*3.4. Research Implication*

In developing countries such as Indonesia, land conversion, in the sense of changes in land use, is basically unavoidable in the implementation of development. The rapid growth of the population, which is not followed by the demands of the community's need for land, has led to conflicts of interest over land use and discrepancies between land use and its allotment plan. Even though the land itself is limited and cannot be added (Eko and Rahayu 2012), in many cases, land conversion occurs from agricultural to nonagricultural land.

Regarding land-use conversion, suburban areas are areas that have experienced a lot of land conversion from agriculture to non-agriculture. Many of these land functions are caused by the influence of the development of the surrounding cities (Rahayu 2009). It is the same only in Pandaan District, Pasuruan Regency; this region has its main source of income in the agricultural sector. However, in 2018, the construction of a toll road connecting Malang and Surabaya City led to land-use development in Pandaan District.

Changes in land use have resulted in a slew of complex issues involving spatial, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Changes in land use are marked by the allocation of space for the development of trade and services, large-scale settlements, recreational facilities, shopping centers, educational facilities, and other urban activities (Surya et al. 2020). Changes in land use are a consequence of the need for land and the demands of increasing population growth (Prayitno et al. 2018). Changes that occur from agricultural to nonagricultural land are influenced by various social, economic, and government policies that make development rules (Prayitno et al. 2021a). Social capital is one of the social factors

that influences the intention of SFAL landowners in Pandaan District to transfer land. Social capital is a form of support when obstacles occur. Social capital is able to support the sustainability of community agriculture in the midst of land conversion. Through social capital, landowners can survive with a high sense of trust, strong network ties, and norms that are still well-maintained (Setiawan et al. 2020).

Social capital in this study is divided into three dimensions namely trust, norms, and social networks (Putnam 1993a). Trust is the basis of a relationship; trust is defined as a person's belief in others, demonstrated by taking risks and hoping that other people will act mutually supportively and not harm them. A high level of trust in someone will strengthen cooperation between communities (Putnam 1993c). Based on the results of the analysis, this study showed a significant positive relationship between the norms and beliefs of the community owners of SFAL land in Pandaan District. High trust in society will tend to be followed by positive social norms (Cox 1995). Norms themselves are also interpreted as certain rules that must be followed by society, including religion, moral guidelines, and codes of ethics (Field 2003). Thus, the stronger the community norms, the stronger the trust of the community owners of SFAL in Pandaan District.

Furthermore, through the social network dimension, the research results show a significant positive relationship between norms and social networks, as well as a significant positive relationship between trust and social networks. Social networks are defined as community involvement that causes better relations and creates a sense of togetherness to achieve the desired goals (Sawatsky 2008). The social network is one of the elements of social capital, and it refers to reciprocity and trust (Fathy 2019). Thus, the social network of community owners of SFAL land in Pandaan District is related to norms and beliefs; that is, the stronger the norms and beliefs, the wider the social network of SFAL owners in Pandaan District. The social capital of SFAL owners in Pandaan District is marked by the existing condition of farmers who are willing to lend each other equipment and other agricultural needs, such as fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Community owners of SFAL land in Pandaan District will help each other even when experiencing emergencies such as crop failure. Other communities are willing to help (especially people in farmer groups) with capital, farming costs, and marketing agricultural products.

The conversion of agricultural land in rural areas has a huge impact on the community, especially on farmers as landowners, because agricultural land, apart from being a source of income, also has a social role for the community. Rural communities that have strong social capital tend to choose to maintain their agricultural land (Prayitno et al. 2021a). This is in line with research findings, according to which the community owning SFAL land in Pandaan District chose to retain its agricultural land because it was based on community social capital. The people who own the SFAL in Pandaan Subdistrict say they do not want to change their land: with an average response of 74%, the community wants to keep the SFAL land as a source of income. Thus, the SFAL landowner community's social capital in Pandaan District significantly affects the SFAL landowners' decision to make land changes. Higher or stronger social capital relations will influence SFAL landowners' intention to change their land to make it less expensive. Several actions that the government can take based on the findings of this study include:


capital, provide a variety of information related to cooperation among community members, and exchange information on land.

#### **4. Conclusions**

Social capital elements include trust, norms, and networks. The social capital index of Pandaan District is in the moderate category, with the highest index being trust at 73.58. The higher/stronger the social capital relationship, the less SFAL owners will want to change land functions. On the other hand, the weaker/lower the relationship between social capital variables, the greater the intentions of SFAL landowners to make land-use changes.

The relationships between latent variables of social capital in the form of trust, network, and norms have a significant positive influence on each other. The norm and network variables have a significant effect on the trust variable. This means that in Pandaan Subdistrict, the prevailing norms and trust can increase networks among residents and SFAL owners who are not willing to sell their land, even though the selling price is high. The value of greatest influence is the relationship between trust and networks, with a value of standardized regression weights of 0.583, while the lowest value is the relationship between norms and networks, with a standardized regression weights value of 0.145. Indications of the relationship between social capital variables that influence each other illustrate the strength of social capital in Pandaan District, which makes SFAL owners reluctant to change and/or sell their land. For this reason, it can be concluded that the higher/stronger the social capital relationship, the more reluctant SFAL owners are to make land transformations or land-use changes.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.P., A.T.N. and F.A.A.; methodology, A.T.N. and G.P.; software, F.A.A.; validation, G.P., F.A.A., N.S. and A.A.; formal analysis, G.P., I.I.H. and F.A.A.; investigation, A.T.N. and N.S.; resources, G.P.; data curation, A.T.N. and A.A.; writing—original draft preparation, G.P. and F.A.A.; writing—review and editing, G.P. and E.S.; visualization, F.A.A. and A.A.; supervision, G.P., A.T.N. and E.S.; project administration, G.P. and I.I.H.; funding acquisition, G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** I am grateful for the contributions of all interviewed farm households, enumerators, and all staff members of the Pandaan District. In addition, the authors are thankful to our manuscript reviewers for helping to increase the quality.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


Prayitno, Gunawan, Nindya Sari, Abdul Wahid Hasyim, and Nyoman Suluh Wijaya. 2020. Land-use prediction in Pandaan District pasuruan regency. *International Journal of GEOMATE* 18: 64–71. [CrossRef]


Putnam, Robert. 1993a. *Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [CrossRef] Putnam, Robert. 1993b. Social Capital and Public Life. *The American Prospect* 4: 35–42.

Putnam, Robert. 1993c. The Prosperous Community. *The American Prospect* 19: 475–82. [CrossRef]


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