3.3.5. Group of Activities 5

The recommendations proposed for Group of activities 5, "*lack of understanding of the qanat as heritage*", match the Action criteria A.4, A.7 and D.3 of the ICOMOS-IFLA document (2017). Tailor-made activities were designed to meet the requests.

For Actions A.4, "*Inventory and catalogue rural landscapes at all scales*" and A.7 "*Promoting cooperation for research*", we proposed the following activity:

 Scientific research on the history of the qanat. Researchers from the local university will coordinate a historical analysis on the No-Ras qanat. This multidisciplinary activity encompasses a number of different approaches for reconstructing the development of the qanat and its landscape. These include the use of historical archival documents about territorial management (e.g., cadasters or military maps) [95–97], spaceborne and airborne historical and contemporary imagery of the area [36,98], archaeological and geoarchaeological survey (including palaeobotanic analysis) [99–101] and community-based documentation and mapping [102–104].

For Actions D.3, "*Supporting shared learning, training and research*", we propose the following activity:

 Interviews to collect oral history. This type of activity is tightly related to the abovementioned approaches. It can enrich the quality and quantity of information collected for the historical analysis of the No-Ras qanat, as well as strengthening the sense of belonging towards the place by local people [105]. This type of research is generally conducted by university researchers targeting local communities (mostly elders) as well as members of the council of the No-Ras qanat and local farmers. These stories may be shared with the rest of the community through events, conferences as well as online tools (see Group of activities 4).

### **4. Discussion**

In this section, we discuss the potential limits and problems of each activity proposed to meet the recommendations and mitigate the issues illustrated by Branduini et al. [36]. Moreover, we propose to read the changes proposed in the light of "morality of water management", introduced by Ertsen [20].
