**5. Discussion**

This study reviewed the effects of CE and COO on OPB in times of pandemics utilizing the TPB in a developing country. It is essential to point out that the study results align with the TPB and confirm the theory's strength within the e-commerce environment. Although CE, COO, and TPB have been studied before, this study addresses two critical issues in international business and marketing: evaluating the three in the e-commerce environment and their significance in times of health, economic, and social crisis.
