Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | PHQ-9 Score ≥ 10 (Depression) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||||||||||
Total | Yes | No | p-Value | Total | Yes | No | p-Value | |||||
N | N | % | N | % | N | N | % | N | % | |||
Total (N = 444,051) | 200,206 | 4131 | 2.1 | 196,075 | 97.9 | 243,845 | 9356 | 3.8 | 234,489 | 96.2 | ||
Year | 0.0005 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
2019 | 99,396 | 2162 | 2.2 | 97,234 | 97.8 | 122,349 | 5060 | 4.1 | 117,289 | 95.9 | ||
2020 | 100,810 | 1969 | 2.0 | 98,841 | 98.0 | 121,496 | 4296 | 3.5 | 117,200 | 96.5 | ||
Generations residing in one household | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
One | 96,149 | 2325 | 2.4 | 93,824 | 97.6 | 118,682 | 5110 | 4.3 | 113,572 | 95.7 | ||
Two (parents and children) | 91,743 | 1586 | 1.7 | 90,157 | 98.3 | 107,804 | 3607 | 3.3 | 104,197 | 96.7 | ||
Three (grandparents and grandchildren) | 12,314 | 220 | 1.8 | 12,094 | 98.2 | 17,359 | 639 | 3.7 | 16,720 | 96.3 | ||
Occupational status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Employer or self employed | 54,981 | 700 | 1.3 | 54,281 | 98.7 | 27,710 | 751 | 2.7 | 26,959 | 97.3 | ||
Employee | 87,789 | 1176 | 1.3 | 86,613 | 98.7 | 84,544 | 2234 | 2.6 | 82,310 | 97.4 | ||
Unoccupied (students, housewives, etc.) | 57,436 | 2255 | 3.9 | 55,181 | 96.1 | 131,591 | 6371 | 4.8 | 125,220 | 95.2 | ||
Age | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
19–29 | 23,139 | 511 | 2.2 | 22,628 | 97.8 | 24,778 | 1137 | 4.6 | 23,641 | 95.4 | ||
30–39 | 24,087 | 504 | 2.1 | 23,583 | 97.9 | 26,529 | 1008 | 3.8 | 25,521 | 96.2 | ||
40–49 | 32,841 | 565 | 1.7 | 32,276 | 98.3 | 36,984 | 951 | 2.6 | 36,033 | 97.4 | ||
50–59 | 39,285 | 619 | 1.6 | 38,666 | 98.4 | 46,656 | 1225 | 2.6 | 45,431 | 97.4 | ||
60–69 | 39,470 | 671 | 1.7 | 38,799 | 98.3 | 47,819 | 1477 | 3.1 | 46,342 | 96.9 | ||
≥70 | 41,384 | 1261 | 3.0 | 40,123 | 97.0 | 61,079 | 3558 | 5.8 | 57,521 | 94.2 | ||
Marital status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Living with spouse | 138,878 | 2174 | 1.6 | 136,704 | 98.4 | 148,261 | 4163 | 2.8 | 144,098 | 97.2 | ||
Living without spouse | 61,328 | 1957 | 3.2 | 59,371 | 96.8 | 95,584 | 5193 | 5.4 | 90,391 | 94.6 | ||
Region | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | ||||||||||
Daegu, Kyungbuk | 25,594 | 499 | 1.9 | 25,095 | 98.1 | 31,255 | 1175 | 3.8 | 30,080 | 96.2 | ||
Seoul, Kyunggi | 56,890 | 1309 | 2.3 | 55,581 | 97.7 | 68,148 | 2824 | 4.1 | 65,324 | 95.9 | ||
Urban (Daejeon, Ulsan, Gwangju, Incheon, Busan) | 32,568 | 684 | 2.1 | 31,884 | 97.9 | 40,308 | 1552 | 3.9 | 38,756 | 96.1 | ||
Others | 85,154 | 1639 | 1.9 | 83,515 | 98.1 | 104,134 | 3805 | 3.7 | 100,329 | 96.3 | ||
Educational level | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Middle school or less | 51,295 | 1578 | 3.1 | 49,717 | 96.9 | 101,038 | 4928 | 4.9 | 96,110 | 95.1 | ||
High school | 63,488 | 1252 | 2.0 | 62,236 | 98.0 | 64,822 | 2213 | 3.4 | 62,609 | 96.6 | ||
College or over | 85,423 | 1301 | 1.5 | 84,122 | 98.5 | 77,985 | 2215 | 2.8 | 75,770 | 97.2 | ||
Household income * | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Below 2000 | 49,528 | 1980 | 4.0 | 47,548 | 96.0 | 78,034 | 4709 | 6.0 | 73,325 | 94.0 | ||
Below 3600 | 37,820 | 685 | 1.8 | 37,135 | 98.2 | 42,460 | 1505 | 3.5 | 40,955 | 96.5 | ||
Below 6000 | 53,701 | 812 | 1.5 | 52,889 | 98.5 | 57,585 | 1638 | 2.8 | 55,947 | 97.2 | ||
6000 and above | 59,157 | 654 | 1.1 | 58,503 | 98.9 | 65,766 | 1504 | 2.3 | 64,262 | 97.7 | ||
Cigarette use (either conventional or electronic) | <0.0001 | |||||||||||
Yes | 67,520 | 1744 | 2.6 | 65,776 | 97.4 | 7116 | 857 | 12.0 | 6259 | 88.0 | ||
No | 132,686 | 2387 | 1.8 | 130,299 | 98.2 | 236,729 | 8499 | 3.6 | 228,230 | 96.4 | ||
Current alcohol use | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Frequently | 64,194 | 1206 | 1.9 | 62,988 | 98.1 | 119,487 | 5185 | 4.3 | 114,302 | 95.7 | ||
Occasionally | 81,988 | 1314 | 1.6 | 80,674 | 98.4 | 102,832 | 3160 | 3.1 | 99,672 | 96.9 | ||
None | 54,024 | 1611 | 3.0 | 52,413 | 97.0 | 21,526 | 1011 | 4.7 | 20,515 | 95.3 | ||
Perceived condition of health | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Good | 173,058 | 1871 | 1.1 | 171,187 | 98.9 | 194,166 | 3892 | 2.0 | 190,274 | 98.0 | ||
Bad | 27,148 | 2260 | 8.3 | 24,888 | 91.7 | 49,679 | 5464 | 11.0 | 44,215 | 89.0 |
Variables | PHQ-9 Score ≥ 10 (Depression) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | p-Value | Female | p-Value | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||||
Year | ||||||||||
2019 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
2020 | 1.092 | 0.998 | - | 1.195 | 0.0559 | 1.066 | 1.002 | - | 1.134 | 0.0418 |
Generations residing in one household | ||||||||||
One | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Two (parents and children) | 0.949 | 0.848 | - | 1.062 | 0.6334 | 1.068 | 0.990 | - | 1.152 | 0.6705 |
Three (grandparents and grandchildren) | 0.955 | 0.780 | - | 1.169 | 0.8348 | 1.180 | 1.040 | - | 1.340 | 0.0276 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||
Employer or self employed | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Employee | 0.951 | 0.829 | - | 1.092 | <0.0001 | 0.858 | 0.762 | - | 0.965 | <0.0001 |
Unoccupied (students, housewives, etc.) | 1.504 | 1.311 | - | 1.726 | <0.0001 | 1.113 | 0.996 | - | 1.245 | <0.0001 |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
19–29 | 2.335 | 1.873 | - | 2.909 | <0.0001 | 2.801 | 2.417 | - | 3.246 | <0.0001 |
30–39 | 2.947 | 2.408 | - | 3.606 | <0.0001 | 2.665 | 2.302 | - | 3.084 | <0.0001 |
40–49 | 1.910 | 1.583 | - | 2.304 | 0.0016 | 1.910 | 1.583 | - | 2.304 | 0.7575 |
50–59 | 1.327 | 1.124 | - | 1.567 | 0.0002 | 1.327 | 1.124 | - | 1.567 | <0.0001 |
60–69 | 0.994 | 0.863 | - | 1.144 | <0.0001 | 0.994 | 0.863 | - | 1.144 | <0.0001 |
≥70 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||
Living with spouse | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Living without spouse | 1.456 | 1.311 | - | 1.618 | <0.0001 | 1.367 | 1.278 | - | 1.464 | <0.0001 |
Region | ||||||||||
Daegu, Kyungbuk | 0.981 | 0.841 | - | 1.143 | 0.0115 | 1.049 | 0.947 | - | 1.161 | 0.1222 |
Seoul, Kyunggi | 1.530 | 1.370 | - | 1.710 | <0.0001 | 1.329 | 1.230 | - | 1.435 | <0.0001 |
Urban (Daejeon, Ulsan, Gwangju, Incheon, Busan) | 1.051 | 0.926 | 1.192 | 0.1254 | 1.074 | 0.983 | 1.174 | 0.317 | ||
Others | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Educational level | ||||||||||
Middle school or less | 1.484 | 1.263 | - | 1.745 | <0.0001 | 1.307 | 1.157 | - | 1.476 | 0.0256 |
High school | 1.242 | 1.104 | - | 1.398 | 0.6948 | 1.355 | 1.236 | - | 1.484 | <0.0001 |
College or over | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Household income * | ||||||||||
Below 2000 | 2.262 | 1.944 | - | 2.632 | <0.0001 | 2.114 | 1.901 | - | 2.351 | <0.0001 |
Below 3600 | 1.494 | 1.276 | - | 1.749 | 0.5937 | 1.507 | 1.358 | - | 1.672 | 0.0384 |
Below 6000 | 1.333 | 1.165 | 1.526 | 0.0386 | 1.254 | 1.143 | - | 1.376 | <0.0001 | |
6000 and above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Current cigarette use (either conventional or electronic) | ||||||||||
Yes | 1.587 | 1.446 | - | 1.741 | <0.0001 | 2.518 | 2.246 | - | 2.822 | <0.0001 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Current alcohol Use | ||||||||||
Frequently | 1.032 | 0.919 | - | 1.158 | 0.0120 | 1.555 | 1.400 | - | 1.727 | <0.0001 |
Occasionally | 0.826 | 0.740 | - | 0.921 | <0.0001 | 1.097 | 1.024 | - | 1.175 | 0.000 |
None | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Perceived condition of health | ||||||||||
Good | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Bad | 7.606 | 6.905 | - | 8.379 | <0.0001 | 6.501 | 6.073 | - | 6.959 | <0.0001 |
Variables | PHQ-9 Score of 10 or Above | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||||||||
Male | Female | |||||||||
2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | |||||
Generations residing in one household | ||||||||||
One | 1.00 | 0.88 | - | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.98 | - | 1.16 | 1.00 |
Two (parents and children) | 1.16 | 1.01 | - | 1.33 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.97 | - | 1.16 | 1.00 |
Three (grandparents and grandchildren) | 1.21 | 0.82 | - | 1.77 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 0.88 | - | 1.39 | 1.00 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||
Employer or self employed | 1.13 | 0.91 | - | 1.42 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.89 | - | 1.35 | 1.00 |
Employee | 1.14 | 0.98 | - | 1.32 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 0.96 | - | 1.21 | 1.00 |
Unemployed (students, homemakers, etc.) | 1.03 | 0.91 | - | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.97 | - | 1.13 | 1.00 |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
19–29 | 1.08 | (0.87 | - | 1.34) | 1.00 | 1.01 | (0.87 | - | 1.17) | 1.00 |
30–39 | 1.40 | (1.12 | - | 1.75) | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.91 | - | 1.26) | 1.00 |
40–49 | 0.94 | (0.75 | - | 1.17) | 1.00 | 1.23 | (1.03 | - | 1.45) | 1.00 |
50–59 | 1.12 | 0.90 | - | 1.41 | 1.00 | 1.21 | (1.02 | - | 1.42) | 1.00 |
60–69 | 1.07 | (0.86 | - | 1.34) | 1.00 | 0.97 | (0.84 | - | 1.13) | 1.00 |
≥70 | 0.93 | (0.79 | - | 1.10) | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.88 | - | 1.09) | 1.00 |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Living with spouse | 1.11 | (0.98 | - | 1.25) | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.97 | - | 1.17) | 1.00 |
Living without spouse | 1.06 | (0.93 | - | 1.20) | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.98 | - | 1.16) | 1.00 |
Region | ||||||||||
Daegu, Kyungbuk | 0.86 | (0.66 | - | 1.11) | 1.00 | 1.08 | (0.91 | - | 1.28) | 1.00 |
Seoul, Kyunggi | 1.12 | (0.97 | - | 1.29) | 1.00 | 1.13 | (1.02 | - | 1.24) | 1.00 |
Urban (Daejeon, Ulsan, Gwangju, Incheon, Busan) | 1.15 | (0.95 | - | 1.41) | 1.00 | 1.10 | (0.96 | - | 1.27) | 1.00 |
Others | 1.10 | (0.93 | - | 1.30) | 1.00 | 0.94 | (0.84 | - | 1.06) | 1.00 |
Educational level | ||||||||||
Middle school or less | 1.04 | (0.88 | - | 1.22) | 1.00 | 1.01 | (0.93 | - | 1.10) | 1.00 |
High school | 1.07 | (0.91 | - | 1.26) | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.95 | - | 1.21) | 1.00 |
College or over | 1.14 | (0.99 | - | 1.31) | 1.00 | 1.11 | (0.99 | - | 1.23) | 1.00 |
Household income * | ||||||||||
Below 2000 | 1.00 | (0.88 | - | 1.15) | 1.00 | 1.02 | (0.93 | - | 1.11) | 1.00 |
Below 3600 | 1.14 | (0.91 | - | 1.42) | 1.00 | 1.03 | (0.89 | - | 1.20) | 1.00 |
Below 6000 | 1.15 | (0.96 | - | 1.39) | 1.00 | 1.19 | (1.04 | - | 1.37) | 1.00 |
6000 and above | 1.12 | (0.91 | - | 1.36) | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.91 | - | 1.19) | 1.00 |
Current cigarette use (either conventional or electronic) | ||||||||||
Yes | 1.12 | (0.98 | - | 1.27) | 1.00 | 1.35 | (1.11 | - | 1.65) | 1.00 |
No | 1.07 | (0.95 | - | 1.21) | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.98 | - | 1.11) | 1.00 |
Current alcohol use | ||||||||||
Frequently | 1.27 | (1.08 | - | 1.48) | 1.00 | 1.11 | (0.93 | - | 1.31) | 1.00 |
Occasionally | 1.02 | (0.87 | - | 1.18) | 1.00 | 1.18 | (1.07 | - | 1.31) | 1.00 |
None | 1.02 | (0.88 | - | 1.18) | 1.00 | 0.96 | (0.88 | - | 1.04) | 1.00 |
Perceived condition of health | ||||||||||
Good | 1.05 | (0.93 | - | 1.18) | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.96 | - | 1.14) | 1.00 |
Bad | 1.15 | (1.02 | - | 1.31) | 1.00 | 1.10 | (1.01 | - | 1.20) | 1.00 |
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Cha, W.-T.; Joo, H.-J.; Park, Y.-S.; Park, E.-C.; Kim, S.-Y. Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063477
Cha W-T, Joo H-J, Park Y-S, Park E-C, Kim S-Y. Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063477
Chicago/Turabian StyleCha, Won-Tae, Hye-Jin Joo, Yu-Shin Park, Eun-Cheol Park, and Soo-Young Kim. 2022. "Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063477