*2.3. Gis and Depthmapx Tool*

In general studies of historic urban landscapes, qualitative descriptions are used to draw conclusions. However, urban landscape research using only qualitative methods, to an extent, is not convincing, and scientific research must be used to summarize the

development of things from quantitative data. Qualitative methods are used to describe the city at a macro level, while quantitative methods are typically employed at a more micro level, such as street length and width shape, street frontage height, building density, volume ratio, etc. [36,37].

Urban spatial quantitative indicators may be broken down into many different types, including those that are morphological, dense, functional, etc. [38]. Quantitative index systems may be useful research tools and methods, but they need to be tailored to the specific aims and goals of each study. Focusing on urban transportation networks and plan spatial morphology, this analysis breaks down urban morphology into geometric, topological, and functional indexes, which are then applied to the two subsets of urban morphology, lines, and surfaces [39].

GIS can analyze geometric parameters, which are used to describe the geometric form of the material, such as the perimeter, average height, shape index, number, density, etc. of buildings, or the length, width, and density of roads, sidewalks, bike lanes, and other types of infrastructure. ArcGIS is used to collect geospatial information from the internet, process it, and display the results graphically [40–42].

The DepthmapX tool can analyze topological structure (Figure 3), which ignores the particular physical spatial scale and emphasizes the structural relationship of space, such as the degree of integration and choice in the spatial syntax; functional parameters are used to express the land use and functional distribution, which can express the spatial vitality at the level of social activities and complement the singularity of the aforementioned material scale [43,44]. They consist of functional density, functional mixture, and the kind of land parcels.

The variability of the research materials should be taken into consideration while conducting ephemeral investigations. Since the research materials are based on current maps, it is challenging to obtain both functional class parameters and density-related indicators in geometric parameters in the early-modern literature. Many data were unavailable before the development of contemporary scientific and technological methodologies.
