Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sida rhombifolia L. Volatile Organic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Volatile Components Yield and Phytochemical Characterization
2.2. Antioxidant Properties
2.2.1. DPPH Assay
2.2.2. ABTS Assay
2.2.3. FRAP Assay
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. VOC Extraction
4.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) Analysis
4.4. Antioxidant Activity Determination
4.4.1. DPPH Method
4.4.2. ABTS•+ Scavenging Activity
4.4.3. FRAP (Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power) Assay
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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No. | RT | RI a | RI b | Compound | Area (%) | Identification Method | CAS ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.022 | 878 | 874 | 1-Hexanol | 0.54% | RRI, MS | 111-27-3 |
2 | 5.868 | 907 | 907 | Heptanal | 0.55% | RRI, MS | 111-71-7 |
3 | 8.143 | 987 | 981 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 0.53% | RRI, MS | 3391-86-4 |
4 | 8.437 | 995 | 990 | 2-Pentyl-furan | 5.23% | RRI, MS | 3777-69-3 |
5 | 8.721 | 1005 | 1003 | trans-2-(2-Pentenyl) furan | 0.70% | RRI, MS | 70424-14-5 |
6 | 8.781 | 1007 | 1004 | Octanal | 1.54% | RRI, MS | 124-13-0 |
7 | 9.348 | 1029 | - | 2-Decyne | 1.12% | MS | 2384-70-5 |
8 | 9.512 | 1036 | 1022 | Eucalyptol | 0.26% | RRI, MS | 470-82-6 |
9 | 9.615 | 1039 | 1031 | 2-Ethylhexanol | 0.71% | RRI, MS | 104-76-7 |
10 | 9.932 | 1051 | 1038 | Benzeneacetaldehyde | 0.33% | RRI, MS | 122-78-1 |
11 | 10.332 | 1065 | 1055 | 2-Octenal, (E)- | 0.95% | RRI, MS | 2548-87-0 |
12 | 10.75 | 1079 | 1172 | 1-Nonanol | 1.02% | RRI, MS | 143-08-8 |
13 | 11.47 | 1103 | 1103 | Linalool | 0.83% | RRI, MS | 78-70-6 |
14 | 11.585 | 1108 | 1112 | Nonanal | 1.99% | RRI, MS | 124-19-6 |
15 | 12.681 | 1152 | 1143 | 5-Ethyl-6-methyl-3-hepten-2-one | 0.28% | RRI, MS | 57283-79-1 |
16 | 12.856 | 1159 | 1153 | (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal | 0.52% | RRI, MS | 557-48-2 |
17 | 13.02 | 1165 | 1157 | (E)-2-Nonenal | 1.71% | RRI, MS | 18829-56-6 |
18 | 13.249 | 1174 | 1161 | endo-Borneol | 0.26% | RRI, MS | 507-70-0 |
19 | 13.86 | 1196 | 1193 | 2-Decanone | 2.34% | RRI, MS | 693-54-9 |
20 | 14.165 | 1208 | 1205 | Decanal | 1.18% | RRI, MS | 112-31-2 |
21 | 14.367 | 1217 | 1218 | (E,E)-2,4-Nonadienal | 0.57% | RRI, MS | 5910-87-2 |
22 | 14.531 | 1225 | 1223 | β-Cyclocitral | 0.27% | RRI, MS | 432-25-7 |
23 | 15.507 | 1266 | 1267 | (Z)-2-Decenal | 0.72% | RRI, MS | 2497-25-8 |
24 | 16.26 | 1296 | 1295 | (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal | 0.64% | RRI, MS | 25152-83-4 |
25 | 16.789 | 1320 | 1326 | (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | 2.83% | RRI, MS | 25152-84-5 |
26 | 17.826 | 1368 | 1366 | 2-Undecenal | 0.54% | RRI, MS | 2463-77-6 |
27 | 18.055 | 1378 | 1376 | Farnesane | 0.31% | RRI, MS | 3891-98-3 |
28 | 18.311 | 1389 | 1384 | β-Damascenone | 1.32% | RRI, MS | 23726-93-4 |
29 | 18.568 | 1400 | 1400 | Tetradecane | 0.24% | RRI, MS | 629-59-4 |
30 | 18.715 | 1407 | 1404 | 6,10-dimethyl-2-undecanone | 0.26% | RRI, MS | 1604-34-8 |
31 | 19.31 | 1436 | 1436 | β-Copaene | 0.42% | RRI, MS | 18252-44-3 |
32 | 19.735 | 1457 | 1453 | 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one | 1.07% | RRI, MS | 689-67-8 |
33 | 19.877 | 1464 | 1463 | 4,11-Dimethyltetradecane | 0.54% | RRI, MS | 55045-12-0 |
34 | 20.297 | 1483 | 1483 | octahydro-4a,7,7-trimethyl-, cis-2(1H)-Naphthalenone | 0.14% | RRI, MS | 7056-56-6 |
35 | 20.368 | 1487 | 1488 | Curcumene | 0.31% | RRI, MS | 644-30-4 |
36 | 20.444 | 1490 | 1491 | trans-β-Ionone | 1.43% | RRI, MS | 79-77-6 |
37 | 21.977 | 1568 | 1571 | trans-Nerolidol | 0.19% | RRI, MS | 40716-66-3 |
38 | 22.043 | 1571 | 1576 | 3,7,11-trimethyl-1-dodecanol | 0.18% | RRI, MS | 6750-34-1 |
39 | 22.397 | 1589 | 1589 | (E,E)-Pseudoionone | 0.25% | RRI, MS | 3548-78-5 |
40 | 22.616 | 1599 | 1600 | Hexadecane | 0.45% | RRI, MS | 544-76-3 |
41 | 22.883 | 1614 | 1614 | Tetradecanal | 0.34% | RRI, MS | 124-25-4 |
42 | 23.936 | 1671 | 1667 | 6,9-Heptadecadiene | 0.34% | RRI, MS | 81265-03-4 |
43 | 24.012 | 1675 | 1678 | Bulnesol | 1.36% | RRI, MS | 22451-73-6 |
44 | 24.089 | 1679 | 1680 | 13-Methyltetradecanal | 1.40% | RRI, MS | 75853-51-9 |
45 | 24.476 | 1699 | 1700 | 2-Pentadecanone | 0.38% | RRI, MS | 2345-28-0 |
46 | 24.771 | 1716 | 1715 | Pentadecanal | 1.36% | RRI, MS | 2765-11-9 |
47 | 25.66 | 1767 | 1769 | Myristic acid | 0.36% | RRI, MS | 544-63-8 |
48 | 26.549 | 1818 | 1815 | Hexadecanal | 0.21% | RRI, MS | 629-80-1 |
49 | 26.925 | 1840 | 1840 | Neophytadiene | 0.25% | RRI, MS | 504-96-1 |
50 | 27.062 | 1848 | 1846 | 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone | 6.30% | RRI, MS | 502-69-2 |
51 | 27.345 | 1865 | 1877 | Pentadecanoic acid | 0.32% | RRI, MS | 1002-84-2 |
52 | 27.771 | 1890 | 1878 | (E)-2-Hexadecenal | 0.40% | RRI, MS | 22644-96-8 |
53 | 27.924 | 1899 | 1900 | 1,2-Epoxyoctadecane | 0.17% | RRI, MS | 7390-81-0 |
54 | 28.295 | 1922 | 1916 | Farnesylacetone | 1.23% | RRI, MS | 1117-52-8 |
55 | 28.382 | 1928 | 1926 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 0.54% | RRI, MS | 112-39-0 |
56 | 28.737 | 1950 | 1947 | Isophytol | 0.45% | RRI, MS | 505-32-8 |
57 | 29.233 | 1980 | 1975 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | 21.56% | RRI, MS | 57-10-3 |
58 | 29.489 | 1996 | 1994 | Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 0.55% | RRI, MS | 628-97-7 |
59 | 29.609 | 2003 | 2010 | (Z)-9-Octadecanal | 0.28% | RRI, MS | 2423-10-1 |
60 | 30.231 | 2044 | 2042 | Oxacyclooctadecan-2-one | 0.27% | RRI, MS | 5637-97-8 |
61 | 30.575 | 2067 | 2069 | Heptadecanoic acid | 0.28% | RRI, MS | 506-12-7 |
62 | 30.788 | 2080 | 2075 | Linoleyl methyl ketone | 0.83% | RRI, MS | 29204-24-8 |
63 | 31.033 | 2096 | 2093 | Methyl linoleate | 1.01% | RRI, MS | 112-63-0 |
64 | 31.131 | 2102 | 2098 | Methyl linolenate | 0.28% | RRI, MS | 301-00-8 |
65 | 31.192 | 2106 | 2106 | γ-Palmitolactone | 0.29% | RRI, MS | 730-46-1 |
66 | 31.38 | 2119 | 2113 | Phytol | 7.02% | RRI, MS | 150-86-7 |
67 | 31.704 | 2141 | 2131 | Linoleic acid | 3.21% | RRI, MS | 60-33-3 |
68 | 31.77 | 2146 | 2152 | Oleic acid | 5.48% | RRI, MS | 112-80-1 |
69 | 32.092 | 2168 | 2177 | Octadecanoic acid | 1.28% | RRI, MS | 57-11-4 |
70 | 33.968 | 2298 | 2300 | Tricosane | 0.25% | RRI, MS | 638-67-5 |
71 | 34.748 | 2356 | 2364 | 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide | 0.27% | RRI, MS | 96168-15-9 |
72 | 36.636 | 2498 | 2500 | Pentacosane | 0.31% | RRI, MS | 629-99-2 |
73 | 41.426 | 2898 | 2900 | Nonacosane | 0.29% | RRI, MS | 630-03-5 |
Samples | DPPH 50% Effective Concentration (mg/mL) | ABTS 50% Effective Concentration (mg/mL) | FRAP Antioxidant Capacity (mM/g) |
---|---|---|---|
S. rhombifolia VOCs | 5.48 ± 0.024 | 1.47 ± 0.012 | 83.10 ± 1.66 |
BHT | 0.042 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | |
Trolox | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 0.014 ± 0.001 |
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Xu, Z.; Gao, P.; Liu, D.; Song, W.; Zhu, L.; Liu, X. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sida rhombifolia L. Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules 2022, 27, 7067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207067
Xu Z, Gao P, Liu D, Song W, Zhu L, Liu X. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sida rhombifolia L. Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules. 2022; 27(20):7067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207067
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Ziyue, Peizhong Gao, Dun Liu, Wenzhi Song, Lingfan Zhu, and Xu Liu. 2022. "Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sida rhombifolia L. Volatile Organic Compounds" Molecules 27, no. 20: 7067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207067