5. Irrigation Management:

UAVs can be used to monitor the effectiveness of irrigation systems. They can capture images of fields before and after irrigation, which can be used to determine the optimal amount of water to apply [144]. By using these systems, it will help to conserve water resources, which can be used in parallel with the smart water systems. Using such systems will contribute to high-quality crops.

#### 2.9.2. Disaster Response

UAVs equipped with sensors can be used to assess damage and locate survivors in disaster zones, providing valuable information to first responders and enabling them to respond more effectively [145]. UAVs have become a valuable tool for disaster response and management due to their ability to quickly gather data, assess damage, deliver supplies to hard-to-reach areas, and deliver aid to those in need.

1. Search and Rescue:

UAVs equipped with thermal imaging cameras and other sensors can help search and rescue teams locate survivors in disaster zones, even in low-light or low-visibility conditions such as after a hurricane [146]. By determining the survivors' locations, it will give the exact information to the first responder teams who provide nutrition and medication resources.

2. Disaster Mapping and Assessment:

UAVs equipped with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR sensors can quickly and accurately map disaster areas, helping authorities assess the extent of damage and plan response efforts [147]. Additionally, UAVs can be used to create detailed maps of disaster zones, including infrastructure damage, flood levels, and road conditions. These maps can help authorities prioritize response efforts and allocate resources more efficiently [148].

3. Delivery of Aid and Supplies:

UAVs could be utilized to deliver emergency supplies to inaccessible areas, such as medical supplies, food, and water [148,149]. UAVs are used to deliver aid to people in need. They offer a number of advantages over traditional methods, such as land vehicles and helicopters.

4. Communication Support:

UAVs can be equipped with cellular repeaters and other communication devices to provide temporary connectivity in disaster zones where communication infrastructure has been damaged or destroyed [150].

#### 2.9.3. Infrastructure Inspection

UAVs equipped with sensors can be used to inspect infrastructure such as bridges, roads, and power lines, identifying potential problems and enabling maintenance teams to respond quickly [151]. UAVs have a wide range of applications in infrastructure inspection [152] due to their ability to provide high-resolution imagery and data and ability to access hard-to-reach areas safely and efficiently [151]. Eventually, the use of UAVs in infrastructure inspection will allow for more effective and accurate maintenance and repair decisions.

1. Bridge inspections:

UAVs can fly underneath and alongside bridges to capture high-resolution images and video of their structural components, such as joints, beams, and cables. This helps identify any damage or wear and tear and helps prioritize repairs at certain and specific points of damage at bridges [153,154].

2. Power line inspections:

UAVs can fly along power lines to inspect them for damage or vegetation growth that could cause power outages. The UAVs can capture high-resolution images and video of the power lines and also use thermal imaging to detect hotspots and potential faults [155]. However, there are also some challenges associated with using UAVs to inspect power lines: government regulations, technology, reliability, and cost.

#### 3. Wind turbine inspections:

UAVs can fly close to wind turbines to inspect their blades and towers for damage. This helps identify any wear and tear, erosion, or cracks, which could cause potential malfunctions, resulting in multiple problems in the distribution networks [156].
