3.3.1. Quality Appraisal

In this stage, selected articles that are related to the PLS-SEM were chosen based on citation analysis in the bibliometric analysis. The total number of articles related to the PLS-SEM was 296, after the eligibility process. However, for the content analysis, only the top 100 most cited articles were included in the quality appraisal process. The quality appraisal is very important in the systematic literature review as suggested by [63]. In this process, the full articles were examined by the research team to select the most suitable articles that are related to the procedure of PLS-SEM in analyzing the panel survey data. After the quality appraisal process, 34 articles were selected for the final review (Figure 1, Table A1).

**Figure 1.** The Flow Diagram of Reviewing Process.

#### 3.3.2. Theme Generation

In this stage, the theme was generated based on the 34 articles reviewed. The themes were classified into PLS-SEM approaches and their imitations, and the procedure of the approaches.

#### **4. Results**

This section discusses the distributions and trends of LGCM and PLS-SEM in panel survey data, the limitations of PLS-SEM in panel survey data, and the existing framework or procedure of PLS-SEM in analyzing the panel survey data. This discussion reflects the research questions stated in the early section.

#### *4.1. Distributions and Trends*

To answer the first research question, the discussion discovers the growth of publications, co-authorship, citation, co-citation, and co-occurrences of keywords.

#### 4.1.1. Growth of Publications

Figure 2 shows the annual growth of publications related to the panel survey data that used the Latent Growth Curve Model (LGCM) and PLS-SEM as the main statistical methods in the analysis. These publications were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) databases from 1986 to 2022. Based on the graph, the publications show an increasing trend from 2006 to 2022. Figure 2 also shows the annual growth of publications related to LGCM and PLS-SEM separately. Both annual growths of publications show an increasing trend from 2006 to 2022. However, LGCM is more outstanding compared to PLS-SEM as a statistical method to analyze panel survey data.

**Figure 2.** Annual growth of publications (Scopus & WoSCC databases, 1986–2022).

All 1726 retrieved articles were published in 638 different journals, with 2.71 articles per journal on average. Out of these 638 journals, 365 (57.21%) published only one article, 118 (18.59%) published two articles, and 115 (24.29%) published more than two articles. Table 3 shows the top ten journals contributing to the panel survey data. Based on the total citations, Development Psychology journal is the most cited journal with 4231 citations, followed by Structural Equation Modeling, and Psychology and Aging journal with 1267 and 1061 citations respectively. However, in terms of total publications, no journals show an outstanding performance since the number of publications is close to each journal.


**Table 3.** Top 10 journals contributing to the panel survey data.

#### 4.1.2. Co-Authorship Analysis

The main purpose of co-authorship analysis is to examine the interactions among scholars related to the panel survey data. Based on the retrieved records, 4481 authors contributed 1726 articles in the panel survey data. Out of 4481, only 459 authors met the threshold of at least 2 publications and 25 citations. Figure 3 shows that the connection between clusters is small and only 8 clusters are connected to each other. This result indicates that the majority of productive authors are independent researchers and the cluster formed by the researchers working on the panel survey data is weak, and the scale of co-authorship cooperation is small and limited.

**Figure 3.** Co-authorship network map in the field of panel survey data.

#### 4.1.3. Citation Analysis

The citation analysis was used to identify the most influential publications in the research field. The purpose is to gain an understanding of the intellectual dynamics of the research field. In this analysis, the most influential articles were selected based on the highest number of total citations and analyzed according to two statistical methods which are LGCM and PLS-SEM. Tables 4 and 5 show the lists of the top 5 most cited articles in LGCM and PLS-SEM. McArdle J.J and Epstein D. (1987) is the most cited article according to LGCM, with 653 total citations. While in PLS-SEM, Limayen M and Cheung C.M.K. (2008) is the most cited article with 369 total citations.



**Table 5.** The most cited article related to PLS-SEM.


In the context of relationships among publications, most of the authors work independently, which indicates a weak relationship. The relationships among authors according to the citations can be seen in Figure 4. The citation analysis for 1726 articles revealed that 494 articles met the threshold of 25 minimum number of citations of the document. The network visualization map shows that only a few clusters are connected to each cluster, even though those publications have the highest number of citations such as McArdle J.J. and Epstein D. (1987).
