*3.1. Measurement Model*

The two main criteria used for testing the goodness of measures are validity and reliability. Reliability is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring, whereas validity is a test of how well an instrument that is developed measures the particular concept it is intended to measure. This research tested the convergent validity, refer Table 2, which is the degree to which multiple items that measure the same concept are in agreement. As suggested by Hair et al. [48], factor loadings, composite reliability, and average variance extracted were assessed for convergence validity. The loadings for all items exceeded the recommended value of 0.6. Composite reliability is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring; all exceeded the recommended value of 0.7. The average variance extracted, were all greater than 0.5.


**Table 2.** Measurement Model: Convergent validity.

Next, analysis proceeded to test the discriminant validity. The discriminant validity of the measures (the degree to which items differentiate among constructs or measure distinct concepts) was assessed by [49] using the HTMT ratio. Table 3 shows that all HTMT ratios were less than the HTMT0.85 criterion, thereby confirming that the measures were distinct. Both assessments show that the measures used in this study are both valid and reliable.

**Table 3.** Measurement Model: Discriminant Validity (HTMT Ratio).

