2.1.2. Preparation of SPVA/PEO/ PO4TiO2 Membranes

Here, 100 mL of PVA solution (10%) was prepared, and PEO (2 g) was dissolved in 100 mL deionizedH2O: ethanol (80:20) vol percent at 50 ◦C for 1 h, before blending PVA: PEO (85:15) wt. percent and covalent crosslinking the polymers blend with glutaraldehyde (0.5 g, 50 wt. percent). The inorganic-organic nanocomposite (structure illustrated in Figure 1) was then made by incorporating varying concentrations of PO4-TiO2 nanotubes (1, 2, 3 wt. percent relative to PVA) in the polymeric mix, and they were given the names PVA/PEO, PVA/PEO/PO4TiO2-1, PVA/PEO/PO4TiO2-2 and PVA/PEO/PO4TiO2-3 accordingly.

**Figure 1.** Probable structure of the SPVA/ PEO/ PO4TiO2membrane.
