*Article* **Application of Paraffin-Based Phase Change Materials for the Amelioration of Thermal Energy Storage in Hydronic Systems**

**Dua'a S. Malkawi 1,\*, Rabi Ibrahim Rabady 2, Mosa'b S. Malkawi <sup>3</sup> and Said Jereis Al Rabadi <sup>4</sup>**


**Abstract:** This study aims at investigating the improvement in the thermal performance of energy storage for a hydronic system when it is equipped with evacuated tubes integrated within a hot water tank. The PCM shell in the bottom section is thicker than at the top to maintain a uniform, minimal water temperature difference of 5 ◦C between the top and bottom sections of the hot water tank. The thermal performance of the system was analyzed in diverse months when the ambient temperature fluctuated. The results have revealed that the thermal performance in December, March, and June was 80%, 81%, and 84%, respectively, meaning that the thermal performance is optimal in warm weather. The results confirmed that the system had boosted the presence of hot water throughout the whole day, including the time of the sun's absence, due to the release of stored PCM latent heat. The designed system solves the overheating problem and expands the availability of hot water through the cold weather. The system is characterized by lower heat losses because the average water temperature has decreased.

**Keywords:** phase change material; solar energy; thermal energy storage; hydronic solar system; paraffin wax
