effective energy sources. This can help to reduce the strain on the power grid and reduce the cost of charging for vehicle owners [51,52].

3. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) communication:

Enable V2G communication, allowing electric vehicles to communicate with the power grid and provide energy back to the grid when it is needed. This can help to balance the load on the grid and reduce the need for additional power generation [53,54].

4. Predictive maintenance:

Analyze data from electric vehicles to predict when maintenance is needed, allowing vehicle owners to schedule maintenance before issues arise. This can help to reduce downtime and extend the life of vehicle components [55].

5. Driver behavior monitoring:

Deploy IoT sensors to monitor driver behavior, including acceleration, braking, and speed. This can help promote safer driving practices and optimize energy consumption. Ultimately, IoT applications can greatly enhance the capabilities of electric vehicles, improving their efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness [56].

#### 2.1.3. Smart Parking

Smart parking is the use of technology to improve the efficiency of parking management. This can include various tools and services, such as sensors, mobile apps, and real-time data analysis, to help drivers find parking spaces quickly and easily. Some of the benefits of smart parking services include reduced congestion, increased revenue for parking operators, and improved customer experience for drivers. For example, smart parking services are the use of sensors that detect whether a parking spot is occupied or not. This information can then be transmitted to a central database, which can be accessed by drivers through a mobile app. This allows drivers to find available parking spots in real time, reducing the amount of time spent searching for a spot and ultimately reducing congestion on the roads. These days, driving and parking a car in urban cities is challenging. For instance, the number of vehicles entering Manhattan (only the business district) in 2017 exceed 700 k per day [57,58]. Finding parking for these cars is becoming more difficult if the number of parking spots across New York City (NYC) is only between 3.4 M to 4.4 M. To overcome this problem, M2M sensors placed on roads will promptly guide the vehicle operators to the unoccupied spots on the street. This service will save energy (fuel) and money and will enable the government to monitor the occupancy level of available parking spots [59].

#### 1. Smart vehicle counting

Within 2010 to 2050, the population of the urban cities will increase from 3.6 billion to 6.3 billion inhabitants with 80% increasing rate [60]. By 2035, the population of the US will exceed 370M [61], and the world population will approximately 8.8B inhabitants. On average, the number of vehicles running on the roads will reach 2B by 2035 [39,62]. According to a report by Allied Market Research, the global smart vehicle market is expected to reach \$2.2 trillion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 40.1% from 2021 to 2030 [63]. This absolutely will pose a serious challenge to manage the traffic control, intelligent transportation, and city management. In order to tackle this problem, employing the M2M sensors to collect data which provide accurate vehicle detection and measuring and controlling the traffic flow [64].

#### 2. Passenger services

One of the utmost passenger services is the e-ticketing system [65]. Ticketing systems of traditional transportation systems are manual, and some of them may be semi-automatic and/or automatic systems used to collect fares. The near field communication (NFC) based ticketing system will be utilized as the M2M node at the gates or exits in the airport terminals, or train stations scan the passenger identity using NFC-enabled user equipment (UE) [66]. The NFC-enabled UE is scanned at the M2M node; the M2M will send its code to the M2M server through the core network. Based on the tariff table, the traveled distance, and the class of the ticket (e.g., economy, business, and first class) the fare will be withdrawn from the passenger's bank account or credit card. Mobile ticketing raises customer satisfaction along with the ticketing system's effectiveness.
