*4.2. Explanations of Changes in Temporal–Spatial Connectivity*

As for the spatial design of the Daming Temple in different periods, spaces with different characteristics were rearranged several times, which contributed to the creation of complex spaces with a deep sense of closure-openness interrelationships [36]. These interrelationships transform the spaces surrounding the architecture into more closed and enclosed forms, and the spaces surrounding the garden have maintained a high degree of openness. These phenomena can be explained as follows:

In ancient times, the small-scale architecture in temples was designed for Zen meditation by monks, and the huts surrounding the garden were designed for the lord of the manor to entertain guests, i.e., writers and painters. Therefore, the spaces around the small architecture and the huts tend to be more 'dynamic' in the topological network, facilitating activities such as literary gatherings. In contrast, the West Garden was designed as an attractive space to enjoy the landscape, so the garden is more 'static'. The contradictions between these spaces highlight the functional differences between architectural and garden spaces [37]. Furthermore, the temporal connectivity at both eye and knee level in the West Garden is also confirmed to be quite different, which is believed to be induced by the design of the unique spatial structure and abundant landscaping elements. These design techniques have also been shown to be effective in creating mysterious aesthetic experiences for visitors, as noted in a similar study [38].
