*5.1. FPV with Fixed Tracking System*

For a fixed type tracking system, the tilt angle (β) of the PV panel is analyzed from 0 to 89 degrees and it is found that the maximum plane of array (POA) irradiation is obtained at an angle of 25 degrees. At this angle, the obtained POA irradiance is 2491.11 kWh/m2 for crystalline type PV panels, and 2494.91 kWh/m2 for thin film PV panels.

#### 5.1.1. Crystalline PV Panels

By covering the water surface area of 50,000 m<sup>2</sup> with 21,602 polycrystalline modules in portrait orientation, results from the installed capacity are obtained as 5.18 MW with an annual yield of 9.72 GWh. Compared to portrait orientation, placing the PV panels in landscape orientation in the same area results in a decrease in the installed capacity and the energy yield of the FPV system by 9.05% and 4.14%, respectively, with a decrease in the number of modules and inverter requirement. For the given nameplate DC capacity, the performance of the FPV system is predicted by the performance ratio (*PR*), which is calculated using Equation (2) [16].

$$PR = \frac{E\_G}{P\_{OUT} \times \frac{I\_{POA}}{I\_{STC}}} \tag{2}$$

where, *EG* represents the total energy supplied to the grid (kWh), *POUT* is the total power output from the FPV system (kW), *IPOA* is the plane of array irradiance (kW/m2), and *ISTC* is the irradiance at standard test conditions (*ISTC* = 1000 W/m2).

Similarly, the specific yield capacity is the ratio of the amount of energy generated to the nameplate DC capacity of the FPV system. These two values are found to be lower in the portrait orientation than the landscape-oriented panels. Meanwhile, using monocrystalline modules the nameplate DC capacity is obtained as 4.75 MW with 20,872 panels while placing them vertically and 19,812 panels in the horizontal direction. The total FPV system yields 9.08 GWh per year and 8.72 GWh per year in the vertical and horizontal direction, respectively. The energy yield, PR and specific yield of the system using monocrystalline panels is lesser than polycrystalline panels.
