Microtubule Dynamics Plays a Vital Role in Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Salt Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphological Features of Salt-Adapted Callus Suspension-Cultured Cells
2.2. Overview of Proteomic Profiles in Salt-Adapted Cells
2.3. Functional Network Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins
2.4. Expression Patterns of Cytoskeleton-Related Genes in Salt-Adapted Cells
2.5. The Effect of the Loss-of-Function β-Tubulin Genes in Salt Stress Response
2.6. The Effect of TUB9 Overexpression in Rice during Salt Stress
3. Discussion
3.1. Molecular Functions of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Salt-Adapted Cells
3.1.1. Cell Structure-Associated Cluster
3.1.2. ROS-Associated Cluster
3.1.3. Drought- and ABA-Associated Cluster
3.1.4. Temperature-Associated Cluster
3.1.5. Transcriptional/Translational System-Associated Cluster
3.2. The Role of Microtubules in Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Salt Stress
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Growth Conditions of Callus Suspension Cells
4.2. Proteomic Profiling Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
4.3. Bioinformatics Analysis
4.4. Analysis of Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
4.5. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
4.6. Generation of Transgenic Rice Plants
4.7. Salt Stress Treatment
4.8. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spot No. a | Locus No. | Protein Name | Theo. Mr/pI b | Queries Matched c | Scores d | Expect | Fold (A0 vs. A120) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1, 28 | AT1G56070 | LOS1 | Low expression of osmotically responsive genes 1 | 95.10/ 5.89 | 31 | 566 | 3.70 × 10−50 | 1.554 |
2 | AT1G62740 | HOP2 | Stress-inducible protein, putative | 67.63/ 6.24 | 22 | 349 | 1.90 × 10−28 | 2.538 |
3 | AT4G13940 | SAHH1 | S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase 1 | 53.97/ 5.66 | 27 | 522 | 9.40 × 10−46 | −1.133 |
4 | AT1G51710 | UBP6 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 6 | 54.00/ 5.82 | 27 | 467 | 3.00 × 10−40 | 2.473 |
5 | AT4G01850 | SAM-2 | S-adenosylmethionine synthase 2 | 43.63/ 5.67 | 28 | 616 | 3.70 × 10−55 | 1.932 |
6 | AT2G36880 | MAT3 | Methionine adenosyltransferase 3 | 42.93/ 5.76 | 33 | 699 | 1.90 × 10−63 | 1.249 |
7 | AT1G77120 | ADH1 | Alcohol dehydrogenase class-P | 41.84/ 5.83 | 27 | 798 | 2.40 × 10−73 | −1.614 |
8 | AT4G02930 | GTP binding Elongation factor Tu family protein | 49.61/ 6.25 | 33 | 1100 | 1.50 × 10−103 | 1.129 | |
9 | AT3G51800 | CPR | Metallopeptidase M24 family protein | 43.28/ 6.36 | 17 | 280 | 1.50 × 10−21 | 4.172 |
10 | AT5G14780 | FDH1 | Formate dehydrogenase, chloroplastic/mitochondrial | 42.67/ 7.12 | 25 | 560 | 1.50 × 10−49 | 2.048 |
11 | AT4G26910 | Dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase | 50.03/ 9.21 | 13 | 185 | 4.70 × 10−12 | 2.026 | |
12, 50 | AT3G04120 | GAPC1 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1, cytosolic | 37.01/ 6.62 | 30 | 1040 | 1.50 × 10−97 | 4.510 |
13 | AT5G43330 | MDH2 | Lactate/malate dehydrogenase family protein | 35.98/ 7.00 | 24 | 675 | 4.70 * 10−61 | 1.407 |
14 | AT5G23540 | RPN11 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 homolog | 34.39/ 6.31 | 18 | 241 | 1.20 × 10−17 | 5.121 |
15 | AT3G52930 | FBA8 | Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 8, cytosolic | 38.86/ 6.05 | 31 | 1090 | 1.50 × 10−102 | 1.031 |
16 | AT5G65020 | ANNAT2 | Annexin D2, calcium binding proteins | 36.36/ 5.76 | 27 | 339 | 1.9 × 10−27 | 1.426 |
17 | AT2G47470 | PDIL2-1 | Disulfide isomerase-like (PDIL) protein | 39.81/ 5.80 | 20 | 576 | 3.70 × 10−51 | 1.308 |
18 | AT5G02500 | HSP70-1 | Arabidopsis thaliana heat shock cognate protein 70-1 | 57.54/ 5.01 | 34 | 844 | 5.90 × 10−78 | −4.195 |
19 | AT1G21750 | PDIL1-1 | Disulfide isomerase-like (PDIL) protein | 55.85/ 4.81 | 23 | 457 | 3.00 × 10−39 | 1.466 |
20, 21 | AT5G62700 | TUB3 | Tubulin beta chain 3 | 51.27/ 4.73 | 38 | 778 | 2.40 × 10−71 | 3.032 |
22 | AT2G29550 | TUB7 | Tubulin beta-7 chain | 51.34/ 4.74 | 36 | 674 | 5.90 × 10−61 | 3.857 |
23 | AT5G38470 | RAD23D | Rad23 UV excision repair protein family | 40.10/ 4.58 | 17 | 382 | 9.40 * 10−32 | 2.453 |
24 | AT4G20890 | TUB9 | Tubulin beta-9 chain | 50.31/ 4.69 | 38 | 715 | 4.70 × 10−65 | 1.649 |
25 | AT5G44340 | TUB4 | Tubulin beta chain 4 | 50.36/ 4.76 | 31 | 490 | 1.50 ×× 10−42 | 2.158 |
26 | AT4G37910 | HSP70-9 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 9, mitochondrial | 73.32/ 5.51 | 29 | 625 | 4.70 × 10−56 | 2.615 |
27 | AT5G09810 | ACT7 | Actin 7 | 41.94/ 5.31 | 32 | 1100 | 1.50 × 10−103 | 1.110 |
29 | AT1G35720 | ANNAT1 | Annexin D1, calcium binding proteins | 36.30/ 5.21 | 27 | 754 | 5.90 × 10−69 | 2.469 |
30 | AT1G79230 | STR1 | Thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase 1, mitochondrial | 42.15/ 5.95 | 21 | 529 | 1.90 × 10−46 | 1.487 |
31 | AT3G53970 | Probable proteasome inhibitor | 32.15/ 4.94 | 15 | 329 | 1.90 × 10−26 | 3.353 | |
32 | AT1G62380 | ACO2 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 2 | 36.39/ 4.98 | 21 | 722 | 9.40 × 10−66 | −2.900 |
33, 34 | AT4G20260 | PCAP1 | Plasma membrane associated cation-binding protein 1 | 18.98/ 9.88 | 9 | 168 | 2.40 × 10−10 | −1.309 |
37 | AT5G38480 | GRF3 | 14-3-3-like protein GF14 psi | 32.00/ 4.91 | 8 | 149 | 1.90 × 10−08 | 1.052 |
38 | AT4G04020 | PAP1 | Probable plastid-lipid-associated protein 1, chloroplastic | 34.99/ 5.45 | 23 | 786 | 3.70 × 10−72 | 5.711 |
40 | AT4G10480 | NACα4 | Nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), alpha subunit family protein | 23.10/ 4.25 | 8 | 202 | 9.40 × 10−14 | 2.031 |
41, 42 | AT4G02450 | P23-1 | HSP20-like chaperones superfamily protein | 25.38/ 4.46 | 10 | 248 | 2.40 × 10−18 | 3.315 |
43 | AT4G34050 | CCoAOMT1 | S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein | 29.25/ 5.13 | 20 | 659 | 1.90 × 10−59 | 7.222 |
45 | AT1G47420 | SDH5 | Succinate dehydrogenase subunit 5, mitochondrial | 28.15/ 6.19 | 15 | 410 | 1.50 × 10−34 | 5.433 |
46, 48 | AT3G55440 | CTIMC | Triosephosphate isomerase, cytosolic | 27.38/ 5.39 | 26 | 904 | 5.90 × 10−84 | 1.155 |
47 | AT5G20720 | CPN20 | 20 kDa chaperonin, chloroplastic | 26.79/ 8.86 | 8 | 87 | 0.033 | 1.638 |
49 | AT5G26667 | UMK3 | P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases superfamily protein | 22.58/ 5.79 | 13 | 298 | 2.40 × 10−23 | 2.088 |
51 | AT1G02930 | GSTF6 | Glutathione S-transferase F6 | 23.47/ 5.80 | 18 | 467 | 3.00 * 10−40 | 1.795 |
52 | AT3G22630 | PBD1 | Proteasome subunit beta type-2-A | 22.64/ 5.95 | 15 | 138 | 2.40 * 10−07 | 1.952 |
53 | AT4G38680 | CSP2 | Glycine-rich protein 2, Arabidopsis thaliana cold shock protein 2 | 19.49/ 5.62 | 5 | 97 | 0.0031 | 4.117 |
54 | AT3G62030 | CYP20-3 /ROC4 | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase CYP20-3, chloroplastic | 26.73/ 8.63 | 16 | 418 | 2.40 × 10−35 | 1.402 |
55 | AT1G26630 | ELF5A-2 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF-5A 1) protein | 17.36/ 5.55 | 7 | 232 | 9.40 × 10−17 | 2.141 |
56 | AT5G59880 | ADF3 | Actin-depolymerizing factor 3 | 16.03/ 5.93 | 10 | 545 | 4.70 × 10−48 | 1.290 |
57 | AT3G53990 | F5K20_290 | Adenine nucleotide alpha hydrolases-like superfamily protein | 17.90/ 5.66 | 21 | 575 | 4.70 × 10−51 | 1.502 |
58 | AT3G23490 | CYN | Cyanate hydratase | 18.64/ 5.49 | 15 | 574 | 5.90 × 10−51 | 1.316 |
59 | AT4G13850 | RBG2 | Glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 2, mitochondrial | 14.74/ 6.73 | 7 | 268 | 2.40 × 10−20 | 13.161 |
60 | AT5G18060 | SAUR23 | SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein family | 72.78/ 5.87 | 21 | 69 | 1.9 | 2.814 |
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Chun, H.J.; Baek, D.; Jin, B.J.; Cho, H.M.; Park, M.S.; Lee, S.H.; Lim, L.H.; Cha, Y.J.; Bae, D.-W.; Kim, S.T.; et al. Microtubule Dynamics Plays a Vital Role in Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Salt Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115957
Chun HJ, Baek D, Jin BJ, Cho HM, Park MS, Lee SH, Lim LH, Cha YJ, Bae D-W, Kim ST, et al. Microtubule Dynamics Plays a Vital Role in Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Salt Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115957
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun, Hyun Jin, Dongwon Baek, Byung Jun Jin, Hyun Min Cho, Mi Suk Park, Su Hyeon Lee, Lack Hyeon Lim, Ye Jin Cha, Dong-Won Bae, Sun Tae Kim, and et al. 2021. "Microtubule Dynamics Plays a Vital Role in Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Salt Stress" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115957