*2.1. Research Framework*

Two sets of data were used for this study. First, Olmsted's original design theory was extracted from the surviving literature and archives. Second, social media data about Central Park posted on the TripAdvisor platform in 2017 were used to reflect current users' observation, behaviors, and perceptions of the park. Both sets of data were sorted into the categories of landscape elements, activities and tourists' perceptions, which were compared. The study framework is shown in Figure 2.

**Figure 2.** Study framework (Source: drawn by authors).
