Combined Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium infantis Diminishes Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Intestinal Alterations via Activation of Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of CUMS on Body Weight Change
2.2. Effect of Probiotics on CUMS-Induced Altered Plasma Corticosterone Level
2.3. Effect of Probiotics on Stress-Induced Altered Inflammatory Markers
2.4. Effects of Probiotics on CUMS-Induced Altered Intestinal Redox Status
2.5. Effect of Probiotics on the T-Lymphocytes in the Intestinal Mucosa of the Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Stress
2.6. The Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on the Gut Permeability of CUMS-Exposed Rats
2.7. Effect of Probiotics on the Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Stress
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Animals and Experimental Design
- Group I—Control animals were left undisturbed and handled gently except for daily weighing.
- Group II—Probiotics group was orally supplemented with the probiotic mixture (4 × 107 CFU C. butyricum and 4 × 108 CFU B. infantis) suspension alone daily as a single dose for 28 days.
- Group III—CUMS group rats were exposed to CUMS once daily for 28 days.
- Group IV—CUMS + Probiotics group rats were, along with CUMS, orally supplemented with a probiotic mixture (4 × 107 CFU C. butyricum and 4 × 108 CFU B. infantis) suspension daily as a single dose for 28 days.
4.2. Stress Protocol
4.3. Sample Collection and Processing
4.4. Estimation of Corticosterone in Plasma
4.5. Estimation of Inflammatory Markers
4.6. Detection of Oxidative Stress Markers
4.7. Detection of Mucosal Immune Cells by Immunohistochemistry
4.8. Histopathological Evaluations
4.9. Western Blotting
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatima, S.; Altwaijry, H.; Abulmeaty, M.M.A.; Abudawood, M.; Siddiqi, N.J.; Alrashoudi, R.H.; Alsobaie, S. Combined Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium infantis Diminishes Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Intestinal Alterations via Activation of Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098264
Fatima S, Altwaijry H, Abulmeaty MMA, Abudawood M, Siddiqi NJ, Alrashoudi RH, Alsobaie S. Combined Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium infantis Diminishes Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Intestinal Alterations via Activation of Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098264
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima, Sabiha, Haifa Altwaijry, Mahmoud M. A. Abulmeaty, Manal Abudawood, Nikhat J. Siddiqi, Reem Hamoud Alrashoudi, and Sarah Alsobaie. 2023. "Combined Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium infantis Diminishes Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Intestinal Alterations via Activation of Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway in Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098264