**5. Conclusions**

This paper adopted a two-scaled identification framework of landscape character types and areas along the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway (Yunnan section) by integrating holistic and parametric methods. This framework was able to effectively identify the natural and cultural characteristics of the railway. Due to the flexibility of the method and data sources, it can be applied to other heritage railways or similar linear heritage sites. We identified 11 landscape character types and 80 landscape character areas at the regional scale and 12 landscape character types and 58 landscape character areas at the corridor scale. The identified landscape character types and areas can help in explaining those characteristics that provide a locality with its 'sense of place' and pinpointing the heterogeneity of adjacent areas, which is of great significance for landscape management, planning, and evaluation. The indicator composition, area, and distribution of these landscape character types and areas were described. The ratios of the landscape indicators to the variables were closely related to the landscape character types. The higher the ratios, the more likely they were to be prominent or typical landscape types. The spatial distribution of the landscape character areas indicated that they were more distributed when closer to an urban area and vice versa. These analysis results can help planners, managers, and stakeholders to scientifically understand the overall and individual characteristics of the types and distribution rules of areas.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.W. and J.W.; methodology, Y.W.; software, Y.W.; validation, J.D. and J.K.; formal analysis, C.C.; investigation, Y.W.; resources, M.L.; data curation, C.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.W.; writing—review and editing, Y.W.; visualization, Y.W.; supervision, J.W.; project administration, J.W.; funding acquisition, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project name: Study on Silicon biomineralization in bamboos; project code: 31460169) as well as the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Educational Committee (Project name: Study on the landscape composition of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway in the context of National Cultural Park; project code: 2022Y613).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published article.

**Acknowledgments:** We are grateful to our team for data collection and to the people who gave us directions and explanations in the field.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
