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Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics

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A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Dental Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2024) | Viewed by 22655

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Dr. Dimitrios Dionysopoulos

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Department of Operative Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: composite resins; dental materials; restorative dentistry; operative dentistry; dental cariesc; teeth whitening; preventive dentistry; dental biomaterials; cariology; laser in dentistry; adhesives; conservative dentistry; glass Ionomer cements; tooth erosion; tooth bleaching; bleaching agents; fluoride
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Dear Colleagues,

During the last several decades, the restorative approach in dentistry has steadily evolved, progressing from mechanical retention to advanced adhesion. Moreover, there is a strong trend in materials science to develop and apply biomaterials that can interact with the tooth tissues and the oral environment. Additionally, smart materials have been introduced in the dental industry, which can be defined as materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli. Certain alloys, composites or ceramics, for example, can display smart behavior by undergoing predictable structural changes in response to applied mechanical or thermal stimuli. It is beyond doubt that biomaterials science in dentistry promotes the merits of conservative dentistry, which intends to the longevity of the natural dentition. The benefit for the patient and the quality of dental therapy will undergo a significant improvement if materials such as dental composites and ceramics are developed and introduced further. Behind the concept of bioactive materials lays the education of the dental clinicians in modern caries detection and removal, and in the conservative restoration of tooth structure that reflects the higher resistance to wear.

This Special Issue calls for recent studies from a range of fields in biomaterials science that are poised to guide investigations on the development of novel biomaterials and techniques for conservative dentistry and prosthodontics and understanding their mechanisms and clinical perspectives.

Dr. Dimitrios Dionysopoulos
Guest Editor

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Keywords

biomaterials
conservative dentistry
prosthodontics
bioactive glasses
tooth tissue interaction
bioceramics
bioactive composites

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Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition) in Journal of Functional Biomaterials

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18 pages, 3237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Photoaging on the Structure, Optical Properties and Roughness of One-Shade Composite Restoratives

by Aikaterini Petropoulou, Maria Dimitriadi, Spiros Zinelis, Maria Antoniadou and George Eliades

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090245 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 863

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the degree of C=C conversion (DC%), chemical structure, optical properties and roughness of one-shade composites before/after photoaging. Τhe one-shade materials tested were Charisma Topaz One (CHT), Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Universal (MES), Essentia Universal (ESU) and Omnichroma (OMN), with G-aenial Anterior (CNA) serving as control. Specimens (2 mm thickness) were prepared and tested for DC% and chemical structure (ATR–FTIR spectroscopy), optical properties (L*a*b*–ΔΕ, translucency parameter–TP, opalescence parameter–OP, contrast ratio–CR and total transmittance–TT by UV–Vis spectroscopy) and roughness (Sa, Sz, Sdr, Sds and Sc by optical profilometry) before and after photoaging (Xe-arc weatherometer). Significant differences were found in DC% between top–bottom surfaces (ESU, OMN before; ESU, CNA after). Photoaging improved DC%, reduced ester peaks implying photodegradation, reduced L* (CHT, OMN, CNA), a* (CHT, CNA), b* (OMN, CNA), TP (all, except for MES), OP (only MES), CR (only MES, but an increase in CNA) and TT (CHT, OMN). OMN, CNA and MES demonstrated ΔΕ > 3.3. Photoaging significantly increased all roughness parameters in all materials, except for MES (Sz, Sdr, Sc) and OMN (Sdr). Although listed in the same group, significant differences were found in one-shade composites before and after photoaging. Several products were strongly affected by photoaging, demonstrating evidence of photodegradation, an increased roughness and color changes exceeding the clinically acceptable levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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22 pages, 11621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Finite Element Method Study on a Simulation of the Thermal Behaviour of Four Methods for the Restoration of Class II Cavities

by Adela Nicoleta Staicu, Mihaela Jana Țuculină, Cristian Niky Cumpătă, Ana Maria Rîcă, Maria Cristina Beznă, Dragoș Laurențiu Popa, Alexandru Dan Popescu and Oana Andreea Diaconu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040086 - 30 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1320

Abstract

The possibility of dental pulp damage during dental procedures is well known. According to studies, during finishing and polishing without cooling, temperatures of up to 140 °C or more can be generated. There are many studies that have analysed the influence of the finishing and polishing of fillings on the mechanical parameters, but the analysis of thermal parameters has led to uncertain results due to the difficulty of performing this in vivo. Background: We set out to conduct a study, using the finite element method, to determine the extent to which the type of class II cavity and the volume of the composite filling influence the duration of heat transfer to the pulp during finishing and polishing without cooling. Materials and Methods: A virtual model of an upper primary molar was used, with a caries process located on the distal aspect, in which four types of cavities were digitally prepared: direct access, horizontal slot, vertical slot and occlusal–proximal. All four cavity types were filled using a Filtek Supreme XT nanocomposite. Results: The study showed that the filling volume almost inversely proportionally influences the time at which the dental pulp reaches the critical temperature of irreversible damage. The lowest duration occurred in occlusal–distal restorations and the highest in direct access restorations. Conclusions: based on the results of the study, a working protocol can be issued so that finishing and polishing restorations without cooling are safe for pulpal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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19 pages, 6053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential Teeth Bleaching and Halitosis Prevention Effects of Pediococcus inopinatus THK-30, a Kimchi-Derived Lactic Acid Bacterium: In Vitro Study

by Trang Thi Minh Nguyen, Qiwen Zheng, Eun-Ji Yi, Arce Defeo Bellere, Xiangji Jin, Hong-Yong Kim and Tae-Hoo Yi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030064 - 7 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2296

Abstract

Background: Recent developments in addressing dental aesthetic concerns, encompassing issues like teeth discoloration and halitosis, underscore the demand for safer alternative solutions. Purpose: This study aims to confirm the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kimchi on artificial teeth bleaching and their potential impact in terms of preventing halitosis-related bacteria. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens, disc diffusion tests and broth microdilution methods were used. Additionally, crystal violet analysis was performed to confirm the biofilm inhibition effect. The bleaching effects on stained artificial teeth were analyzed using the CIEDE2000 colorimetric method. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 9 with one-way and two-way ANOVA, with the significance level set at α < 0.05. Results: The strain THK-30, isolated from kimchi, exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and was identified as Pediococcus inopinatus. Moreover, THK-30 showed a synergistic antibacterial effect against Gram-negative oral pathogens with 8% sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). In the stained artificial teeth bleaching test and artificial teeth biofilm inhibition test, the cell-free supernatant of THK-30 displayed significant teeth bleaching effects and caused the inhibition of biofilm formation, both independently and in combination with SHMP 8%. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated the potential applicability of LAB in teeth discoloration and halitosis. These findings are poised to provide a foundation for the development of research pertaining to the control of oral bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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11 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Dentinal Shear Bond Strength and Resin Interface in Primary Molars after Pre-Treatment with Various Dentin Bio-Modifiers: An In Vitro Study

by Saima Sultan, Seema Chaudhary, T. R. Chaitra, Naveen Manuja, Sinha Ashish Amit, Mamata Iranna Hebbal, Alhanoof Aldegheishem, Selma A. Saadaldin, Elzahraa Eldwakhly, Amal Ali and Mai Soliman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020041 - 11 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1957

Abstract

Dentine adhesives have demonstrated great success with permanent teeth. Though the results in primary teeth are not well documented, some studies have demonstrated lower values of bond strength in primary teeth than those found in permanent teeth. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (6.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), glutaraldehyde (5%) (Loba Chemie PVT. LTD., Mumbai), hesperidin (0.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (tooth mousse) (GC Corporation, Alsip, IL, USA) on the shear bond strength of dentine of primary teeth and to evaluate the resin tags at the resin tooth interface. Seventy-five caries-free human primary molars were collected, and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat. Dentin surfaces were etched using phosphoric acid. Then teeth were randomly assigned in sequential order to five groups according to the dentinal treatment method: Group I (Control group) (no treatment), Group II (5% glutaraldehyde), Group III (6.5% grape seed extract), Group IV (0.5% hesperidin), and Group V (CPP-ACP). Ten teeth from each group were assigned for Shear Bond Strength and five for SEM analysis. ANOVA and a post hoc least significant difference test (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The grape seed extract group showed significantly increased shear bond strength than the control group (p < 0.05), and the mean length of resin tags in different dentine bio modifiers groups was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of dentin bio modifiers such as 5% glutaraldehyde, 6.5% grape seed extract, 0.5% hesperidin, and CPP-ACP in the bonding process for primary teeth did not improve the dentinal bond strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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13 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ceramic Thickness and Technician Variability on the Shade Duplication of Dental Ceramo-Metallic Restorations

by Rasha M. Abdelraouf, Taheya A. Moussa, Tamer M. Hamdy, Reem A. Abuhaimed, Alanoud M. Alotaibi, Carlos A. Jurado, Abdulaziz Alhotan, Bushra Alhelal and Nour A. Habib

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010012 - 28 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1846

Abstract

Ceramic thickness and technicians’ manipulative variables are critical factors affecting the resultant shade of dental ceramo-metallic restorations. This study investigated the effect of the following variables on shade duplication of ceramo-metallic specimens: (a) ceramic thickness; (b) differences between several technicians (inter-technician variability); and (c) the ability of each technician to repeat the resultant shade (intra-technician variability). Ninety ceramo-metallic specimens were prepared and divided into three main groups (n = 30/gp) according to the different technicians who built up the veneering ceramic of the specimens. Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 10/subgroup) according to the thickness of the ceramic (1, 1.5, and 2 mm built over a 0.5 mm-thick metal substructure). Three different technicians were asked to follow the same protocol as regards the same ceramic batch (Shade 3M2, Vita VM13, Zahnfabrik, Germany), firing temperature, and number of firing cycles. Meanwhile, each technician followed his own protocol with regard to other ceramic manipulative variables. The duplicated shades of the specimens were investigated using the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer by using the verify shade mode. Color difference (∆E) values were calculated between the target shade (3M2) and the duplicated shades of the specimens automatically by the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer (Vita, Zahnfabrik, Germany). The effect of ceramic thickness and inter- and intra-technician variability on the duplication of the target shade was investigated. The results showed that the effect of ceramic thickness on the duplicated shades depended on inter-technician variability. High inter-technician variability (∆E = 2–6.4) was noticed in contrast to low intra-technician variability (∆E = 0.2–1.5). It could be concluded that proper shade-duplication of ceramo-metallic restoration was a cumulative technique intimately related to manipulative variables and ceramic thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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11 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Storage Temperature on Selected Strength Parameters of Dual-Cured Composite Cements

by Joanna Giełzak, Agata Szczesio-Wlodarczyk and Kinga Bociong

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100487 - 22 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Direct restorations are currently the most popular restorations used in dental prosthodontics. Due to the increased requirements for materials used in the fabrication of fixed restorations, there is a need for evaluation of strength parameters of these materials, including dental cements. The present study investigated the change in selected strength parameters of four dual-cured composite cements as a function of storage temperature. The following were investigated: three-point flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus in bending (FM), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and Vickers hardness (HV). Four dual-cured composite cements were tested, i.e., Multilink Automix (Ivoclar Vivadent), seT PP (SDI), MaxCem (Kerr), and Bifix Hybrid Abutment (VOCO). Each of the tested cements was stored for 7 days at one of the selected temperatures: 8 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, or 35 °C, before the samples were made. Strength properties (DTS, FS) are not strongly dependent on the storage temperature in the range of 8–35 °C. Some statistical differences were observed between the hardness of MaxCem and Multilink Automix storage in various temperatures. FS and FM were lowest for Bifix Hybrid Abutment, MaxCem and Multilink Automix storage at 25 °C, and highest for Bifix Hybrid Abutment, MaxCem, and seT PP stored in 35 °C. The cement with the highest filler content (70% by weight) showed the highest FS and HV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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14 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency of Various Tubular Occlusion Agents in Human Dentin after In-Office Tooth Bleaching

by Natalia Papazisi, Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Olga Naka, Dimitris Strakas, Sotiria Davidopoulou and Kosmas Tolidis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080430 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2922

Abstract

The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate and compare the impact of five desensitizing techniques as a treatment fortooth sensitivity on the exposed dentin after an in-office tooth bleaching procedure. Thirty intact human molars were collected for this investigation. The specimens were obtained by transversely cutting 2.5 mm of the crowns, leading to exposure of the dentin. The specimens were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and treated initially with EDTA gel 15% for 4 min and then with Opalescence Boost bleaching gel (40% H₂O₂) for two sets of 20 min. Then, the samples were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5) and received one of the following treatments: Group 1 (no treatment—control group), Group 2 (Emofluor gel—0.4% SnF₂), Group 3 (MI Paste—CPP-ACPF), Group 4 (BioMinF paste—calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate), Group 5 (air-abrasion with ProSylc—Bioglass 45S5), and Group 6 (Er,Cr:YSGG laser). Subsequently, each sample was observed utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to detect the rate of occlusion of dentin tubules. SEM-EDS analysis revealed no occlusion of the dentin tubules in the control group, while Groups 2, 4, and 5 presented high effectiveness (>95% percentage of occluded tubules), and Groups 3 and 6 presented lower values (21.6 and 26.8%, respectively). It was concluded that althoughall the tested groups presented higher percentages of occlusion of the dentinal tubules compared to the control group, there were differences in effectiveness among them. The most effective treatments were the daily use of BioMinF paste and SnF₂-containing gel, as well as air-abrasion with ProSylc powder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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14 pages, 5396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In-Vitro Comparison of Fracture Strength of Endocrowns and Overlays in Endodontically Treated Teeth Manufactured with Monolithic Lithium Disilicate and Zirconia

by Maya Veselinova, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Chariklia Paximada and Efstratios Papazoglou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080422 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3234

Abstract

To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into four 12-specimen groups. Group ELD: lithium disilicate endocrowns. Group EZ: monolithic zirconia endocrowns. Group OLD: lithium disilicate overlays. Group OZ: monolithic zirconia overlays. Overlays did not extend in the pulp chamber and endocrowns extended in the pulp chamber 2 mm. After adhesive bonding of the restorations, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling (×5000 cycles) and then to fracture resistance testing at lateral static loading (1 mm/min) at a universal testing machine. The failure mode of the specimens was qualitatively evaluated. Differences in means were compared using with t-tests for independent samples or Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Weibull distribution analysis was also performed. Group ELD showed significantly higher fracture strength than all other groups (p = 0.001), and the highest Weibull modulus. Conclusions: Lithium disilicate endocrowns exhibit higher fracture strength and are more reliable compared to the other types of restorations examined. Endocrowns had more catastrophic failures compared to overlays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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15 pages, 3984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Abutment Rigidity on the Wear Resistance of a Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic: An In Vitro Study

by Przemysław Kosewski, Francesco De Angelis, Edoardo Sorrentino, Agnieszka Mielczarek, Matteo Buonvivere and Camillo D’Arcangelo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080395 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Lithium disilicate (LDS) glass ceramics are among the most common biomaterials in conservative dentistry and prosthodontics, and their wear behavior is of paramount clinical interest. An innovative in vitro model is presented, which employs CAD/CAM technology to simulate the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The model aims to evaluate the effect of the abutment rigidity on the wear resistance of the LDS glass ceramic. Two experimental groups (LDS restorations supported by dental implants, named LDS-on-Implant, or by hybrid ceramic tooth replicas with artificial periodontal ligament, named LDS-on-Tooth-Replica) and a control group (LDS-Cylinders) were compared. Fifteen samples (n = 15) were fabricated for each group and subjected to testing, with LDS antagonistic cusps opposing them over 120,000 cycles using a dual axis chewing simulator. Wear resistance was analyzed by measuring the vertical wear depth (mm) and the volume loss (mm³) on each LDS sample, as well as the linear antagonist wear (mm) on LDS cusps. Mean values were calculated for LDS-Cylinders (0.186 mm, 0.322 mm³, 0.220 mm, respectively), LDS-on-Implant (0.128 mm, 0.166 mm³, 0.199 mm, respectively), and LDS-on-Tooth-Replica (0.098 mm, 0.107 mm³, 0.172 mm, respectively) and compared using one-way-ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. The level of significance was set at 0.05 in all tests. Wear facets were inspected under a scanning electron microscope. Data analysis revealed that abutment rigidity was able to significantly affect the wear pattern of LDS, which seems to be more intense on rigid implant-abutment supports compared to resilient teeth replicas with artificial periodontal ligament. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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11 pages, 1482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Various Beverages on Adhesion of Repaired CAD/CAM Restorative Materials

by Elif Yiğit, Hamiyet Güngör Erdoğan, Tan Fırat Eyüboğlu and Mutlu Özcan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070380 - 20 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1510

Abstract

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of commonly consumed beverages on the bond strength of three different computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin–ceramic hybrid materials repaired with resin-based composite (RBC) materials. (2) Materials and Methods: Rectangular prism specimens (N = 138) measuring 6 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm were obtained from GC Cerasmart (GC), Lava Ultimate (LU), and Vita Enamic (VE) blocks. These blocks were polished and then subjected to thermal cycling (10,000 cycles, 5 °C to 55 °C). After the surface treatment was applied, the average surface roughness value was measured. All the surfaces were repaired with RBC. Thermal cycling was performed for the second time. Each group was then distributed into three subgroups according to the beverage used: tea (t), cola (c), and distilled water (0) (n = 15). The specimens were stored in these solutions for 28 days and then subjected to the shear bond strength (SBS) test. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni adjustment. (3) Results: The surface roughness of the materials presented no significant difference after different surface treatments (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed among the materials (p > 0.05). Tea and cola presented similar SBS values (p > 0.05). Both were significantly lower than distilled water (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). (4) Conclusions: Consumption of beverages reduces the bond strength in surfaces repaired with RBC to CAD/CAM resin–ceramic hybrid materials. (5) Clinical Significance: Repairing damaged resin matrix dental restorations with RBC is advantageous in terms of time and cost by achieving adequate bond strengths. Frequently consumed beverages reduce the bond strength of repaired CAD/CAM resin–ceramic hybrid materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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16 pages, 5112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Antifungal and Cytotoxic Potential for Further Dental Applications

by Widadh Klein, Enas Ismail, Ernest Maboza, Ahmed A. Hussein and Razia Z. Adam

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070379 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Fungal infections caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans) are one of the most prevalent types of oral disorders in the elderly. It has been reported that drug resistance to fungal pathogens poses a severe risk to global healthcare systems and public health. Therefore, the goal of this work is to investigate the cytotoxic and antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced using three different natural extracts: Berzelia lanuginose, Helichrysum cymosum, and Searsia crenata. According to the UV-Vis results, the synthesized AgNPs via B. lanuginose, H. cymosum, and S. crenata show surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) peaks at 430, 440, and 428 nm, respectively. HR-TEM revealed different shapes for the nanoparticles within the size ranges of 16–20, 31–60, and 57–72 nm for B. lanuginose, H. cymosum, and S. crenata, respectively. Using a human oral fibroblast cell line, the cytotoxicity of both AgNPs and plant extracts was tested at concentrations of 0.007, 0.012, 0.025, and 0.062 mg/mL (buccal mucosa fibroblasts). The antifungal activity showed growth inhibition zones of approximately 18 mm, 18.67 mm, and 18.33 mm for the AgNPs conjugated with B. lanuginose, H. cymosum, and S. crenata, respectively. For the studied samples, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₅₀) was less than 0.015 mg/mL. The AgNPs exhibited antifungal activity that was concentration- and size-dependent. The results of this study offer new insights into the cytotoxicity and antifungal activity of the green-synthesized AgNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

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