*4.13. Luteolin*

Luteolin (LT) (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone) is a flavonoid in many plants including broccoli, carrots, perilla leaves, seeds, and celery. It possesses anti-allergy, antiinflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-microbial properties [96–98]. In various cancers (including lung, GBM, BC, CRC, PC), LT inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth, promotes cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, reduces drug resistance, and reduces cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis [99]. LT can also stop EMT from occurring, shrinking in the cytoskeleton, increasing the expression of E-cadherin, and decreasing the expression of CDH2, Snail, and VIM [100]. LT inhibits the Smad 2/3 pathway and the Wnt/-catenin pathway by inhibiting the synthesis of Snail and Slug by downregulating the production of β-catenin. Doing so prevents metastasis by upregulating CDH2, Zo 1, and claudin 1 and downregulating CDH2, fibronectin, VIM, and MMP-2 [99,101]. The mechanism of the action of LT is demonstrated in Figure 4.

**Figure 4.** Possible mechanisms of luteolin, Carnosic acid, and N-Phenethylacetamide inhibit EMT via different pathways [94,95].
