*4.1. Smart City 1.0*

Smart city 1.0 sets the foundation for the development of smarter and more sustainable cities. However, there is still much work to be done in terms of addressing the challenges facing urban areas, such as inequality, environmental degradation, and social exclusion. As such, the focus of smart city development has shifted towards more holistic and inclusive approaches in recent years. Smart city 1.0 refers to intelligent cities in the earliest phase of creation [196]. The utilization of modern technologies is initiated by ICT companies [197]. These companies implement various solutions regardless of whether they are essential for the cities or not.
