**6. Conclusions**

In conclusion, this paper has provided a comprehensive review of global models of smart cities and explored the potential applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) in shaping the cities of the future. The analysis of various smart city initiatives from around the world has revealed common themes and key components that contribute to their success. These models encompass a holistic approach that integrates technology, governance, and citizen engagement to create sustainable, efficient, and livable urban environments. Through the examination of different IoT applications in smart cities, it has become evident that the deployment of connected devices and sensors has the potential to revolutionize urban systems and services. From transportation and energy management to healthcare and waste management, IoT technologies offer innovative solutions to address the complex challenges faced by cities. They enable real-time data collection, analysis, and decisionmaking, leading to improved efficiency, resource optimization, and enhanced quality of life for residents. However, while the potential benefits of IoT applications in smart cities are promising, several challenges and considerations need to be addressed. These include

data privacy and security concerns, interoperability, and standardization issues, as well as social implications. Policymakers, urban planners, and technology providers must work collaboratively to address these challenges and ensure that the deployment of IoT in smart cities is done in a responsible and sustainable manner. Looking ahead, the evolution of smart cities will continue to be driven by technological innovations, evolving citizen needs, and the pursuit of sustainability. The integration of current technologies such as artificial intelligence, 5G, and the emerging 6G will further enhance the capabilities of smart cities and open new possibilities for innovation. Moreover, the ongoing collaboration and knowledge sharing among cities worldwide will accelerate the development and implementation of best practices, enabling cities to learn from each other and build upon successful models.

**Author Contributions:** Introduction—A.H. and M.T.; smart city—A.H.; communication systems— A.H.; smart city models—M.T.; conclusion—A.H. and M.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
