*3.2. Sample*

Of 501 survey responses obtained between April and May 2022 from undergraduate students at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain), 467 were found valid. The sample had a cross-sectional character and was obtained only from the Complutense University of Madrid because it adopted a basic BL model in which students had one week of face-to-face classes and another week of online classes. This meant that within the particularities that each case might have, there was a common pattern in all of them, homogenising the experience in this learning modality, giving rise to variability in the sample but not in the object of study. The characteristics of the sample are shown in Table 2.

**Table 2.** Characteristics of the sample.


#### **4. Results**

Structural equation modelling (SEM) was carried out using the maximum likelihood estimation method to corroborate the hypotheses, using SPSS AMOS 28.0. First, the measurement model was estimated to assess factor structure, reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Subsequently, the parameters of the structural model were estimated, and the hypothesised relationships were tested.
