3. Fleet management

Nowadays, numerous cargo ships are voyaging through the open oceans. These containers' delivery services may be affected for many reasons, including piracy, physical damage, and delivery delay. To address this problem, M2M communications can be used in fleet management by developing a superior management system to deliver freight promptly between different regions [67]. Tracking of vehicles and cargos is enabled by installing M2M sensors that collect locations, delivery status, and climate data, which are used to reduce accidents and improve the fuel consumption efficiency, hence increasing the fleet management effectiveness [68].

#### *2.2. Smart Energy*

IoT services are a suite of technology-based solutions designed to optimize the production, distribution, and consumption of energy [21,69]. These services use sensors, data analytics, and machine learning to collect and analyze data on energy usage patterns and enable the automation and control of energy systems.

#### 2.2.1. Smart Gri

A modern electricity grid that leverages IoT technologies to optimize energy distribution, consumption, and management. Smart grid solutions can help reduce energy consumption, increase efficiency, and minimize environmental impact [69,70].
