**5. Changing the Shapes of Traditional Cities through Modern Urban Planning Tokyo**

Edo, a predecessor of Tokyo, was part of Musashi Province. Edo Castle was built in 1457 during the mid-Muromachi period, laying the ground for the city of Edo. Afterwards, as Tokugawa Ieyasu entered Edo in 1590 and established the bakuhan system in 1603, Edo was planned as a large jokamachi (castle town) in response to the class system and economic ¯ activity in the feudal period (Figure 3). In the modern period, the Meiji government began to reshape Tokyo to ensure its reputation as a capital, prevent infectious diseases and large fires, and revamp transport facilities. With the Government Agency Focus Plan and the Ginja Brick Street Plan, Tokyo Urban Renewal, its first statutory urban planning, was implemented from 1889 to 1916. While it did not make further progress due to lack of funding, roads were expanded in the city center to operate trams, waterworks were rebuilt, and the Hibiya Park was created (Figure 4).

**Figure 3.** Map of the Traditional City of Edo (1876, Tokyo Metropolitan Archives).

**Figure 4.** Map of Tokyo's urban renewal (1899, National Diet Library).

The scale of downtown Tokyo was not so different between the Edo period and the Meiji period. Land use in the Edo period was set by the class system, and transport means were limited to walking or litter. With urban renewal in the Meiji period, however, land use and transport means were transformed. Although the City Planning Law was announced in 1919, the progress in urban renewal projects was not significant. After the 1923 Great Kanto¯ earthquake, Goto rebuilt the city's infrastructure, including land readjustment, streets, ¯ bridges, and parks in the Imperial City Redevelopment Project.

Modern urban planning had the most significant effect on changing urban spaces when the traditional city of Edo transitioned into the modern city of Tokyo. Such urban planning was not governed by law at the beginning but implemented as part of urban renewal projects. A series of such projects was closely related to transport facilities in Tokyo and had proactively changed urban spaces. In Tokyo, Shimbashi Station was created in 1872, and the railway between

Shimbashi and Yokohama was built. Before that, the primary transport system in Tokyo was represented by horse-drawn carriages. In 1882, the Tokyo Stagecoach Railway was established, and while demands and discussions for trams continued, a decision by the Urban Renewal Committee for the Electric Railway Establishment Plan for 29 lines was made quite late in 1900, which was more delayed than other cities, due to disputes over patents between companies. The Urban Renewal Committee reduced streets planned for urban renewal, introduced the system that imposed tram railway project costs on the electric railway company, and completed most of the tram network by 1910. In addition, the fact that the city street plan was expanded in 1912, along with tram network expansion, confirms that urban planning at that time had been changing the city in response to a new transport system.
