*1.1. Industrial Heritage Reconstruction and Reuse*

Industrial heritage represents key historical material evidence that testifies to the development of human industrial civilization, industrial technology and industrial systems. It has important historical, social, scientific and aesthetic value. Since the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH) adopted the Nizhny Tagil Charter For The Industrial Heritage in 2003, the concept of industrial heritage has been clearly defined internationally; it consists of "the remains of industrial culture which are of historical, technological, social, architectural or scientific value. These remains consist of buildings and machinery, workshops, mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining, warehouses and stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport and all its infrastructure, as well as places used for social activities related to industry such as housing, religious worship or education" [1].

Scholars have recognized that there are generally two ways to protect industrial heritage: specimen static protection and "development oriented" dynamic protection. The former focuses on "authenticity", while the latter injects new vitality into industrial heritage based on this authenticity. By being "reconstructed and reused", industrial heritage can fulfill current needs.

Paradoxically, there is no consensus about the concept of industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse. On the one hand, although the concept of "industrial heritage" has

**Citation:** Han, S.H.; Zhang, H. Progress and Prospects in Industrial Heritage Reconstruction and Reuse Research during the Past Five Years: Review and Outlook. *Land* **2022**, *11*, 2119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land11122119

Academic Editor: Lucia Della Spina

Received: 28 October 2022 Accepted: 22 November 2022 Published: 24 November 2022

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been clearly defined in the Nizhny Tagil Charter For The Industrial Heritage, it is inseparable from the concepts of "industrial architecture", "industrial land" and "industrial brownfield". The reason for this inconsistent presentation is that different scholars belong to different disciplines or research fields, and their research perspectives are also varied. On the other hand, most researchers have shown that reconstruction and reuse are equivalent to adaptive reuse, temporary use, etc. They have not differentiated much between the terms in their research. For example, some researchers have noted that the concept of "reconstruction and reuse" was clearly defined in the Burra Charter adopted in 1979 [2,3]. Indeed, the Burra Charter uses the term "adaptive reuse". A small number of researchers have shown a difference between the terms and proposed the concept of "reconstruction and reuse" [4]. Nevertheless, these scholars have not gone further and have not analyzed the concept deeply. This study shows that industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse has a specific meaning and application, and that it is necessary to clarify the terms to facilitate theoretical research that can serve practical projects.

As the words imply, industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse refers to the reuse of industrial heritage. It is possible to deconstruct the notion into "industrial heritage", "reconstruction" and "reuse". "Industrial heritage" is the object, and "reconstruction" and "reuse" are the means. Here, "reconstruction" is not an adjective but a noun that is juxtaposed to "reuse". Both reconstruction and reuse are reflected in practice, but reconstruction and reuse are sequential, with reconstruction happening first, followed by reuse. In examining industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse from this perspective, we found that it is different from general industrial heritage reuse such as "adaptive reuse" and "temporary use". Scholarly definitions have emphasized reuse on the basis of the preservation of original buildings, whether reuse entails "adaptive reuse" [5] or "temporary use" [6]. However, reconstruction and reuse has emphasized the means by which "reconstruction" occurs. Reestablishment, expansion, renovation, and refurbishment have been used when existing structures are not suitable for new purposes or are not safe enough to be retained [7]; these approaches can be incorporated in the concept of "reconstruction and reuse" because they conform to the concept of "reconstruction". Therefore, compared with the general concept of reuse, "reconstruction and reuse" undoubtedly has greater meaning and relies on a wider vision. According to the definition, we contend that industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse should include the general reuse strategy of injecting new life into industrial heritage by preserving original buildings [5] and making functional changes [8]. Reconstruction and reuse should also entail reuse based on the reconstruction of the layout of the new buildings and spaces to infuse continuity in the spirit of the place. This approach includes five strategies, including internal juxtaposition, renovation and implantation, structural reconstruction, external juxtaposition, and reconstruction and expansion; these strategies constitute the conceptual framework for industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse, as shown in Figure 1. The framework is also the primary starting point of this study.

**Figure 1.** Schematic diagram describing the concept of industrial heritage reconstruction and reuse (by author).
