*4.2. Benchmark*

Furthermore, the second element of the indicator-based assessment framework is the benchmark or target (i.e., an aspired level of performance) with which any indicator and sub-indicator is usually measured or compared [44,68,69]—for example, domestic potable water consumption of 160 l/p/day. Thus, a baseline and specific range (i.e., roadmap and timeline) of values can be developed from any related benchmark to achieve this end

goal, which might be to reach 120 l/p/day by 2025 and 80 l/p/day by 2040. This process is considered helpful for stakeholders and decision-makers to gain more comprehensive knowledge about the output of these indicators and enhance their contributions to moving towards, rather than away from, such an end goal.
