Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Incidence of CAM
4. Risk Factors
5. Clinical Presentation
6. Diagnosis
7. Imaging
8. Treatment
9. Outcome
10. Limitations
11. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Section and Topic | Item # | Checklist Item | Location Where Item is Reported |
TITLE | |||
Title | 1 | Identify the report as a systematic review. | Pages 1,2 |
ABSTRACT | |||
Abstract | 2 | See the PRISMA 2020 for Abstracts checklist. | Page 1 |
INTRODUCTION | |||
Rationale | 3 | Describe the rationale for the review in the context of existing knowledge. | Pages 1,2 |
Objectives | 4 | Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses. | Pages 1,2 |
METHODS | |||
Eligibility criteria | 5 | Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how studies were grouped for the syntheses. | Pages 2,3 |
Information sources | 6 | Specify all databases, registers, websites, organizations, reference lists and other sources searched or consulted to identify studies. Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted. | Pages 2,3 |
Search strategy | 7 | Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers and websites, including any filters and limits used. | Pages 2,3 |
Selection process | 8 | Specify the methods used to decide whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review, including how many reviewers screened each record and each report retrieved, whether they worked independently and, if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process. | Pages 2,3 |
Data collection process | 9 | Specify the methods used to collect data from reports, including how many reviewers collected data from each report, whether they worked independently, any processes for obtaining or confirming data from study investigators and, if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process. | Pages 2,3 |
Data items | 10a | List and define all outcomes for which data were sought. Specify whether all results that were compatible with each outcome domain in each study were sought (e.g., for all measures, time points, analyses) and if not, the methods used to decide which results to collect. | Page 3 |
10b | List and define all other variables for which data were sought (e.g., participant and intervention characteristics, funding sources). Describe any assumptions made about any missing or unclear information. | Page 3 | |
Study risk of bias assessment | 11 | Specify the methods used to assess risk of bias in the included studies, including details of the tool(s) used, how many reviewers assessed each study and whether they worked independently and, if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process. | Page 3 |
Effect measures | 12 | Specify for each outcome the effect measure(s) (e.g., risk ratio, mean difference) used in the synthesis or presentation of results. | NA |
Synthesis methods | 13a | Describe the processes used to decide which studies were eligible for each synthesis (e.g., tabulating the study intervention characteristics and comparing against the planned groups for each synthesis (item #5)). | Tables |
13b | Describe any methods required to prepare the data for presentation or synthesis, such as handling of missing summary statistics or data conversions. | NA | |
13c | Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display results of individual studies and syntheses. | Tables | |
13d | Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity, and software package(s) used. | NA | |
13e | Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g., subgroup analysis, meta-regression). | NA | |
13f | Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess robustness of the synthesized results. | NA | |
Reporting bias assessment | 14 | Describe any methods used to assess risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting biases). | Page 3 |
Certainty assessment | 15 | Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome. | NA |
RESULTS | |||
Study selection | 16a | Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram. | Figure 1 |
16b | Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded and explain why they were excluded. | Pages 2,3 | |
Study characteristics | 17 | Cite each included study and present its characteristics. | Table 1 |
Risk of bias in studies | 18 | Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study. | Table 1 |
Results of individual studies | 19 | For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an effect estimate and its precision (e.g., confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots. | Tables |
Results of syntheses | 20a | For each synthesis, briefly summarize the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies. | Table 1 |
20b | Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was performed, present, for each, the summary estimate and its precision (e.g., confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect. | Pages 3–10 | |
20c | Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results. | Heterogeneity observed in mortality rates, causes page 10 | |
20d | Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results. | NA | |
Reporting biases | 21 | Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed. | NA |
Certainty of evidence | 22 | Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed. | NA |
DISCUSSION | |||
Discussion | 23a | Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence. | Pages 3–10 |
23b | Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review. | Page 10 | |
23c | Discuss any limitations of the review processes used. | NA | |
23d | Discuss implications of the results for practice, policy and future research. | Page 10 | |
OTHER INFORMATION | |||
Registration and protocol | 24a | Provide registration information for the review, including register name and registration number, or state that the review was not registered. | NA |
24b | Indicate where the review protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared. | NA | |
24c | Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol. | NA | |
Support | 25 | Describe sources of financial or non-financial support for the review and the role of the funders or sponsors in the review. | No financial support to report |
Competing interests | 26 | Declare any competing interests of review authors. | Page 25 |
Availability of data, code and other materials | 27 | Report which of the following are publicly available and where they can be found: template data collection forms; data extracted from included studies; data used for all analyses; analytic code; any other materials used in the review. | All data available |
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Study | Study Design | Country | CAM Patients (n) | Setting/Departments | Quality Rating * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Said Ahmed WM et al. [29] | Case series | Egypt | 14 | Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | Fair |
Murthy R et al. [30] | Case series | India | 111 | NA | Poor |
Walia S et al. [31] | Prospective cohort study | India | 540 | Eye Care centre | Good |
Vare AA et al. [32] | Retrospective | India | 67 | Hospital | Good |
Fouad YA et al. [33] | Multicentric, retrospective case series | Egypt | 26 | Ophthalmological center | Good |
Soni K et al. [34] | Retrospective | India | 145 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Metwally MI et al. [35] | Cross section study | Egypt | 63 | Radiology department | Fair |
Arora U et al. [36] | Retrospective case-control study | India | 152 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Jindal G et al. [37] | Prospective observational | India | 15 | Radiology department | Fair |
Syed-Abdul S et al. [38] | Retrospective | India | 214 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Patel A et al. [3] | Retrospective | India | 29 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Pruthi H et al. [39] | Case series | India | 5 | Referral center | Poor |
Bansal SB et al. [40] | Retrospective | India | 11 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Dulski TM et al. [41] | MMWR/CDC | USA | 10 | 6 hospitals | Poor |
Meshram HS et al. [42] | Retrospective cohort study | India | 61 | 18 transplant centers | Good |
Aggarwal SK et al. [43] | Case series | India | 13 | Referral center | Fair |
Kulkarni R et al. [44] | Retrospective, multi-centre study | India | 102 | 13 urban tertiary care centers | Good |
Choksi T et al. [45] | Retrospective case–control study | India | 73 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Kumar S et al. [46]. | Prospective | India | 287 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Mehta R et al. [47] | Case series | India | 17 | Head and Neck Surgery | Poor |
Panwar P et al. [48] | Case series | India | 7 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Patel DD et al. [49] | Cross-sectional study | India | 96 | Radiology department | Fair |
Vaid N et al. [50] | Observational | India | 65 | Tertiary care center | Poor |
Goddanti N et al. [51] | Retrospective cohort study | India | 300 | ENT center | Good |
Yadav T et al. [52] | Retrospective | India | 50 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Meshram VB et al. [53] | Retrospective | India | 11 | Nephrology and transplantation | Good |
Zirpe K et al. [54] | Retrospective, observational | India | 84 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Alloush TK et al. [55] | Retrospective case series | Egypt | 14 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Pal P et al. [56] | Retrospective observational | India | 10 | NA | Poor |
Danion F et al. [57] | Retrospective nationwide study | France | 17 | 59 French mycology laboratories | Good |
Nehara HR et al. [58] | Prospective observational | India | 105 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Pandiar D et al. [59] | Prospective observational | India | 12 | Outpatient center | Fair |
Kumar S et al. [60] | Case–control study | India | 55 | Rural center | Good |
Bilgic A et al. [61] | Retrospective cases series | India | 38 | 6 centers | Good |
Guemas E et al. [62] | Retrospective | France | 10 | ICU | Good |
Kumar SG et al. [63] | Retrospective | India | 101 | Tertiary care centre | Fair |
Mani S et al. [64] | Retrospective observational | India | 89 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Dravid A et al. [65] | Retrospective cohort study | India | 59 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Naruka S et al. [66] | Case series | India | 79 | Tertiary care center | Good |
Jain K et al. [67] | Prospective | India | 95 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Bhanuprasad K et al. [68] | Prospective | India | 132 | Hospital | Good |
Desai EJ et al. [69] | Observational | India | 100 | ENT department | Poor |
Nasir \n et al. [70] | Observational | Pakistan | 10 | NA | Fair |
Gupta\s et al. [71] | Observational retrospective | India | 56 | ENT department | Fair |
Joshi S et al. [4] | Retrospective | India | 178 | ENT department | Fair |
Pradhan P et al. [72] | Retrospective | India | 46 | Otorhinolaryngology department | Poor |
Mehta RNM et al. [73] | Prospective interventional study | India | 215 | NA | Good |
Riad A et al. [74] | Case series | Egypt | 7 | 4 hospitals | Fair |
Guzmán-Castro S et al. [75] | Retrospective | Mexico | 6 | General hospital | Fair |
Seidel D et al. [76] | Survey | Germany | 13 | 6 tertiary care centers | Good |
Gupta R et al. [77] | Multicentric observational | India | 115 | Tertiary care centers | Fair |
Alfishawy M et al. [78] | Case series | Egypt | 21 | NA | Fair |
Dave TV et al. [79] | Multi-centric retrospective | India | 58 | 9 hospitals | Good |
Selarka L et al. [80] | Prospective, observational, multi-centre | India | 47 | 3 tertiary care centers | Fair |
Avatef Fazeli M et al. [81] | Observational retrospective | Iran | 12 | Educational therapeutic hospital | Good |
Mishra Y et al. [82] | Descriptive study | India | 32 | COVID-19 Care Centre | Good |
Sen M et al. [83] | Retrospective, observational | India | 2826 | 102 treatment centers | Fair |
Pakdel F et al. [84] | Cross-sectional descriptive multicenter | Iran | 15 | 5 COVID-19 centers | Good |
Y M. Reddy et al. [85] | Case series | India | 6 | Department of Neurology | Fair |
R.Arora et al. [86] | Cross-sectional study | India | 60 | Hospital | Fair |
D.P Gupta et al. [87] | Prospective cross-sectional study | India | 70 | ENT department | Poor |
M.Gautam et al. [88] | Prospective cohort study | India | 30 | Department of ophthalmology | Fair |
R.M.Mehta et al. [89] | Case series | India | 5 | Department of pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine | Fair |
Y.M.Reddy et al. [90] | Retrospective cohort study | India | 31 | Tertiary care hospital | Fair |
S.P.Singh et al. [91] | Case series | India | 6 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
M.Hada et al. [92] | Cross-sectional study | India | 270 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
M. Kumar H et al. [93] | Case–control study | India | 28 | Tertiary care hospital | Good |
S. Bhandari et al. [94] | Prospective study | India | 235 | Tertiary care center | Poor |
M Chouhan et al. [95] | Ambispective interventional study | India | 41 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
Y. Singh et al. [96] | Case series | India | 13 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
S M Desai et al. [97] | Retrospective study | India | 50 | Radiology department | Good |
A. Kumari et al. [98] | Retrospective study | India | 20 | Tertiary care center | Fair |
S. Mitra et al. [99] | Case series | India | 32 | ENT department | Poor |
A Ramaswami et al. [100] | Retrospective study | India | 70 | Emergency department | Fair |
A.R. Joshi et al. [101] | Retrospective study | India | 25 | Radiology department | Poor |
A. Patel et al. [102] | Retrospective observational study | India | 187 | 16 healthcare centers | Good |
S Sharma et al. [103] | Prospective observational study | India | 23 | Tertiary care centre | Fair |
R. Kant et al. [104] | Case series | India | 100 | Tertiary care centre | Fair |
C. Eker et al. [105] | Retrospective study | Turkey | 15 | Referral center for ENT care | Fair |
A.K. Pandit et al. [106] | Case–control study | India | 61 | Tertiary care referral hospital | Good |
S.F. Youssif et al. [107] | Retrospective cross-sectional | Egypt | 33 | Tertiary-care center | Good |
A. Sekaran, et al. [108] | Retrospective study | India | 30 | Hospital | Fair |
R. R. Shabana et al. [109] | Retrospective study | Egypt | 30 | Tertiary-care center | Fair |
A. K Patel et al. [110] | Case–control study | India | 64 | Tertiary-care center | Good |
H. D.D. Martins et al. [111] | Case series | Mexico, Brazil | 6 | Two referral services | Poor |
S. Iqtadar et al. [112] | Case series | Pakistan | 7 | Hospital | Poor |
A. Al Balushi et al. [113] | Case series | Oman | 10 | Secondary hospital | Fair |
R. Soman et al. [114] | Case series | India | 28 | Hospital | Fair |
Study | Incidence of CAM (%) | Type of Infection (%) | Cerebral Involvement /ROCM pts, n (%) | IMV or NIV n (%) | DM (% of CAM pts) | Steroids Intake (% of CAM pts) | All-Cause Mortality (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Said Ahmed WM et al. [29] | NA | Maxillary osteomyelitis | 0/14 (0%) | NA | 64.2% DM 35.7% with temporary post-COVID-19 hyperglycemia | NA | NA |
Murthy R et al. [30] | NA | RO | 0/111 (0%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Walia S et al. [31] | NA | SN (100%), O (51.85%), C (9.44%), Cu (1.85%), P (0.18%). | 51/529 (9.6%) | NA | 97.96% | 84.85% | 9.25% |
Vare AA et al. [32] | 1.36% | ROCM | 3/67 (5%) | 18/67 (27%) | 90% | 84% | 34% |
Fouad YA et al. [33] | NA | O | 0/26 (0%) | NA | 96.2% | 76.9% | 46,2% |
Soni K et al. [34] | NA | ROCM | 29/145 (20%) | NA | 86.2% | 65% | 18% |
Metwally MI et al. [35] | NA | Head and neck | 8/63 (12.7%) | NA | 80.9% | 82.5% | 17.5% |
Arora U et al. [36] | NA | RS (29%), RO (47.3%), ROCM (14.5%), O (1.3%), RO/palatal (5.3%), Cu (0.6%), P (1.3%), D (0.6%) | 22/148 (14.9%) | NA | 92.1% | 65.8% | NA |
Jindal G et al. [37] | NA | ROCM | 9/15 (60%) | NA | 100% | 80% | 6.6% |
Syed-Abdul S et al. [38] | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Patel A et al. [3] | NA | RO (96.5%), P (3.4%) | 0/28 (0%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Pruthi H et al. [39] | NA | P | NA | 0/5 (0%) | 100% | NA | 80% |
Bansal SB et al. [40] | 10.8% | RO (91%), P (9%) | NA | 0/11 (0%) | 64%, 36% developed transient hyperglycemia | 100% | 18.2% |
Dulski TM et al. [41] | NA | RO (10%), ROCM (30%), P (30%), D (20%), GI (10%) | 3/4 (75%) | 5/10 (50%) | 80% | 90% | 60% |
Meshram HS et al. [42] | 4.4% | ROCM (91.8%), P (8.2%) | 11/42 (26.2%) | 0/61 (0%) | 24.6% | 44% | 26.2% |
Aggarwal SK et al. [43] | NA | ROCM | 4/13 (30.8%) | NA | 92.3% | 92.3% | 15.4% |
Kulkarni R et al. [44] | 2.1% (1 centre) | ROCM | 12/102 (11.8%) | NA | 81.6% | NA | 51%. |
Choksi T et al. [45] | NA | ROCM | 6/73 (2%) | 17/73 (23.3%) | 74% | 98% | 36% |
Kumar S et al. [46] | NA | ROCM | 60/287 (21%) | NA | 80% | NA | NA |
Mehta R et al. [47] | NA | ROCM | 0/17 (0%) | NA | 100% | NA | NA |
Panwar P et al. [48] | NA | ROCM | 0/7 (0%) | NA | 100% | 42.8% | 0% |
Patel DD et al. [49] | NA | ROCM | 21/96 (21.9%) | 6/96 (6.3%) | 71.8% | 82.3% | NA |
Vaid N et al. [50] | NA | ROCM | NA | NA | 33.8% | 100% | 10.7% |
Goddanti N et al. [51] | NA | ROCM | NA | NA | 95.7% | 79% | NA |
Yadav T et al. [52] | NA | ROCM | 25/50 (50%) | NA | 86% | 44% | NA |
Meshram VB et al. [53] | NA | ROCM (90.9%), P (9%) | 3/10 (30%) | 0/11 (0%) | 54.5% | 100% | 27% |
Zirpe K et al. [54] | NA | ROCM | 20/84 (23.8%) | NA | 64.3% | 83.3% | 15.5% |
Alloush TK et al. [55] | NA | ROCM | 9/14 (64.2%) | 0/14 (0%) | 92.8% | NA | 21.4% |
Pal P et al. [56] | NA | ROCM | 3/10 (30%) | ΝA | 70% | 80% | 30% |
Danion F et al. [57] | NA | P(53%), GI (18%), ROCM (12%), D (18%) | NA | 13/17 (76.5%) | 47% | 76.5% | 88% |
Nehara HR et al. [58] | NA | ROCM | 18/105 (17.1%) | NA | 78.1% | 66.3% | 19.05% |
Pandiar D et al. [59] | NA | Oral | 0/12 (0%) | NA | 66,7% | NA | NA |
Kumar S et al. [60] | NA | NA | NA | 0/55 (0%) | 83.6% | 98.2% | 16% |
Bilgic A et al. [61] | 2.5% | ROCM | NA | 6/38 (16%) | 50% | 100% | 5% |
Guemas E et al. [62] | 7.1% | P | NA | NA | 20% | 90% | 50% |
Kumar SG et al. [63] | NA | ROCM | 44/101 (43.6%) | NA | 94% | 80.1% | 17.8% |
Mani S et al. [64] | NA | ROCM | 4/89 (4.5%) | NA | 96% | 92% | 3.4% |
Dravid A et al. [65] | NA | ROCM (98.3%), D (1.7%) | 26/58 (44.8%) | 3/59 (5.1%) | 89.8% | 100% | 25.4% |
Naruka S et al. [66] | NA | ROCM | 9/79 (11.4%) | NA | 100% | NA | 18.18% |
Jain K et al. [67] | NA | ROCM | 3/95 (3.2%) | NA | 77% | 100% | 5.2% |
Bhanuprasad K et al. [68] | NA | ROCM | 39 (29.5%) | 3/132 (2.3%) | 97.7% | 55.3% | 9.8% |
Desai EJ et al. [69] | NA | ROCM | 0/100 (0%) | NA | 80% | NA | 20% |
Nasir\n et al. [70] | 0.35% | P (60%), ROCM (40%) | 4/4 (100%) | 3/10 (30%) | 70% | 80% | 70% |
Gupta \s et al. [71] | NA | ROCM | 4/56 (7.1%) | NA | 85% | 66% | 16% |
Joshi S et al. [4] | NA | ROCM | 22/178 (12.4%) | 5/178 (2.8%) | 74.2% | 52.8% | 15% |
Pradhan P et al. [72] | NA | ROCM | 10/46 (21.7%) | NA | 95.65% | 89.1% | 19.5% |
Mehta RNM et al. [73] | NA | ROCM | 33/215 (15.3%) | NA | 91% | 88% | 12.1% |
Riad A et al. [74] | NA | ROCM | 7/7 (100%) | NA | 85.7% | 100% | 0% |
Guzmán-Castro S et al. [75] | 0.04% | ROCM (83.3%), P(16.6%) | 5/5 (100%) | 2/6 (33.3%) | 83.3% | 100% | 83.3% |
Seidel D et al. [76] | 2 centres: 0.67%, 0.58% ICU: 1.47%, 1.78% | P(84.6%), ROCM (7.7%), GI (7.7%) | 1/1 (100%) | 11/13 (84.6%) | 23.07% | 84.6% | 53.8% |
Gupta R et al. [77] | NA | ROCM | 25/115 (21.7%) | 13/115 (11.3%) | 85.2% | 100% | 21.7% |
Alfishawy M et al. [78] | NA | ROCM (95.2%), P (4.8%) | 5/20 (25%) | NA | 90% | 100% | 33.3% |
Dave TV et al. [79] | NA | ROCM | 19/58 (33%) | NA | 74% | NA | 34% |
Selarka L et al. [80] | 1.8% | ROCM | 9/47 (19.1%) | 20/47 (42.6%) | 76.6% | 100% | 23.4% |
Avatef Fazeli M et al. [81] | NA | ROCM | 0/12 (0%) | 1/12 (8.3%) | 83.33% | 75% | 66.7% |
Mishra Y et al. [82] | 3.36% | ROCM | 0/32 (0%) | NA | 87.5% | 93% | 12.5% |
Sen M et al. [83] | NA | ROCM | 539/2826 (19.1%) | 114/1602 (7.1) | 78% | 87% | 14% |
Pakdel F et al. [84] | NA | ROCM | 7/15 (46%) | 1/15 (6.7%) | 86% | 46.6% | 47% |
Y M. Reddy et al. [85] | NA | RO | 0/6 (0%) | NA | 100% | 66.7% | 100% |
R. Arora et al. [86] | NA | ROCM | 6/60 (10%) | NA | 98.3% | 63.3% | NA |
D.P Gupta et al. [87] | NA | ROCM | NA | NA | 100% | NA | 5.7% |
M.Gautam et al. [88] | NA | ROCM | NA | NA | 100% | 66.7% | 0% |
R.M.Mehta et al. [89] | NA | P | NA | 4/5 (80%) | 80% | 100% | 80% |
Y.M.Reddy et al. [90] | NA | ROCM | NA | NA | 100% | 80.6% | 35.5% |
S.P.Singh et al. [91] | NA | RO | 0/6 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 100% | 66.7% | 16.7% |
M.Hada et al. [92] | NA | ROCM | 54/270 (20%) | NA | 92.2% | 72% | NA |
M. Kumar H et al. [93] | NA | ROCM (85.7%), P (14.3%) | 15/24 (62.5%) | 6/28 (21.4%) | 75% | 70.4% | 73.9% |
S. Bhandari et al. [94] | NA | NA | NA | NA | 86.8% | 84.3% | NA |
M Chouhan et al. [95] | NA | ROCM | 9/41 (21.9%) | NA | 97.6% | 87.8% | 9.8% |
Y. Singh et al. [96] | NA | ROCM (92.3%), P (7.7%) | 2/12 (16.7%) | 10/13 (76.9%) | 61.5% | 84.6% | 69.2% |
S M Desai et al. [97] | NA | ROCM | 3/50 (6%) | NA | 82% | 84% | 30% |
A. Kumari et al. [98] | NA | ROCM | 4/20 (20%) | NA | 80% | 80% | 30% |
S. Mitra et al. [99] | NA | ROCM | NA | NA | 100% | 78.1% | NA |
A Ramaswami et al. [100] | NA | ROCM | 17/70 (24.3%) | NA | 70% | 70% | NA |
A.R. Joshi et al. [101] | NA | ROCM | 7/25 (28%) | 12/25 (48%) | 88% | 100% | 56% |
A. Patel et al. [102] | 7 centers: 0.27% (general wards) | ROCM (86.1%), P (8.6%), renal (0.5%), other (e.g., Cu, GI) (2.7%), D (2.1%) | 44/161 (27.3%) | NA | 60.4% | 78.1% | 44.1% |
S Sharma et al. [103] | NA | ROCM | 2/23 (8.7%) | NA | 91.3% | 100% | NA |
R. Kant et al. [104] | NA | ROCM (96%), P (4%) | 11/96 (11.5%) | NA | 95% | 81% | 13% |
C. Eker et al. [105] | NA | ROCM | 9/15 (60%) | NA | 100% | NA | 33.3% |
A.K. Pandit et al. [106] | NA | ROCM | 30/56 (53.6%) | NA | 85.7% | 53.6% | 30.6% |
S.F. Youssif et al. [107] | 7.6% | ROCM | 32/33 (97%) | NA | 63.6% | NA | 90.9% |
A. Sekaran, et al. [108] | NA | ROCM | 6/30 (20%) | 8/30 (26.7%) | 100% | 90% | 16.7% |
R. R. Shabana et al. [109] | NA | ROCM | 4/30 (13.3%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 90% | 66.6% | 20% |
A. K Patel et al. [110] | NA | ROCM (92.2%), P (7.8%) | 5/59 (8.5%) | NA | 75% | 90.6% | 4.7% |
H. D.D. Martins et al. [111] | NA | ROCM | 0/6 (0%) | NA | 83.3% | NA | 16.7% |
S. Iqtadar et al. [112] | NA | ROCM | NA | 0/7 (0%) | 71.4% | 100% | 14.3% |
A. Al Balushi et al. [113] | NA | ROCM | 3/10 (30%) | 6/10 (60%) | 100% | 30% | 60% |
R. Soman et al. [114] | NA | ROCM (78.6%), P (21.4%) | 5/22 (22.7%) | NA | NA | NA | 25% |
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Almyroudi, M.P.; Akinosoglou, K.; Rello, J.; Blot, S.; Dimopoulos, G. Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123092
Almyroudi MP, Akinosoglou K, Rello J, Blot S, Dimopoulos G. Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(12):3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123092
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmyroudi, Maria Panagiota, Karolina Akinosoglou, Jordi Rello, Stijn Blot, and George Dimopoulos. 2022. "Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Comprehensive Review" Diagnostics 12, no. 12: 3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123092