*5.1. Sustainable Development Goals*

The author of the presented manuscript analyzed the SDGs' roles and significance for multilateral diplomacy [53] (p. 47). The results indicate the fundamental significance of the diplomacy employed in SDGs, including water diplomacy for the country's brand growth [54]. As emphasized by Salmoral et al., water diplomacy is key to achieving SDGs. However, it still faces massive challenges in its implementation due to various political and economic interests. Therefore, water diplomacy needs to overcome the limitation of many entities due to its concentration on short-term interests. Moreover, there are often questionable negotiation results, a lack of transparency, and limited access to reliable information [2] (p. 94). As Noaman points out, the world needs multi-faceted and holistic solutions because of the interdependence between water quantity and water quality [51] (pp. 6, 8).

A significant element of the water diplomacy discussion is the Strategy for Sustainable Peace 2017–2022, developed by the Swedish Agency for International Development Cooperation (SIDA) [55]. Referring to this, Ravnborg emphasizes that according to her predictions, water issues will attract more joint projects and cooperation than conflicts, except in the MENA region [56] (pp. 19–20). Therefore, Susskind, as well as Islam, points out the need for both a Water Diplomacy Framework (WDF) and a Water Diplomacy Network (WDN) [13]. Expanding this issue, Schulz proposed to combine the rivers issue as an element of national security, with geopolitics as part of the concept of a hydro-political security complex [57] (pp. 91–122).

Referring to the discussion, the research results show that water diplomacy meets the Sustainable Development Goals. As a global platform for cooperation, water diplomacy, embracing both state and non-state actors, can not only provide an effective instrument for the 2030 perspective, but, beyond this year, it will become a permanent and dynamic global structure for cooperation in response to climate change.
