*Article* **Assessing the Representativeness of Irrigation Adoption Studies: A Meta-Study of Global Research**

**Ruchie Pathak \* and Nicholas R. Magliocca**

Department of Geography, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA **\*** Correspondence: rpathak@crimson.ua.edu

**Abstract:** For decades, nations around the world have been promoting irrigation expansion as a method for improving agricultural growth, smoothing production risk, and alleviating rural poverty. Despite its apparent advantages, suboptimal adoption rates persist. According to the existing literature, determinants of irrigation adoption are often highly dependent on cultural, contextual, and/or local institutional factors. Yet, studies from diverse geographies identify a consistent set of factors. Thus, to be able to make generalizable inferences from such studies, a global geographic representativeness assessment of irrigation adoption studies was conducted to determine whether identified factors influencing irrigation were the result of geographic, epistemological, or disciplinary biases. The results indicate that multiple geographic biases exist with respect to studying farmers' irrigation adoption decision-making. More research on this topic is being conducted in regions that have little to a high percentage of irrigation (>1%), are readily accessible, receive moderate amounts of average annual rainfall, and have moderate amounts of cropland cover. The results suggest the need to expand research efforts in areas with little to no irrigation to identify constraints and help accelerate economic growth, poverty reduction, and food and livelihood security for rural communities in these regions.

**Keywords:** agriculture technology; diffusion and adoption; farmers; climate change adaptation; systematic review
