*4.14. Carnosic Acid*

Carnosic acid (CA), a polyphenolic diterpene found in rosemary (*Rosmarinus officinalis*), has anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory activities. CA suppresses cancer cell migration and proliferation while lowering vascular endothelial growth factor expression. In leukemia and CRC cells, CA also causes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by downregulating cyclin expression and has been shown to trigger apoptotic cell death in human NB and PrC cells [102]. CA inhibits EMT and cell migration in B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. It prevents Src/AKT phosphorylation and, therefore, activation. It decreases the secretion of uPAc, MMP-9, and TIMP-1, whereas it increases the secretion of TIMP-2 and has no effect on the secretion of MMP-2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). It is also responsible for the decrease in the expression of Snail and Slug but does not affect the expression of Twist in B16F10 melanoma cells [95]. The mechanism of action of CA is demonstrated in Figures 3 and 4.
