*4.1. Plant Collection, Classification, and Extraction*

The plant *D. maritima* was collected in March 2021 from Princess Tasneem bint Ghazi Technological Research Station in Al-Salt (Jordan), with coordinates: 32◦05- N 35◦40- E. The collected plant was identified by a taxonomist specialist Mr. Refad Khawaldeh at Jordan Royal Botanical Garden, where a voucher specimen (073/2021) is conserved for future reference. Then, a powder of *D. maritima* bulbs was prepared after the bulbs were cleaned with water. The grinding process was achieved manually by mortar and pestle. In the next step, the crude powdered plant (30 g) was macerated in 100 mL water for two weeks with continuous shaking at 150 rpm at RT. At the end of this period, the mixture was filtered using a clean white canvas and filter papers to yield the aqueous *D. maritima* bulb extract. Then, the aqueous part of the solution was dried out (evaporated) using a lyophilizer to obtain the desired *D. maritima* bulbs to extract in a lyophilized form. Finally, 100 mg of the *D. maritima* bulb extract was dissolved in 1 mL of DMSO to make a 100 mg/mL stock solution for the treatment experiments.

#### *4.2. Identification and Characterization of D. maritima Bulb Extract by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)*

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the extracted sample was performed using an Agilent 5977B GC/MSD (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Gas Chromatograph was equipped and coupled to a mass detector Turbo Mass Gold, PerkinElmer Turbo Mass 5.1 spectrometer with an Elite-1 (100% dimethylpolysiloxane), DB-5MS, 30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness of capillary column. The instrument was set to an initial temperature of 80 ◦C and maintained at this temperature for 1 min. At the end of this duration, the oven temperature was raised to 300 ◦C, at the rate of an increase of 15 ◦C/min, and maintained for 9 min. The injection port temperature was ensured at 290 ◦C, and the helium flow rate was one mL/min. The ionization voltage was 70 eV. Samples were injected in split mode as 10:1. Mass spectral scan range was set at 30–600 (*m*/*z*) [30].
