*4.10. Penisuloxazin A*

Penisuloxazin A (PNSA) is a fungal mycotoxin that belongs to a new epipolythiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) possessing a rare 3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,2- -piperazine] ring system. PNSA prevented MDA-MB-231 cell adhesion to coated Matrigels containing several ECM components. Furthermore, after PNSA therapy, there is a transition from spindle-shaped or polygonal mesenchymal to flat polygonal epithelial-like cell morphology. These suggest that PNSA can prevent EMT in MDA-MB-231 cells [88]. PNSA is also considered a potent heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor, a well-known N-terminal inhibitor binding to the ATP pocket of HSP90 in preventing BC cell metastasis. Multiple signaling pathways critical for cancer cell proliferation and metastasis can be disrupted by inhibiting HSP90 [89].

#### *4.11. Sophocarpine*

Sophocarpinr (SC) is one of the most active components of *Sophora alopecuroides* L, a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid. SC has shown various pharmacological actions, including immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive [90]. SC has also been shown to preserve heart function from ischemic reperfusion by inhibiting NF-kB and reducing hepatocyte steatosis via activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, SC has shown anti-proliferative and antimetastatic by inhibiting dicer-catalyzed miR-21 maturation and activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway. SC also reduced the HNSCC tumor's growth in vivo by reversing the EMT in cancer cells. In UM-SCC-22B and UM-SCC-47 cells, SC treatment reduced the expression of the Ki-67 and VIM while increasing E-cadherin's expression [91]. These findings suggest that SC could be a promising lead drug for HNSCC.
