3.1.2. NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)

NB-IoT is a cellular LPWAN technology standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It operates within existing cellular networks, providing deep coverage and compatibility with cellular infrastructure [3].

#### 3.1.3. LTE-M (Long Term Evolution for Machines)

LTE-M is another 3GPP standardized LPWAN technology designed to operate within the LTE network infrastructure. It offers higher data rates compared to NB-IoT and is suitable for applications that require more bandwidth [3,183].

LPWANs are commonly used in various IoT applications, such as smart city solutions, industrial monitoring, agriculture, environmental monitoring, asset tracking, and more. Their low power consumption allows IoT devices to operate on battery power for several years, reducing maintenance efforts and overall costs [3,184].

## *3.2. Fourth Generation (4G)*

4G LTE stands for fourth generation long term evolution. It is the fourth generation of cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G [3,185]. 4G LTE networks offer significantly faster data speeds than 3G networks, with theoretical download speeds of up to 100 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 50 Mbps [186]. In practice, actual speeds will vary depending on a number of factors, including the carrier, the device, and the location.

4G LTE is the most widely deployed 4G technology in the world. It is supported by all major carriers in the United States, as well as many carriers in other countries. 4G LTE is also the technology used by most smartphones and tablets [3,187]. Here are some of the 4G LTE features:

#### 3.2.1. Faster Data Speeds

4G LTE offers significantly faster data speeds than 3G networks. This means that you can download files, stream videos, and browse the web much faster [3,7].

#### 3.2.2. Improved Reliability

4G LTE networks are more reliable than 3G networks. This means that you are less likely to experience dropped calls or slow data speeds [7,12].

#### 3.2.3. Increased Capacity

4G LTE networks have a higher capacity than 3G networks. This means that they can support more devices and more data traffic [3,12,14].
