*Comprehensive Energy Storage Roadmap (India)*

India has set a target of 40% non-fossil power production in the energy mix by 2030 and is dedicated to lowering GHG emission intensity by 33 to 35% from the level in 2005. In order to achieve this, the percentage of renewable energy (RE) must be scaled up above and above the current goal of 175 GW by 2022. In the upcoming years, grid operators will face a challenge in ensuring grid reliability and the supply of 24 × 7 quality power due to the increased penetration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EV). This will open the door for the deployment of energy storage systems for grid support [102,103]. This will enable utilities to understand the economic opportunities of such systems at various levels of RE and EV penetrations, as well as their impact on grid reliability (shown in Figure 12) [104].

**Figure 12.** Comprehensive energy storage roadmap of India.

From this section, it is observed that the use of renewable energy system is not an option, it is essential [105]. Due to the discontinuous availability of renewable energy sources, energy storage system is essential for any renewable integrated power system [106,107]. This is especially true for off-grid systems that are more vulnerable to system deviations [108–118]. It may come in different forms, such as hydrogen storage [119], EV battery applications [120] or together with other novel devices such as smart inverters [121–124] In

this scenario, this paper provides the clear idea about the different types of energy storage system with the constructions and applications [125].
