*1.5. Previous Studies*

Several studies have been previously conducted on residential areas in Jeddah at planning scales ranging from architectural to city scales. Abu-Ghazzeh [15] explained the principal values of the Islamic faith and their effect on the structural development at the architectural scale, including in the historical area of Jeddah (Al-Balad). Salama [16] reviewed affordable housing in the city. Attia [17] suggested that the traditional housing technology of Jeddah will be effective in providing guidelines for a sustainable society in the future, since the housing technology has been built on historical experience and is suitable for the conservative Islamic society, and the building materials are also adapted to the climate characteristics. Jambi [18] conducted an online survey to identify factors that influence housing purchases by buyers, noting the importance of the closeness of the property to family members and the infrastructure of the district. The significance of this study is the approach taken to address the issue of the housing shortage, by clarifying the characteristics of the traditional housing style, villa-type housing, and the intentions of housing buyers based on past development trends.

Maddah conducted studies at an urban design scale, for example, on the usage of open space [19] and spatial configurations between residential buildings [20]. A study to evaluate walkability in villa-type neighborhoods in Jeddah was conducted by applying the HPE Walkability Index developed by Hall Planning & Engineering Inc. [21]. Mousalli [22] examined residential locations at a city scale. Al-Otaibi [23] used the market-based approach to evaluate the housing shortage crisis, and Murad [24] focused on commercial areas. Notably, none of the above-mentioned studies applied a multidimensional perspective to explore the housing shortage crisis. Such a perspective can be applied, for example, to the transition of the areas and shapes of residential lots, and to the relationship between land price and public spaces such as streets, parks, and mosques.
