*2.1. Tokyo Urban Renewal*

Although Tokyo, which had been an administrative capital for 415 years, had good sewage works, the city needed to prepare against fire in densely located wooden buildings, build sanitation works and roads, and rebuild infrastructure as a modern city. Edo was the predecessor of Tokyo and was comprised of Musashi, Sasaji, and Choningji, centered around Edo Castle. As it was situated along the waterfront for water transportation, its location was favorable in terms of topography, but it did not take into consideration Feng Shui, unlike other traditional cities [20].

By the Meiji period (1868–1912), a need to overhaul Tokyo had been recognized, and Governor Matsuda Michiyuki planned to renovate roads and streams in the areas lost to a fire in 1879 [21]. In 1885, Governor Yoshikawa Akimasa established the Tokyo Urban Renewal Review Committee in the Home Ministry and planned to build railroads, ports, and parks, but the project was not realized [21]. In the same period, Inoue Kaoru from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs created the Temporary Construction Bureau and established the 'Government Agency Focus Plan' [19]. To plan water and sewage works as part of the Government Agency Focus Plan, James Hobrecht was invited from Germany in March 1887 [3]. In addition, William K. Burton was hired in the Sanitary Bureau of the Home Ministry in 1887 and put in charge of the primary plan for water and sewage works not only in Tokyo but also Kobe, Fukuoka, and Okayama. On 16 August 1888, the Home Ministry announced the Tokyo City Improvement Ordinance and established the Tokyo Urban Renewal Committee [21]. Regulations on buildings were reviewed at that time but not included. In 1889, the proposed plan was made public, but could not make progress due to funding problems and was eventually cut significantly in 1903. After the Russo–Japanese War, the Temporary Urban Renewal Bureau was established in Tokyo in 1906, and the Urban Renewal Plan was completed in 1914 as originally intended in 1903.

### *2.2. City Planning Law*

While urban planning focused on how to modernize the city in the 19th century, a discussion on how to expand it was a major challenge in the 20th century. In 1919, the first modern City Planning Law and Urban Building Code were signed into law. The objectives of the City Planning Law as an extension of the Tokyo City Improvement Ordinance (1888) were to expand the city, planned areas, planned items, funding sources, and land expropriation. Compared to the Tokyo City Improvement Ordinance, it established the way of thinking that urban planning is a comprehensive overhaul of the entire city. It was more progressive as it created limits, zoning, land readjustment, structure expropriation, and benefit principles in urban planning and recognized overcapacity [2].

With the implementation of the City Planning Law, the Tokyo Urban Planning Road Network was determined in May 1921, and Tokyo Urban Planning Zones were determined in April 1922. After the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, Tokyo Mayor Got ¯ o Shinpei, as ¯ Minister of Home Affairs and Governor of Imperial City Redevelopment, established the Imperial City Redevelopment Plan that included land readjustment and the renewal of parks and main roads. Goto was a political leader who ruled Taiwan in 1898 after he ¯ studied in Germany and returned home in 1890. After the Taiwanese Survey Project, he was appointed as the President of the South Manchuria Railway in 1906 and put in charge of building infrastructure for the South Manchuria Railway with Dalian as a hub, expanding sanitation works and constructing cities. From 1920 to 1923, he served as Tokyo Mayor and led Tokyo's Imperial City Redevelopment Plan based on his urban planning experience in Taipei and Dalian [22].

Since then, the Main Road Network was determined for Tokyo Urban Planning Zones in August 1927. Inside Tokyo, radial line and ring roads originating from Tokyo Station were planned with the focus on connecting and expanding Tokyo and its suburban areas outward. The City Planning Law enacted in 1919 was revised in March 1933 and it provided the basis to discuss urban planning for Joseon, Manchuria, and Taiwan.
