*2.3. PLS-SEM for Panel Survey Data*

The PLS path modeling or PLS-SEM was created by [32,33] and some extensions were suggested by [34]. Over the last few decades, there have been numerous introductory articles on this methodology (e.g., [35–38]). However, in the panel survey studies, the application of this method is very limited compared to the cross-sectional studies [22]. This is because the exploration and the procedure of PLS-SEM for analyzing panel survey data are not consistent since it was used differently by the authors in several research articles [39–43].

#### **3. Materials and Methods**

This section explains the methodology used in this study. This study used an integrated systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis for the review process [24,25,44].

#### *3.1. Phase 1—Systematic Literature Review (SLR)*

In the systematic review, the process of reviewing followed the review protocol, publication standard, or established guideline. The review protocol is equivalent to a research design in social sciences research. It is very important to decide which review protocol, publication standard, or established guideline is to be used at the beginning of the study [45]. This study adapted the established guideline by [46,47]. This established guideline was developed specifically for the education field. However, the guideline is suitable to be adapted in other fields, and it has been used in many other fields too. Based on this established guideline, this study started with the formulation of the research problems, followed by a systematic searching strategy (identification, screening inclusion, eligibility, and quality appraisal), data extracting, analyzing, and synthesizing (theme generation).

#### 3.1.1. Formulating the Research Problems

The formulation of the research problems or the research questions for this study is based on the PICo [48,49]. PICo is used as a guideline to develop the research questions. PICo consists of three main concepts which are population or problem, interest, and context. In this study, the population can be described as panel survey data with several interests such as distributions and trends, limitations, and procedures. Then, this study described the context of statistical methods such as LGCM and PLS-SEM. Based on this concept, these research questions were created: "what are the distributions and trends of LGCM and PLS-SEM in a panel survey study?", "what are the limitations of PLS-SEM in a panel

survey data?" and "what is the existing framework or procedure of PLS-SEM in analyzing the panel survey data?".
