*2.2. Structural Equation Modeling Analysis*

This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to determine the relationship between variables. In this study, the SEM model was applied using the SEM-PLS (Partial Least Square) software to assess the relationship between social capital and the intention to change land use for SFAL landowners. SEM analysis is a multivariate analysis that makes it possible to comprehensively test the relationship between complex research variables in the entire model. The advantage of using SEM analysis over other analyses is that SEM analysis can be used to determine whether a research model is valid or whether the research model is suitable or not. SEM can produce a research model that involves a number of latent variables, the indicators in it, and the relationship between the two (Haryono 2014). However, the weakness in the SEM analysis itself is that the causality relationship in the variables is not determined by the SEM but is built by the theories that support it. Therefore, SEM is used in this study because it can bring up a statistical model for predicting the calculation of the relationship between direct and indirect variables in the theoretical model (Ghozali 2008), namely in the theoretical model of social capital variables (beliefs, norms, and social networks), as well as variable land-use change intentions for SFAL landowners. The theoretical model of social capital in SEM analysis describes trust as being very important for developing relationships, social networks, and norms (Prayitno et al. 2018; Fukuyama 2001). In terms of norms, there are several actions that are acceptable and unacceptable to build trust when socializing in society. The existence of norms cannot be separated from the formation of social networks, because social norms are built with the formation of social networks. Each social capital variable is measured using 23 indicators. Then, based on the relationship between the social capital variables, changes in the land use of SFAL landowners will be affected. The relationship between social capital and changes in land use is quantified in two parts, depending on the response of the landowner to the question of whether they intend to change or sell the land or not.

#### *2.3. Pandaan District Overview*

Pandaan District is one of the subdistricts of Pasuruan Regency and is located astronomically at 112◦30 –113◦30 east longitude and 7◦30 –8◦30 south latitude. Pandaan District

has a total area of 4327 Ha and is divided into 17 villages, which are further divided into 86 hamlets, 151 community units (rukun warga/RW), and 530 neighborhood units (rukun tetangga/RT) (Figure 1). Rice fields are the most common land use in Pandaan District, accounting for 2847 Ha or 65.70 percent of the total land-use area (BPS Pasuruan 2020). The average productivity of rice fields in Pandaan District is 6.3 tons/ha/year and the average price of grain is IDR 4400/kg. This demonstrates that farming is the primary source of income for the Pandaan District community. In 2018, a toll road connecting Malang to Surabaya City was built, located in the middle of Pandaan District and the eastern part of the direction of the national road connecting Malang and Surabaya City. The construction of the toll road will also influence the development of the surrounding land use.

**Figure 1.** Map of study area: (**A**) East Java in Indonesia. (**B**) Pasuruan Regency to East Java. (**C**) Map of Pasuruan Regency; the highlighted area shows Pandaan District. (**D**) Pandaan District.

The development of uncontrolled land use can lead to converting agricultural land to nonagriculture. In general, the conversion of agricultural land in Indonesia is caused by internal and external factors. Internal factors are caused by poverty, and external factors are caused by land taxation (PBB) or land growth due to economic development and population growth. The conversion of agricultural land in Pandaan District is an issue due to the construction of toll roads, which affects land-use development. This loss of productive land will disrupt food production's sustainability if it is not controlled. In addition, this agricultural land also has the function of providing and opening employment, environmental functions, and functions of water catchment areas. So, if there is a change in the function of agricultural land, it will cause the loss of these other functions. SFAL is a system and process of planning, determining, developing, utilizing, fostering, controlling, and supervising agricultural food land and its area in a sustainable manner (UU Number 41 of 2009). The designation of SFAL land is carried out as a policy effort to control the rate of conversion of agricultural land so that other functions, such as ecological functions, can be maintained. Pandaan District has 1108.96 Ha of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land (SFAL). Table 3 mentions the area of SFAL in each village in Pandaan District (Table 3).


**Table 3.** The area of SFAL in each villages.

Kemirisewu Village has the largest SFAL in Pandaan District, with 117.89 Ha, or 10.63 percent of the total area. Additionally, Sebani Village has a large Sustainable Food Agricultural Land area of 115.08 Ha or 10.38 percent (BPS Pasuruan 2020). Meanwhile, Pandaan Village is the only subdistrict that does not have land designated as SFAL. This is due to its strategic location, as it is traversed by the national road connecting Malang to Surabaya City and has developed quite quickly. Agricultural land designated as SFAL must still be protected and may not be converted (Al Azizi et al. 2022). This also influences the desire of landowners to change their land. In addition, the intention of landowners to change land use is also influenced by social factors, such as social capital (Ilham et al. 2005). So, in this study, we examine the social capital of SFAL landowners and landowners' intentions to change SFAL in Pandaan District.
