*3.1. Taipei's Modern Urban Planning*

3.1.1. Urban Renewal in Taipei

In 1895, Taipei had three downtowns: Monga, Dadaocheng, and Taipei City Walls. Monga and Dadaocheng had grown with water transport in a brine river, and the inside of Taipei City Walls was a government agency district built as a result of the establishment of Taipei Prefecture in 1874. Taipei City was planned and constructed at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and its design was influenced by the characteristics of Chinese traditional city planning and Feng Shui. The axis of the city was determined based on a specific mountain surrounding it, and the presence of the Four Gods demonstrates the influence of Feng Shui [23] (Figure 2).

Japan, to which Taiwan had been ceded from the Qing dynasty after the Sino-Japanese War, established the Government-General of Taiwan inside Taipei City Walls in 1896. At that time, Taipei had sanitation issues in downtowns. Under the leadership of Director Goto of the Sanitary Bureau of the Home Ministry in Japan, W.K. Burton, an advisor for ¯ sanitation works, established an urban renewal plan with sanitation as a keyword.

Taipei's urban renewal was implemented over the course of six plans. The 1st Plan (1895) established temporary ditches around the city walls to prevent a flood inside Taipei City Walls when a brine river was flooded. The 2nd Plan (1896) invited Burton to ensure cleanliness and installed open channel sewage works. The 3rd Plan (1900) announced a road plan inside Taipei City Walls. The 4th Plan (1901) announced a decision for urban renewal near the south and east gates of the city walls to expand the downtown. The 5th Plan (1905) attempted to combine the inside of Taipei City Walls, Dadaocheng, and Monga to form a large city. Monga and Dadaocheng were designed in a way that made the best use of existing roads due to budget problems. It was planned to demolish the city walls and build 25–40 kan (unit of measurement) wide mountain roads in their place. Even though the 5th Plan estimated that the population would have reached its peak by 1932, the city had already grown to a population of 170,000 in 1922. Accordingly, the 6th Plan (1932) established an urbanization plan for 600,000 people. The 1932 Great Taipei Urbanization Plan was mainly about connecting roads to suburban areas and creating parks [24–26].

**Figure 2.** Feng Shui concept map and application of each capital.

3.1.2. Taiwanese City Planning Law

The Taiwanese City Planning Law combined building and land readjustment laws with urban planning ones and improved upon Japan's City Planning Law. In September 1934, the City Planning Law Implementation Preparation Committee was established in the Government-General of Taiwan. After meetings in February and August 1935, the law was announced on 27 August 1936 and enforced from 1 April 1937. The Taiwanese City Planning Law included urban planning special taxes and benefit principles, based on which land expropriation, land readjustment, parks, streets, sewerage works, and zoning were set up. Unlike other countries, the Taiwanese City Planning Law had a unique provision that did not permit building outside the planned area. In addition, a provision that required buildings be connected to roads prohibited the construction of buildings in unplanned or unorganized areas [27].

The following aspects were improved institutionally from Japan's City Planning Law [25]. The scope of zoning was made consistent with the scope of areas under urban planning. It allowed the city to designate special districts in addition to commercial and residential ones. As improvements in land readjustment, only the landowner could readjust land, and in case of forced implementation, land was readjusted by authority from the Government-General of Taiwan. In addition, limits on personal property rights, which were only possible because it was a colonial city, enabled planned downtown expansion and control [24–26].
