2.4.2. Emergency Response

Emergency response applications automatically detect emergencies such as fires, gas leaks, or natural disasters and send alerts to emergency responders or the public. They are software tools designed to help emergency responders quickly and efficiently respond to emergencies, manage incidents, and communicate with each other during a crisis [93]. These applications can help emergency responders coordinate resources, share information, and make better decisions in real time. The emergency response public safety applications comprising:

#### 1. Dispatch Systems

These systems allow dispatchers to receive emergency calls, quickly identify the location and nature of the emergency, and dispatch the appropriate resources to the scene [94]. These systems also provide real-time communication tools that enable responders to communicate with each other and share critical information.

2. Incident Management Systems

These systems help emergency responders manage incidents by providing a centralized platform for sharing information, tracking resources, and coordinating response efforts [95]. They can also provide in situ awareness tools that allow responders to monitor the status of the incident in real time.

3. Mapping and GIS Applications

These applications use geographic information system (GIS) technology to provide responders with detailed maps and location data that can help them navigate to the scene of an emergency, identify hazards and resources, and plan response strategies [96].

4. Emergency Mobile Apps

These apps provide emergency responders with onsite access to critical information and communication tools [97]. They can also provide real-time updates on incident status, resource availability, and other important information.

5. Social Media Monitoring Tools

These tools enable emergency responders to monitor social media platforms for information about emergencies, identify trends and patterns in user-generated content, and quickly respond to emerging threats or issues [98]. Eventually, emergency response public safety applications will help emergency responders work more efficiently and effectively, which can ultimately save lives and reduce the impact of disasters and emergencies.

#### 2.4.3. Public Health Monitoring

Public health monitoring devices monitor air quality, detect pathogens, and track the spread of diseases, which can help prevent outbreaks and protect public health. These devices are essentially used to protect and improve the health and safety of individuals and communities [99]. The public health monitoring applications involve:

#### 1. Disease Surveillance

Public health officials use disease surveillance systems to monitor the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza, and tuberculosis [100]. These systems allow health officials to detect outbreaks early, track disease spread, and develop targeted interventions to prevent the further spread of disease.

2. Emergency Management

Emergency management systems are used to coordinate responses to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and other emergencies [101]. These systems provide real-time information about the location and severity of incidents, as well as resources available to respond to them.

3. Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring systems are employed to detect and respond to environmental hazards, such as air pollution, water contamination, and hazardous waste [102]. These systems allow officials to identify potential health risks and take measures to protect the public from harm.

4. Food Safety

Food safety systems are deployed to monitor food production, processing, and distribution to prevent foodborne illnesses. These systems track outbreaks of foodborne illness and identify the sources of contamination, allowing officials to take action to prevent future outbreaks [103].

5. Public Health Communication

Public health officials use communication systems to disseminate information about health risks, promote healthy behaviors, and encourage the public to take action to protect their health [104]. These systems use various channels, such as social media, traditional media, and public service announcements, to reach a broad audience and provide information that is timely and relevant. Ultimately, public health monitoring and public safety applications are essential tools that help protect and improve the health and safety of individuals and communities.

#### 2.4.4. Infrastructure Monitoring

Infrastructure monitoring is an important aspect to ensure public safety. By monitoring infrastructure, such as bridges, roads, buildings, tunnels, pipelines, and other critical facilities, potential safety hazards can be detected early, and appropriate action can be taken to prevent accidents and minimize damage [105]. Every government must monitor and maintain a broad range of infrastructure, including bridges, tunnels, dams, parks, roads, cables, and pipes. IoT devices are utilized to efficiently monitor the public infrastructure equipped with sensors and RFID tags [106]; this contributes to a reduction of diurnal maintenance and inspection costs by utilizing the transportation traffic-rerouting strategies, for instance, management of parking facilities.

1. Bridge safety monitoring

Infrastructure monitoring systems can monitor bridges for structural damage, wear and tear, and other factors that can affect their safety [107]. This can help prevent accidents and ensure that bridges are safe for public use.

2. Building safety monitoring

Infrastructure monitoring systems can also be used to monitor buildings for safety hazards such as gas leaks, fires, or structural damage [108]. This can help prevent accidents and ensure that buildings are safe for occupancy.

3. Road safety monitoring

Infrastructure monitoring systems can monitor roads for potential hazards such as potholes, cracks, and other damage that can cause accidents. By detecting these hazards early, appropriate action can be taken to prevent accidents and ensure that roads are safe for public use [109].

4. Natural disaster monitoring

Infrastructure monitoring systems can also be used to monitor natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. By detecting these events early, appropriate action can be taken to minimize damage and ensure public safety. In general, infrastructure monitoring plays an important role in ensuring public safety [110]. By detecting potential safety hazards early and taking appropriate action, infrastructure monitoring systems can help prevent accidents, minimize damage, and ensure that critical infrastructure is safe for public use.

5. Asset tracking

Deploying IoT devices to track high-value assets such as vehicles, equipment, and cargo can help prevent theft and improve supply chain management [111]. Asset tracking has numerous public safety applications, comprising the following applications:
