**5. Conclusions**

Food production is still risky in many parts of the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, due to limited information about changing weather patterns, market access and demands, and unequal access to efficient technologies [116]. Additionally, this pressure on our global food systems will only intensify in the coming years with not only the changing consumption patterns but with the changing climatic conditions as well. For example, yield declines resulting from climate change (e.g., higher temperatures, increased seasonality, more frequent and severe hydroclimate events) have already occurred [119] and are expected to decrease the production of global consumable food calories by another 1% to 7% by the end of the century [120]. Irrigation currently remains one of the most critical inputs to farming today and is a key adaptation to variable precipitation and droughts resulting from changing climatic conditions [38]. New investments in irrigation infrastructure together with improved water management practices can not only minimize the impact of water scarcity but can also aid in meeting the water demands for global food production [121]. Further, managing and improving irrigation efficiency will, in turn, support global water, food, and energy goals [122]. Therefore, understanding the diverse reasons, motivations, and/or factors underlying the choices of producers regarding its adoption (or rejection), especially when climate change demands some kind of adaptation in unprecedented areas, will help better anticipate future food, energy, and water demands [123].

There is still much room left for improvements in both agricultural practices and water-use efficiency, but farmers' reluctance to adopt new technologies needs to be better understood if such sustainability targets are to be achieved [72], and societal resilience must be built to mitigate the impacts of future climatic changes [11]. In this study, we identified multiple geographic biases that exist with respect to studying farmers' irrigation adoption decision-making, thus, suggesting the need for extensive research even in areas with no irrigation and/or low cropland cover to identify opportunities for the implementation of other sustainable solutions to support agricultural development in these areas. Moreover, apart from these biases, some commonalities were observed in terms of constraints faced by farmers regarding irrigation technology adoption across different geographic landscapes. However, our findings also indicated that there may not be a 'standard set' of factors for understanding irrigation adoption, and nuances in the local context are just as important to identify as commonalities across settings. This suggests the need for more geographically comprehensive analyses that would enable comparative analysis of different landscapes, as well as studies that delve into the adoption process beyond individual technology adoption behaviors. Further, this kind of systems analysis will help unravel common challenges, drivers, and opportunities regarding agriculture development under changing climatic conditions across multiple systems, while also being attentive to local context offers the potential for co-learning [109,124].

**Author Contributions:** Both the authors (R.P. and N.R.M.) have made substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The authors were supported by a National Science Foundation award INFEWS #1856054.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study and their description and sources have already been listed above.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
