*3.1. The Middle East and Africa*

The biggest challenge for water diplomacy and security in the Middle East and Africa is in the Nile, the Jordan, and the Tigris–Euphrates basins. Gleick, a specialist on conflicts over water, demonstrates a connection between environmental challenges and security, including armed conflict [9] (p. 17). Moreover, according to this article's author, in the anarchic nature of international relations, there is a natural hegemony among the countries in the rivers' basins. It occurs because of their different location. This situation is often used by individual countries, providing tensions. Therefore, effective water diplomacy can meet the challenges of water, with climate change affecting international security.
