Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Otolaryngology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2025) | Viewed by 17019

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Neurotologist, Department of Otolaryngology, Louisiana State Health University Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
Interests: adult and pediatric hearing loss; implantable hearing devices; congenital CMV and hearing loss

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Clinical Instructor, Audiology, Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
Interests: pediatric hearing loss; implantation hearing devices

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Learning spoken language and the cognitive development of children depend on their ability to hear well. The inability to hear can create challenges for education, social communication, and integration. Approximately four out of 1000 children are born with hearing loss, and 20% have hearing loss by the age of 12. Hearing loss could be either temporary or permanent, and over 60% of hearing loss can be preventable. Early identification and intervention are the keys to managing pediatric hearing loss. Depending on the etiology, hearing loss can be managed with medications, ear tubes, hearing aids, or cochlear implants. A family-centered approach with professional support for treatment, rehabilitation, learning, and education is essential to enabling a child with hearing loss to attain their full potential and improve their chances of employment in adulthood.

Aim and scope of the Special Issue:

  1. Presenting an overview of types of pediatric hearing loss and their etiology.
  2. Discussing the importance of early identification of pediatric hearing loss.
  3. Presenting barriers and challenges to early identification and strategies for prevention.
  4. Describing all options for diagnosis and the challenges encountered in this age group.
  5. Explaining all management options for pediatric hearing loss.
  6. Describing challenges in providing universal hearing rehabilitation.
  7. Presenting the importance of a team approach to coordinate rehabilitation with children and their families at the core, supported by professionals like audiologists, speech language therapists, and otolaryngologists.
  8. Discussing advances and newer technologies in management.

Cutting-edge research: gene therapy, implantable hearing devices.

Types of papers that we are soliciting: We are soliciting papers from audiologists, otolaryngologists, speech language therapists working with hearing impaired children, and social workers to cover all the topics mentioned in the aim and scope of the Special Issue.

Dr. Gauri Mankekar
Dr. Lindsey Collins
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • pediatric hearing loss
  • congenital
  • cytomegalovirus
  • syndromic hearing loss
  • newborn hearing screening
  • early hearing intervention
  • diagnosis
  • ABR
  • hearing aids
  • cochlear implants
  • bone anchored hearing devices

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 212 KB  
Article
Increasing Genetic Testing Uptake Through Workflow Optimization: A Quality Improvement Study in Pediatric Hearing Loss
by Jennifer Coto, Julia Anne Morris, Valerie Yunis, Chrisanda Marie Sanchez, Xue Zhong Liu and Ivette Cejas
Children 2026, 13(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13020240 - 9 Feb 2026
Viewed by 258
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Although genetic testing is recommended for pediatric hearing loss, referral rates within otology and audiology practices remain low. This study evaluated referral rates, referral pathways, and genetics appointment completion before and after implementation of a quality improvement (QI) referral protocol in an [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Although genetic testing is recommended for pediatric hearing loss, referral rates within otology and audiology practices remain low. This study evaluated referral rates, referral pathways, and genetics appointment completion before and after implementation of a quality improvement (QI) referral protocol in an ethnically diverse pediatric cohort. Methods: Phase 1 (January–August 2023) included chart reviews of 88 pediatric patients with hearing loss to assess whether genetics referrals were made and completed. Data collected included demographics, referral modality (clinical note documentation, routed note to genetics, or direct referral order), and appointment status. In Phase 2 (September 2023–September 2024), a standardized referral protocol was implemented requiring all newly diagnosed patients to be referred using one of three predefined pathways. Providers received brief training and reminder cards. Chart reviews were then conducted for an additional 114 patients. Results: A total of 202 patients were included (Phase 1: n = 88; Phase 2: n = 114). Following protocol implementation, the proportion of patients with any documented genetics referral increased significantly (35.2% vs. 68.4%, χ2 = 22.03, p < 0.001). Referral order placement, documentation, and note routing increased across all referral modalities (all p < 0.001). Genetics appointment completion also improved significantly, from 11.4% in Phase 1 to 38.6% in Phase 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Genetic referrals for pediatric hearing loss remain underutilized but improved substantially following implementation of a standardized referral protocol. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing referral pathways and providing ongoing provider education. QI initiatives represent a practical strategy to enhance access to genetic evaluation and support precision care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
11 pages, 845 KB  
Article
Follow-Up of Hearing Impairment in Patients with Congenital CMV Infection
by Ron Fisher, Miriam Geal Dor, Cahtia Adelman, Michal Kaufmann-Yehezkely and Sagit Stern Shavit
Children 2026, 13(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13020230 - 6 Feb 2026
Viewed by 279
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is a leading non-genetic cause of childhood sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), characterized by heterogeneous and dynamic hearing outcomes. Hearing impairment may be present at birth or emerge later in childhood. This study aimed to characterize hearing trajectories and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is a leading non-genetic cause of childhood sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), characterized by heterogeneous and dynamic hearing outcomes. Hearing impairment may be present at birth or emerge later in childhood. This study aimed to characterize hearing trajectories and laterality patterns in children with cCMV, with emphasis on congenital versus delayed-onset SNHL. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of children with confirmed cCMV who underwent longitudinal audiologic follow-up. Hearing loss was classified as congenital SNHL or delayed-onset SNHL. Better- and poorer-ear thresholds, bilateral involvement, longitudinal changes, and follow-up duration were analyzed. Results: Of 195 included children, 59 (30%) developed SNHL. Congenital SNHL was present in 34 children (17%), while delayed-onset SNHL developed in 25 of 161 children (16%) who were born with normal hearing. Of these delayed-onset cases, 20 (80%) were asymptomatic at birth, while 5 (20%) presented with non-audiological neonatal symptoms. Longitudinal observation of the delayed-onset subgroup revealed that 36 ears developed SNHL during follow-up, spanning infancy through later childhood, including one case identified in early adulthood. Better-ear thresholds were significantly better preserved in delayed-onset SNHL, while poorer-ear thresholds were comparable across groups. Children with SNHL had substantially longer follow-up duration (60 ± 44.5 months) compared with those with normal hearing (37 ± 24.4 months). Conclusions: Children with cCMV-related SNHL exhibit dynamic and asymmetric hearing trajectories with clinically relevant differences between congenital and delayed-onset SNHL. These findings underscore the necessity of a risk-stratified, long-term surveillance framework that ensures individualized long-term monitoring and promotes sustained adherence to follow-up. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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14 pages, 396 KB  
Article
Advancing Pediatric Cochlear Implant Care Through a Multidisciplinary Telehealth Model: Insights from Implementation and Family Perspectives
by Chrisanda Marie Sanchez, Jennifer Coto, Jordan Ian McNair, Domitille Lochet, Alexandria Susan Mestres, Christina Sarangoulis, Meredith A. Holcomb and Ivette Cejas
Children 2026, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13010039 - 26 Dec 2025
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Multidisciplinary care is the gold-standard approach for delivering comprehensive pediatric healthcare. For children undergoing cochlear implant (CI) evaluation, multiple appointments are required to assess candidacy, set realistic expectations, and counsel families on rehabilitation and the psychosocial impact of hearing loss. Established pediatric [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Multidisciplinary care is the gold-standard approach for delivering comprehensive pediatric healthcare. For children undergoing cochlear implant (CI) evaluation, multiple appointments are required to assess candidacy, set realistic expectations, and counsel families on rehabilitation and the psychosocial impact of hearing loss. Established pediatric CI users also need coordinated follow-up to address ongoing auditory, educational, and psychosocial needs. This study evaluated the satisfaction and family perspectives of the implementation of a virtual, team-based multidisciplinary model for both CI candidates and established CI users. Methods: Thirty-nine children and their families participated in discipline-specific telehealth consultations, including audiology, listening and spoken language (LSL) therapy, psychology, and educational services, followed by a 60 min multidisciplinary team meeting. Team meetings occurred during pre-implantation and at six months post-activation for CI candidates. Team meetings for established CI users were scheduled following completion of individual consultations. Providers summarized findings from their individual visits before transitioning to a caregiver-led discussion. Post-visit surveys assessed satisfaction and perceived benefit from the multidisciplinary model. Results: Thirty-nine dyads were enrolled (11 Pre-CI; 28 Established CI). Caregivers were predominantly mothers (89.7%), most identified as Hispanic (55.3%) and White (71.1%). Over half of children identified as Hispanic (59%) and White (71.8%); most were diagnosed with hearing loss at birth (55.9%). Satisfaction with the virtual model was uniformly high: 100% of caregivers were satisfied or very satisfied, and most rated care quality as “very good” or “excellent.” LSL therapy was most frequently rated as the most beneficial visit (70% Pre-CI; 45% Established CI). Caregivers strongly preferred ongoing team-based care, with 55–80% reporting that they would like it to occur every six months and 95–100% preferring remote meetings. Conclusions: A virtual multidisciplinary model offers a high-quality, family-centered approach for both CI evaluations and ongoing management of established CI users. By integrating simultaneous team-based sessions, this model not only supports the ‘whole child’ but also strengthens the family system by improving communication, streamlining care, and reducing the burden of multiple in-person appointments. Families consistently report high levels of satisfaction with the convenience, clarity, and collaboration provided through virtual team visits. Incorporating routine check-ins with families is essential to ensure their needs are addressed, reinforce progress, and guide timely, targeted interventions that maximize each child’s developmental outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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13 pages, 1071 KB  
Article
Implementation and Evaluation of a Newborn Hearing Screening Database in a Resource-Limited Setting: Advantages and Limitations
by Krittipong Parangrit, Jutatip Sillabutra, Suwicha Kaewsiri Isaradisaikul and Kanokwan Kulprachakarn
Children 2026, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13010022 - 22 Dec 2025
Viewed by 672
Abstract
Background: Congenital hearing loss affects 1–3 per 1000 newborns and requires early detection to prevent developmental delays. Although Thailand implements universal screening, fragmented data systems limit effectiveness. To address this, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital introduced a dedicated newborn hearing screening (NHS) database in 2023 [...] Read more.
Background: Congenital hearing loss affects 1–3 per 1000 newborns and requires early detection to prevent developmental delays. Although Thailand implements universal screening, fragmented data systems limit effectiveness. To address this, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital introduced a dedicated newborn hearing screening (NHS) database in 2023 to improve tracking, coordination, and monitoring in a resource-limited setting. Objectives: To evaluate the advantages and limitations of NHS database integration on screening coverage, referral rates, follow-up completion, and diagnostic timeliness. Methods: A retrospective analytic study was conducted over 24 months, comparing outcomes before (July 2022–June 2023) and after (July 2023–June 2024) database implementation. Key indicators included screening coverage, follow-up attendance, diagnostic ABR completion, and workflow efficiency, with the study period also encompassing the implementation of the database and adaptations to the screening algorithm. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and fisher’s exact tests, supplemented by qualitative observations of system performance. Results: Among 8290 newborns, screening coverage before one month increased from 83.47% to 96.64% (p < 0.001), while referral rates decreased from 18.44% to 6.47% (p < 0.001). Diagnostic ABR completion improved from 7.41% to 52.63% within three months (p < 0.001) and from 59.26% to 84.21% within six months (p = 0.06). The database improved workflow coordination, but challenges persisted, including incomplete data, limited interoperability, caregiver-related follow-up barriers, and low hearing-aid uptake. Conclusions: Integration of the NHS database, as well as protocol changes, improved screening coverage, referral accuracy, and diagnostic timeliness, but follow-up and early intervention barriers persisted. Continued progress will require stronger interoperability, improved family engagement, and digital infrastructure investment, with tele-audiology and decision-support tools helping expand access and efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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7 pages, 188 KB  
Article
Middle Ear Disorders in Children with Down Syndrome: The Detrimental Effect on Speech and Language Development
by Ariel Tenenbaum, Avraham Ben Yaakov, Yair Peled, Malena Cohen-Cymberknoh, Diana Averbuch, Ronit Brodie and Menachem Gross
Children 2025, 12(5), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050558 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1922
Abstract
Objectives: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of middle ear disorders and associated risk factors that contribute to speech and language developmental delays in children with Down Syndrome. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in 70 children with Down [...] Read more.
Objectives: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of middle ear disorders and associated risk factors that contribute to speech and language developmental delays in children with Down Syndrome. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in 70 children with Down Syndrome between the ages of 1 and 18. Data, including complete physical and otorhinolaryngological examinations, hearing tests, and evaluation of speech and language skills, was compared to a historic typical control group. Results: Recurrent otitis media was significantly higher in the study group (56.5%) compared to the control (26%) (p = 0.05). The rate of conductive hearing loss was significantly higher in the study group (71.2%) compared to the control (14.9%) (p = 0.0001). Conductive hearing loss was statistically associated with delayed speech development (p = 0.046). Conclusions: Middle ear disorders are common in children with Down Syndrome and are associated with conductive hearing loss and delay of speech and language development. This study emphasizes the importance of routine examination of this population by an Otorhinolaryngologist and speech therapist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)

Review

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21 pages, 625 KB  
Review
The Otoacoustic Emissions in the Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening: An Update on Selected Asian States (2005 to 2025)
by Stavros Hatzopoulos, Ludovica Cardinali, Piotr Henryk Skarzynski and Giovanna Zimatore
Children 2026, 13(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13010060 - 31 Dec 2025
Viewed by 541
Abstract
Background: Although significant progress has been made in Neonatal Hearing Screening (NHS) over the past two decades, the available data on Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (UNHS) practices across Asia remain limited. The aim of this scoping review was therefore twofold: (a) to [...] Read more.
Background: Although significant progress has been made in Neonatal Hearing Screening (NHS) over the past two decades, the available data on Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (UNHS) practices across Asia remain limited. The aim of this scoping review was therefore twofold: (a) to identify and synthesize the most recent literature (within the past 20 years) concerning NHS/UNHS programs in Asian states, and (b) to summarize evidence on screening procedures, the intervention strategies, and the estimated prevalence of congenital hearing loss (HL), with particular attention to cases of bilateral impairment. Methods: In line with previous reports from our group on the screening practices in Europe and in Africa, queries were conducted via the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for the time window of 2005–2025. The Mesh terms used were “Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)”, “Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening”, “congenital hearing loss”, “well babies” and “ASIA”, as well as all 50 Asian state names. Only research articles and review papers were considered as good candidates. The standard English language filter was used. Results: To maintain homogeneity in terms of state area and population, the studies conducted in China and India were excluded from this report and will be the focus of a dedicated paper. Data from 31 papers were considered, reflecting the neonatal hearing practices of 17 Asian states, of which in 12, UNHS programs are considered mandatory. Conclusions: The information on the Asian NHS is limited to a low percentage of Asian states. The available data strongly suggest that audiologists and other hearing professionals, involved in regional or national screening initiatives, should collect systematically and disseminate the screening information through peer-reviewed scientific publications. The latter will contribute to a broader understanding of program effectiveness and will facilitate international benchmarking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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13 pages, 925 KB  
Review
Early Hearing Interventions for Children with Hearing Loss in Africa: A 21-Year Scoping Review (2004–2025)
by Stavros Hatzopoulos, Ludovica Cardinali, Piotr Henryk Skarzynski, Abiodun T. Adewunmi and Giovanna Zimatore
Children 2025, 12(7), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070864 - 30 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1149
Abstract
Background: The objectives of this scoping review were (a) to identify the most recent (in a 21-year span) literature information about hearing intervention programs in Africa and (b) to provide data on the intervention practices, policies and the factors prohibiting the larger diffusion [...] Read more.
Background: The objectives of this scoping review were (a) to identify the most recent (in a 21-year span) literature information about hearing intervention programs in Africa and (b) to provide data on the intervention practices, policies and the factors prohibiting the larger diffusion of the hearing technologies in the African states. Methods: Queries were conducted via the PubMed and Scopus databases for the time window from 2005 to 2025. The mesh terms used were “hearing aids”, “cochlear implants”, and “hearing intervention Africa”. Only research articles and review papers were considered as good candidates. The standard English language filter was not used, so as to also identify information from non-English-speaking scientific communities and groups. Results: Data from eight papers were considered, reflecting the hearing intervention practices of six African states. These reports, although integral in themselves, examine different aspects of children’s hearing identification and grouping the information was not entirely feasible. It is assumed that since there are no organized or centralized NHS programs in the African states, the primary driver of hearing identification appears to be parental vigilance. The cochlear implant intervention is not very diffused mainly due to complex economic factors of the weak African economies. Anecdotal data refer to cultural bias versus hearing intervention technology, but this information needs further elucidation. Conclusions: The information on the African programs on hearing intervention policies is quite scarce, as in the case of African NHS. Within this context, it is very important to convince audiologists and ENTs from the African localized programs to publish their data in mainstream channels so that new information can be assessed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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14 pages, 869 KB  
Review
Congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV) Infection as a Leading Cause of Pediatric Hearing Loss: Review
by Amber Cradeur, Aaron Jackson, Erin Ware, Torrey L. Fourrier and Gauri Mankekar
Children 2025, 12(5), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050613 - 8 May 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2621
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is a significant cause of pediatric hearing loss. However, the prevalence and characteristics of cCMV-related hearing loss remain unclear. Methods: A comprehensive search of major databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify studies [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is a significant cause of pediatric hearing loss. However, the prevalence and characteristics of cCMV-related hearing loss remain unclear. Methods: A comprehensive search of major databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify studies and reviews published between 2000 and 2024 that investigated cCMV infection, testing for cCMV, and pediatric hearing loss. Studies were included if they reported on the prevalence, characteristics, current policies, and recommendations for universal cCMV testing in newborns. Results: This review highlights key issues: cCMV is a significant and treatable cause of pediatric hearing loss; most cCMV-related hearing loss cases presented with bilateral and profound hearing impairment; and cCMV testing is performed only for babies who fail newborn hearing screening. Conclusions: This narrative review highlights the significant association between cCMV infection and pediatric hearing loss. Currently, targeted cCMV testing is recommended for newborns who fail newborn hearing screening. Universal cCMV testing may facilitate early diagnosis and directed intervention and could be cost-effective in the long run. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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16 pages, 1011 KB  
Review
The Otoacoustic Emissions in the Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening: A Scoping Review Update on the African Data (2004 to 2024)
by Stavros Hatzopoulos, Ludovica Cardinali, Piotr Henryk Skarzynski and Giovanna Zimatore
Children 2025, 12(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020141 - 27 Jan 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
Background: The reported data on African universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) practices tend to be quite scarce, despite the developments in hearing screening the last two decades. The objective of this systematic review was (a) to identify the most recent (in a 20-year [...] Read more.
Background: The reported data on African universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) practices tend to be quite scarce, despite the developments in hearing screening the last two decades. The objective of this systematic review was (a) to identify the most recent (in a 20-year span) literature information about NHS/UNHS programs in Africa and (b) to provide data on the procedures used to assess the population, the intervention policies, and on the estimated prevalence of congenital hearing loss with an emphasis on bilateral hearing loss cases. Methods: Queries were conducted via the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for the time window of 2004–2024. The mesh terms used were “OAE”, “universal neonatal hearing screening”, “congenital hearing loss”, “well babies”, and “Africa”. Only research articles and review papers were considered as good candidates. The standard English language filter was not used, to identify information from non-English-speaking scientific communities and groups. Results: Data from 15 papers were considered, reflecting the neonatal hearing practices of nine African states. No country-wide NHS programs were reported. The various screening realities are implemented within big urban centers, leaving the residents of rural areas unassisted. For the latter, proposals based on tele-medicine protocols have been suggested. The data on HL prevalence are also incomplete, but the available data refer to rates from 3 to 360 subjects per 1000. These data cannot be taken at face value but within the small sample size context in which they were acquired. Regarding the causes of HL, very few data have been reported; consanguinity is the most attributed factor, at least in the Sub-Saharan African states. For the majority of the programs, no data were reported on hearing loss prevalence/incidence or on any strategies to restore hearing. Conclusions: The information on the African neonatal hearing screening are quite scarce, and it is an urgent need to convince audiologists from the African localized programs to publish their hearing screening data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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Other

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24 pages, 1755 KB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review on Microtia: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
by Filippo Hellies, Silvia Fracaro, Gino Marioni, Annalisa Trotta, Martina Todesco, Martina Casarin, Andrea Bagno, Elisabetta Zanoletti, Giovanna Albertin and Laura Astolfi
Children 2025, 12(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040411 - 25 Mar 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5469
Abstract
Background: Microtia is a congenital outer ear deformity that causes the auricle to be absent or underdeveloped. It is frequently associated with external auditory canal atresia and causes hearing and psychosocial problems. Objectives: We thoroughly investigate the aspects of microtia and explore both [...] Read more.
Background: Microtia is a congenital outer ear deformity that causes the auricle to be absent or underdeveloped. It is frequently associated with external auditory canal atresia and causes hearing and psychosocial problems. Objectives: We thoroughly investigate the aspects of microtia and explore both current and innovative therapies. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on microtia and reconstruction methodologies. This review utilized three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: The etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors and can occur as part of a syndrome or as an isolated condition. Clinically, it has esthetic and functional implications, potentially leading to conductive hearing loss. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for treatment, which includes surgical reconstruction using autologous cartilage or synthetic prostheses. Advances in bioengineering and 3D printing offer new, less invasive solutions. Conclusions: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on microtia, focusing on tissue engineering for auricular reconstruction, identifying research gaps, evaluating techniques, and providing a resource for clinicians to improve decision-making and foster further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss in Children: The Present and a Challenge for Future)
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