1.4.1. Issues Relating to the Housing Shortage and Projected Demand

We collected data from the Jeddah Strategic Plan that was issued by the Jeddah Municipality in 2009 in the following areas: the characteristics of each structural plan formulated for Jeddah [11]; the population size from 1992 up to the projected population in 2029 [9]; the extent and types of housing shortages in the city [9]; the ratio of parks to population density in each district in Jeddah [9]; and data from the Jeddah Without Slums Program (JWSP) [9]. We also collected data on financing economics, housing policies [9], and the legal framework. These data were integrated to obtain a wide-angle view of the precise factors that have led to the problem of Jeddah's housing shortage.

### 1.4.2. Planned Neighborhood Composition

We sought to formulate the composition of planned neighborhoods on the basis of several articles in the PMPRLS that was enacted by the MoMaRAaH. We analyzed the following main factors:


#### 1.4.3. Actual Conditions in Existing Villa-Type Planned Neighborhoods

The regulations of the PMPRLS were formulated considering mosques as the core structures located at the center of groups of residential blocks within catchment areas (service distances) with radiuses of 200 m. After a complete survey of mosques located in villa-type neighborhoods in Jeddah, all mosques, i.e., 103 sites, were identified. Several indicators of the areas surrounding each mosque (within a 200 m radius) were analyzed (Figure 4). Google Earth (Google Earth Version 7.1) and Jeddah AutoCAD (AutoCAD Version 20.0) File [13] were the primary sources used for this analysis to organize housing development characteristics and trends. Several elements were selected with reference to the PMPRLS and analyzed. The elements were spatially subdivided into private spaces (villas, commercial facilities, and office buildings) and public spaces (mosques, elementary schools, streets, and parks). An observational survey of Google Earth aerial photographs was used to determine the presence or absence of housing development and the size and shape of housing sites during an 8-year period from 2008 to 2016, in addition to the presence or absence of development of surrounding facilities and their characteristics. The observational survey was conducted in 2016, and the first year of aerial photography available at that time was 2008. Based on these, the following parameters were quantified.

In the case of private spaces, six parameters were analyzed: (1) numbers of villas in 2008 and 2016; (2) total areas of villas (average value, median value, minimum and maximum values, and the differences between them); (3) the minimum, maximum, and median values of the distance of the setbacks of existing villas and their proportions in relation to the lot length; (4) the number of villas facing 1, 2, 3, and 4 streets; (5) the average land value (per square meter in the Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR)) [14]; and, finally, (6) the total area occupied by commercial facilities and office buildings.

Nine parameters were established for public space: (1) total street area; (2) total road length; (3) the road width (maximum and minimum values, the difference between them, and the median value); (4) the distance from a mosque to the nearest mosque; (5) the area of land occupied by a mosque; (6) the distance to the nearest elementary school; (7) the number of parks, and the distance to the nearest park and the park lot area; (8) the total area of the vacant lot; and (9) the total area for public facilities, and public parking.

In addition to the above-mentioned factors, two more factors were analyzed:


**Figure 4.** (**a**) The boundary of the Jeddah governate and the main landmarks (adapted by Rahif Maddah). (**b**) The national, regional, and governate boundaries in Saudi Arabia (adapted by Rahif Maddah). (**c**) The locations of the 103 study sites in Jeddah, shown as red circles [13]. (**d**) A sample of the study sites, each having a radius of 200 m [13] (adapted by Rahif Maddah).

1.4.4. Typology of Existing Villa-Type Neighborhoods and Proposals

A correlation analysis was conducted to clarify dependent factors in associated neighborhoods and, subsequently, to predict how villa-type neighborhoods evolved during the period 2008–2016. This analysis was performed using the parameters described in Section 1.4.3 and the numerical values of parameters described in Section 4, and by conducting a predictive multiple regression analysis. Contemporary villa-type neighborhoods were subsequently grouped together, and strategies were proposed for each group (Section 5).
