**Finding 1: Flow**

The flow graph shown in Figure 5 demonstrates that the flow increases linearly as the number of water columns increases. Mathematically,

$$F = F\_i \times n \tag{7}$$

where *F* is the flow of water, *Fi* is the flow obtained from one water column, and *n* is the number of PWCs used.

#### **Finding 2: Velocity**

The velocity of water also increases linearly as the number of water columns increases, as shown in the velocity graph (Figure 5). The mathematical relationship between the velocity and PWCs is as follows:

$$
\upsilon = \upsilon\_i \times n \tag{8}
$$

where *v* is the velocity at the outlet, *vi* is the velocity obtained from one water column, and *n* is the number of PWCs used.

#### **Finding 3: Pressure**

The water pressure at the nozzle inlet increases with the square of the number of water columns, which increases the water flow at the nozzle outlet. The pressure graph (Figure 5) describes the mathematical relationship between the PWC and the generated pressure. Mathematically,

$$P = P\_i \times n^2 \tag{9}$$

where *P* is the total generated pressure, *Pi* is the pressure obtained from one water column, and *n* is the number of PWCs used in any setup.
