3.1.2. Systematic Searching Strategies

In this stage, there are three main processes of searching strategies: (i) searching the literature (identification), (ii) screening the inclusion, and (iii) eligibility.

#### 1. Searching the Literature (Identification)

Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and Scopus are two bibliographic databases that are often regarded as the most comprehensive data sources for a variety of uses [50]. WoSCC was established around 2014 and previously known as the Web of Science (WoS) [51]. It was the first comprehensive international bibliographic database produced by Thomson Reuters in 1997. WoSCC consists of ten sub-databases and this study used eight subdatabases from the year 1992 to 2022. Among the sub-databases are Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Science (CPCI-S), Book Citation Index – Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH), and Book Citation Index – Science (BKCI-S). As a result, it eventually rose as the top choice of bibliographic database for bibliometric analyses, research appraisal, journal selection, and other duties [52]. In 2004, Elsevier introduced Scopus and established a solid reputation for dependability and earned a spot-on level with other comprehensive bibliographic databases over time [50,53]. Apparently, Scopus has a wider coverage, and thus it is useful for mapping a smaller research field as in the emerging topic of this study [54]. WoSCC and Scopus are also multidisciplinary and selective databases that are composed of a variety of specialized indexes, grouped according to the type of indexed content or by theme, [55]. Hence, both databases were employed as the bibliographic database for this study particularly to search for the right literature. For that reason, keywords are required to create the search string. In this study, the keywords were derived from the developed research questions as suggested by [56] as shown in Table 1. Based on this search string, a total of 3850 articles were retrieved automatically from the Scopus and WoSCC bibliographic databases. In addition, the stopping rule of searching the article is based on the rule of thumb as suggested by [57], where the search can stop when repeated search results are found in the same references, with no new results.

**Table 1.** Search string for the retrieved records.


#### 2. Screening the Inclusion

In the screening process, the articles were refined based on five criteria in the bibliographic database: (i) timeline, (ii) language, (iii) document type, (iv) subject area, and (v) type of data. The details for each criterion are explained in Table 2. In this stage, 2640 articles met the criteria and qualified for the next process.


**Table 2.** Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

#### 3. Eligibility

The eligibility process involved the review of the title, keyword, and abstract. [58] suggested that a researcher should review the conclusion if the information in the abstract cannot give the general picture of the article. The selection of articles is based on the inclusion criteria (Table 2) contained in either the title, keyword, or abstract. After this selection process, the articles were checked for duplication according to the title and the redundant articles were removed. Hence, 1726 articles were selected after the removal process.
