**2. Related Works**

The recycling industry faces a significant challenge in managing e-waste, as there is a pressing need to raise awareness among general people about the environmental and energy-saving advantages of recycling electronic devices. In Table 1 summary of related works are depicted. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive effort to educate users about the benefits of e-waste recycling [6]. Though it is a challenging task, it also presents notable opportunities to effectively navigate this complex field [7]. It requires a multifaceted approach that includes developing environmentally friendly products, effective waste collection, and safe and responsible recycling and disposal. Utilizing a magnetic field to segregate electronic waste into its constituent plastic and metal components represents a sophisticated approach. This method involves applying a magnetic field to the electronic waste, which causes the metallic components to be attracted to the magnet while the non-metallic plastic components remain unaffected [8]. Pyrolysis is an advanced technique that provides a sustainable and efficient solution for plastic parts of e-waste while also reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste [9]. The focus of the research paper [10] was to create an IoT-based monitoring system for e-waste, where they used microcontrollers and sensors to monitor e-waste. One effective strategy for reducing e-waste involves designing products with reusability in mind, inspiring creative reuse across different e-waste sources. Effective intervention strategies should aim to minimize exposure to toxic components in e-waste [11].

Bansod et al. [12] proposed a project that focuses on developing an IoT-based e-waste monitoring system. It utilizes ultrasonic sensors, an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, and GSM communication to detect and monitor e-waste levels in real-time. The main benefits are efficient waste management, reduced overflowing bins, and improved planning of waste pick-ups. The limitations are a reliance on a 12 v source for the GSM module. This project's future work includes potential enhancements like incorporating a line follower robot for automated waste disposal. Bošnjakovic et al. [13] proposed a paper that examines the production of liquid fuel from plastic waste, focusing on technological, ecological, and economic aspects. Pyrolysis with a catalyst, particularly zeolite-based catalysts, is a well-established and mature technology for obtaining fuel from plastic waste. While up to 800 L of fuel can be obtained from one ton of waste plastic, real plants typically yield around 450 L. Disposing of waste plastics through fuel production offers significant environmental benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, waste separation, complex technical systems, and proximity to landfills for cost-effective transportation are

limitations.The analysis underscores the large amount of plastic waste in Croatia and the potential for economically viable bio-fuel production with improved waste collection.

**Table 1.** Summary of related works.


In Table 2, a more in-depth analysis of related works is mentioned, where Sankeerth et al. [18] proposed a smart waste management system, which utilizes ultrasonic sensors in bins to measure garbage levels, which are then transmitted to a server via Wi-Fi. The server monitors the bins across the city, notifying the garbage truck driver when the amount of waste in a bin exceeds 70% and it needs to be emptied. SMS notifications are sent to the driver, providing optimized routes based on collected data. Thaseen Ikram et al. [19] proposes a waste management model for smart cities using a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA)–fuzzy inference engine. The system uses IoT components—RFIDs and sensors—to collect and process waste information. The model combines a GA with fuzzy logic to optimize the fuzzy inference system (FIS) and improve waste management accuracy. The system employs cost-effective sensors and ensures reproducibility. Their experimental results show high accuracy and precision of 95.44% in waste management and recyclable item classification. The proposed model reduces errors and minimizes manual interpretation costs compared to traditional approaches, but there could be potential privacy and security risks. Their future work includes integrating advanced technologies and addressing scalability and interoperability challenges. The smart dustbin proposed by Pavithra M. et al. [20] automatically opens upon detecting a clap or foot tap and closes once garbage is disposed of. An ultrasonic sensor monitors the garbage level and sends alerts to the main garbage collector when it reaches capacity. H. Cai et al. [21] proposed a garbage monitoring system where they use a NodeMCU chip integrated with ultrasonic sensors to measure waste levels in bins, which are transmitted to a cloud server through the Ali-cloud IoT platform. To observe the real-time bin status, they have used a web page. The average number of cleanings before establishing this was 3 and afterwards it was 2.28; the average number

of bin overflows before was 0.67 and afterwards it was 0.11, which added improvements in waste collection. The paper by Artang Sara et al. [22] introduces a tracking and tracing platform, which offers a user interface for users and administrators, providing essential information to users for the disposal of their e-waste. Integrating block-chain technology and circular economy approaches into the tracking platform and conducting comparative studies among different countries is their proposed future work.

**Table 2.** In-depth analysis of related works in relation to the benefits and risks of each approach.

