*5.1. Taipei (1895~1945)*

Taiwan City Walls were built by traditional norms such as feng shui geomancy and Chinese Royal Records. Before Japan came to rule the city, downtown Taipei consisted of three areas: Monga, where a cluster of houses were formed in the 18th century, Dadaocheng, established in the 19th century, and the inside of the city walls whose construction began in 1879. The Qing dynasty, which was threatened by Japan's military advances in Taiwan, divided Taiwan Prefecture, which was the only prefecture established in Tainan, and created Taipei Prefecture. It built the administrative complex between the economically prospering Monga and Dadaocheng and constructed the walls to create Taipei City Walls. During Japanese colonial rule, Taipei faced the largest challenges of sanitation conditions in downtowns, including pests, and urban renewal was realized to improve the situation. Taipei's urban renewal mostly addressed the inside of the city walls and primarily designed water and sewage works. The planned street network was based on the extension or standardization of existing streets. In Monga and Dadaocheng, existing roads were used as much as possible for renewal (Figure 5).

**Figure 5.** Map of the traditional city of Taipei in 1895 (1985, land survey).

With the opening of the Keelung-Hsinchu railway, Taipei Station was built in 1891. Taipei Station was located north of the city walls and south of Dadaocheng. The railway line ran from the west of the city walls through Monga in 1901. Taipei's urban planning focused on sewage works in the first and second urban renewal plans and planned the city walls and south and east areas outside the city walls in the third and fourth plans. It was in 1905 that the city planned to connect the inside of the city walls, Dadaocheng, and Monga. Then, the Great Taipei Urbanization Plan aimed at connecting the inside of the city walls as well as traditional housing clusters in Dadaocheng and Monga, and expanding the city walls eastwards.
