**3. Methodology**

*3.1. Survey*

A self-administered questionnaire was sent to undergraduate students of the following disciplines: social and legal sciences, arts and humanities, health sciences, sciences, engineering (see Appendix A, Table A2). The fieldwork was carried out in April and May 2022; prior to the questionnaires, participants provided informed consent, and the data obtained were treated with the utmost confidentiality and following all ethical protocols.

The questionnaire was designed to measure the four dimensions of experience (social– behavioural, cognitive–affective, sensory and formative), satisfaction and commitment to learning in a BL environment. To measure social–behavioural, cognitive–affective and sensory experience dimensions, the items proposed by Brakus et al. [24] were adapted, while for the formative experience, items from Mbwesa [37] and Parasuraman et al. [38] were adapted. Satisfaction was measured using the items developed by Chen and Chau [7], and normative and affective commitment by adapting items from Meyer, Allen and Smith [39] and Fernandez-Lores et al. [40], respectively. All items were measured on a Likert-5 scale, with 1 representing strongly disagree and 5 strongly agree. Table 1 lists the items used to measure each variable.


**Table 1.** Variables and items used in survey.


The questionnaire was reviewed by a panel of experts to assess the content validity and to ensure the accuracy of the translations of the texts. In order to check the clarity of the questions and elicit information on adequacy in terms of completion time, a pretest was carried out on a group of 23 students. Some items were eliminated and reworded for simplification and comprehension. In addition, an ethics committee gave a positive assessment of the proposed items and the procedure for obtaining them. The analysis of the data obtained was carried out with SPSS Statistics 25.
