3.2.4. Use Cases of 4G LTE


#### *3.3. Fifth Generation (5G)*

5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology. It is designed to offer significantly faster speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity than previous generations of cellular networks. 5G is still in its early stages of development, but it is expected to be widely deployed in the coming years [13,115,188]. As 5G networks become more widespread, we can expect to see a wide range of new and innovative applications and services that will change the way we live and work. Here are some of the benefits of 5G:

#### 3.3.1. Faster Speeds

5G can offer download speeds up to 10 Gbps, which is 100 times faster than 4G. This will allow users to download large files in seconds, stream high-definition videos without buffering, and play online games with minimal lag [13].

#### 3.3.2. Lower Latency

5G has a latency of just a few milliseconds, which is much lower than 4G [189]. This means that 5G is ideal for applications that require real-time communication, such as self-driving cars and remote surgery [3,190].

#### 3.3.3. Greater Capacity

5G can support a much greater number of devices than 4G. This indicates that 5G networks will be able to handle the increasing number of connected devices that are being used today in multiple applications and services [3].

5G cellular system will support the following services enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). eMBB will enable the following applications: hotspot wide-area coverage with high capacity, enhanced connectivity, and high mobility. In the hotspot scenario (e.g., soccer game), serving a massive number of users requires low mobility and high traffic capacity. For the bus scenario, high mobility and a lower capacity than the hotspot are needed. mMTC is distinguished by a plethora of devices which transmit low volume data with less sensitivity to delay. URLLC has rigorous requirements for high throughput and low latency (e.g., remote medical surgery and driverless vehicles) [3,13], as shown in Figure 3.

**Figure 3.** 5G Services.

URLLC services in 5G are fundamentally considered as IoT applications that must gather short packets (few bytes) from small sensors or robots with an uplink over the air latency of less than 1 ms. High reliability is described by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) for such IoT services as reaching a percentage of properly delivered packets within the application time limit constraints of 99.999 percent, depending on the application [188].

The phenomenal insurrection of the original internet of things (IoT) as a driver of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. On the other hand, internet of everything (IoE) refers to a larger idea of connectivity in which network communication serves as the IoT's foundation. Wireless applications, such as fully autonomous cars, flying vehicles, drones, wireless brain computer interface (WBCI), and enhanced extended reality (XR) apps, will be part of the Internet of Everything. Augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR) are all examples of XR applications (VR) [188].

These new applications will have highly strict quality of service (QoS) requirements (for example, reliability and latency) and will blur the borders between 5G URLLC and eMBB services [13]. Despite the fact that 5G may be able to meet the QoS requirements of basic XR services or autonomous robotics, it will be unable to meet the QoS requirements of higher data rates (e.g., greater than 100 Gbps) for ultimate VR class of service (CoS) latency (e.g., 1 ms for wireless brain computer interface) and high reliability (near zero packet loss ratio (PLR) at low latency and extreme high reliability) [191].

There is no need to design a distinct sixth generation (6G) cellular technology to address the challenges of developing IoE applications. Traditionally, The architecture is tailored to the requirements of highly reliable, low latency, and high data rate services. 6G will be the outcome of classic communication technology developments (such as high data rates and massive antennas) combined with existing services and technological advancements such as new wireless devices (e.g., body implants, and XR equipment, etc.). The path to 6G must be able to overcome some of the 5G restrictions revealed in primary systems [188], as illustrated in Figure 4.

**Figure 4.** 5G Limitations.
