The Impact of a 24-h Low and High Fermentable Oligo- Di- Mono-Saccharides and Polyol (FODMAP) Diet on Plasma Bacterial Profile in Response to Exertional-Heat Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. Blood Sample Processing and Analysis
2.4. Plasma and Fecal Bacterial Profiling
2.5. Plasma and Fecal SCFA Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exertional-Heat Stress (EHS) and EIGS Markers
3.2. Plasma Microbial Concentration
3.3. Plasma Bacteria α-Diversity and Relative Abundance
3.4. Fecal Microbial Taxa
3.5. Plasma and Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations
4. Discussion
4.1. Plasma Microbial DNA Concentration
4.2. Plasma Bacterial Profile
4.3. Resting Pre-EHS Fecal Bacterial Profile
4.4. Fecal and Plasma Short Chain Fatty Acids
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LFOD | HFOD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-EHS | Post-EHS | Δ | Pre-EHS | Post-EHS | Δ | |
Phylum | ||||||
SEI | 0.126 (0.036) | 0.121 (0.029) | −0.005 (0.048) | 0.129 (0.033) | 0.122 (0.038) | −0.007 (0.047) |
Actinobacteriota | 2.309 (1.187) | 3.042 (2.571) | 0.734 (2.726) | 1.874 (1.285) | 2.357 (1.493) | 0.483 (1.786) |
Bacteroidota | 1.181 (1.537) | 0.641 (0.904) | −0.540 (1.899) | 1.192 (1.480) | 0.630 (1.097) | −0.562 (2.143) |
Cyanobacteria | 1.310 (1.853) | 0.422 (0.556) | −0.888 (1.965) | 1.393 (3.394) | 0.912 (1.358) | −0.481 (3.915) |
Firmicutes | 6.142 (2.004) | 6.801 (2.384) | 0.659 (2.511) | 6.669 (3.443) | 7.249 (3.175) | 0.580 (5.069) |
Proteobacteria | 87.480 (4.951) | 87.772 (4.057) | 0.293 (4.898) | 84.796 (6.052) | 87.763 (4.402) | 2.967 (6.520) |
Family | ||||||
SEI | 0.228 (0.030) | 0.244 (0.017) | −0.004 (0.037) | 0.237 (0.035) | 0.231 (0.028) | −0.012 (0.035) |
Actinobacteriota- | ||||||
Propionibacteriaceae | 0.662 (0.612) | 0.343 (0.330) | −0.320 (0.614) | 0.689 (0.519) | 0.609 (0.431) | −0.80 (0.557) |
Cyanobacteria- | ||||||
Chloroplast | 1.169 (1.883) | 0.333 (0.539) | −0.836 (2.071) | 1.349 (3.409) | 0.912 (1.358) | −0.437 (3.917) |
Firmicutes- | ||||||
Bacillaceae | 1.928 (1.131) | 2.585 (1.651) | 0.657 (1.807) | 1.525 (1.397) | 2.246 (1.095) | 0.721 (1.552) |
Carnobacteriaceae | 2.083 (1.322) | 2.368 (1.429) | 0.285 (1.286) | 3.261 (2.477) | 2.947 (1.395) | −0.314 (3.351) |
Streptococcaceae | 0.518 (1.024) | 0.367 (0.436) | −0.151 (1.121) | 0.522 (0.718) | 0.761 (0.956) | 0.239 (1.212) |
Staphylococcaceae | 0.759 (0.960) | 0.635 (0.492) | −0.125 (1.251) | 0.424 (0.549) | 0.494 (1.285) | 0.070 (1.449) |
Proteobacteria- | ||||||
Beijerinckiaceae | 0.380 (0.591) | 0.481 (0.524) | 0.101 (0.810) | 0.725 (1.087) | 0.672 (0.882) | −0.054 (1.374) |
Xanthobacteraceae | 2.550 (1.448) | 1.857 (1.439) | −0.693 (2.421) | 2.881 (2.466) | 2.240 (1.602) | −0.641 (2.460) |
Sphingomonadaceae | 4.694 (2.832) | 4.668 (2.700) | −0.026 (2.076) | 4.717 (3.919) | 3.597 (2.830) | −1.120 (3.538) |
Comamonadaceae | 5.093 (2.120) | 6.649 (1.722) | 1.556 (2.687) | 6.317 (2.910) | 6.533 (2.893) | 0.215 (4.256) |
Oxalobacteraceae | 1.327 (1.371) | 0.815 (0.663) | −0.513 (1.711) | 1.432 (1.746) | 0.766 (0.651) | −0.666 (1.711) |
Yersiniceae | 15.472 (3.586) | 15.269 (3.653) | −0.203 (6.069) | 14.003 (4.061) | 16.371 (2.799) | 2.368 (4.183) |
Moraxellaceae | 0.493 (0.577) | 0.329 (0.478) | −0.164 (0.636) | 0.936 (1.157) | 0.250 (0.298) | −0.685 (1.208) |
Pseudomonadaceae | 54.430 (7.778) | 54.878 (4.975) | 0.447 (7.280) | 50.249 (6.352) | 53.475 (6.400) | 3.226 (9.089) |
Genus | ||||||
SEI | 0.195 (0.018) | 0.198 (0.015) | 0.003 (0.023) | 0.201 (0.032) | 0.201 (0.025) | −0.001 (0.045) |
Actinobacteriota- | ||||||
Cutibacterium | 0.628 (0.635) | 0.272 (0.256) | −0.356 (0.726) | 0.678 (0.510) | 0.572 (0.399) | −0.106 (0.508) |
Firmicutes- | ||||||
Bacillus | 1.551 (1.010) | 2.364 (1.500) | 0.813 (1.603) | 1.173 (1.284) | 1.884 (0.904) * | 0.711 (1.358) |
Carnobacterium | 2.083 (1.322) | 2.366 (1.428) | 0.284 (1.283) | 3.170 (2.434) | 2.705 (1.349) | −0.465 (3.286) |
Streptococcus | 0.518 (1.024) | 0.272 (0.393) | −0.246 (1.061) | 0.522 (0.718) | 0.761 (0.956) | 0.239 (1.212) |
Staphylococcus | 0.644 (0.735) | 0.635 (0.492) | −0.009 (1.065) | 0.424 (0.549) | 0.491 (1.286) | 0.066 (1.449) |
Proteobacteria- | ||||||
Methylobacterium | 0.355 (0.541) | 0.362 (0.459) | 0.007 (0.654) | 0.725 (1.087) | 0.672 (0.882) | −0.054 (1.374) |
Sphingomonas | 4.268 (2.608) | 4.522 (2.617) | 0.255 (2.074) | 4.430 (4.030) | 3.388 (2.898) | −1.042 (3.440) |
Delftia | 4.626 (2.119) | 6.625 (1.758) * | 1.999 (2.854) | 5.553 (2.618) | 6.342 (2.756) | 0.789 (4.062) |
Massilia | 1.280 (1.362) | 0.809 (0.666) | −0.472 (1.686) | 1.432 (1.746) | 0.709 (0.667) | −0.723 (1.710) |
Serratia | 6.374 (1.437) | 4.903 (1.508) * | −1.472 (2.783) | 5.303 (2.140) | 6.143 (2.068) | 0.840 (3.005) |
Pseudomonas | 54.430 (7.778) | 54.878 (4.975) | 0.447 (7.280) | 50.249 (6.352) | 53.475 (6.400) | 3.226 (9.089) |
LFOD | HFOD | |
---|---|---|
Phylum | ||
SEI | 0.197 (0.070) | 0.225 (0.056) |
Actinobacteriota | 2.573 (1.451) | 5.542 (5.303) |
Bacteroidota | 9.707 (4.486) a | 25.347 (16.395) a |
Firmicutes | 73.854 (20.057) a | 64.648 (14.769) a |
Proteobacteria | 9.075 (18.101) | 1.472 (2.640) |
Verrucomicrobia | 3.905 (9.722) | 2.674 (3.183) |
Family | ||
SEI | 0.256 (0.034) | 0.284 (0.028) |
Actinobacteriota | ||
Bifidobacteriaceae | 0.483 (0.509) | 1.886 (2.423) |
Coriobacteriaceae | 1.261 (1.154) | 2.637 (3.149) |
Eggerthellaceae | 0.511 (0.380) | 0.879 (0.884) |
Bacteroidota | ||
Bacteroidaceae | 5.305 (4.418) | 8.742 (7.952) |
Barnesiellaceae | 0.546 (0.851) | 1.264 (1.653) |
Muribaculaceae | 0.211 (0.356) | 1.416 (1.856) |
Prevotellaceae | 1.917 (2.322) | 9.230 (9.755) |
Rikenellaceae | 1.217 (0.923) | 3.768 (4.131) |
Tannerellaceae | 0.360 (0.300) | 0.616 (0.487) |
Firmicutes | ||
Streptococcaceae | 0.155 (0.188) | 3.420 (7.152) |
Christensenellaceae | 3.353 (2.773) | 1.374 (1.216) |
Clostridiaceae 1 | 1.162 (1.033) | 0.325 (0.403) |
Lachnospiraceae | 24.878 (12.126) | 24.697 (10.165) |
Peptostreptococcaceae | 3.816 (6.336) | 1.154 (1.323) |
Ruminococcaceae | 34.221 (9.095) a | 26.057 (8.994) a |
Acidaminococcaceae | 4.226 (5.596) | 5.384 (8.562) |
Veillonellaceae | 1.152 (1.264) | 1.531 (2.323) |
Proteobacteria | ||
Enterobacteriaceae | 8.377 (18.253) | 0.033 (0.062) |
Pasteurellaceae | 0.486 (0.844) | 1.139 (2.724) |
Verrucomicrobia | ||
Akkermansiaceae | 3.905 (9.722) | 2.673 (3.183) |
Genus | ||
SEI | 0.298 (0.041) | 0.298 (0.028) |
Actinobacteriota | ||
Bifidobacterium | 0.480 (0.170) | 1.886 (0.857) |
Collinsella | 1.257 (0.384) | 2.637 (1.113) |
Bacteroidota | ||
Bacteroides | 5.305 (1.473) | 8.742 (2.811) |
Barnesiella | 0.533 (0.279) | 1.184 (0.584) |
Prevotella-9 | 1.081 (0.506) | 6.288 (3.058) |
Prevotellaceae-NK3B31 | 0.032 (0.021) | 2.553 (2.451) |
Alistipes | 1.090 (0.245) | 3.758 (1.458) |
Firmicutes | ||
Streptococcus | 0.153 (0.063) | 3.407 (2.531) |
Christensenellaceae R-7 | 3.335 (0.924) | 1.351 (0.430) |
Clostridium sensu stricto-1 | 1.161 (0.344) | 0.322 (0.141) |
Agathobacter | 3.274 (1.191) | 2.150 (1.141) |
Anaerostipes | 0.617 (0.241) | 1.493 (0.689) |
Blautia | 3.460 (0.820) | 5.400 (2.022) |
Coprococcus-2 | 0.771 (0.277) | 0.395 (0.157) |
Coprococcus-3 | 0.627 (0.160) | 0.657 (0.252) |
Dorea | 1.408 (0.284) | 1.125 (0.367) |
Fusicatenibacter | 1.008 (0.357) | 1.063 (0.650) |
Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136 | 1.722 (0.580) | 0.604 (0.268) |
Roseburia | 6.056 (1.971) | 3.692 (1.072) |
Eubacterium-eligens | 0.414 (0.164) | 1.732 (1.306) |
Eubacterium-hallii | 0.662 (0.163) | 1.036 (0.353) |
Ruminococcus-torques | 1.016 (0.395) | 0.919 (0.284) |
Intestinibacter | 2.125 (1.857) | 0.322 (0.248) |
Romboutsia | 1.245 (0.447) | 0.759 (0.309) |
Faecalibacterium | 13.505 (3.900) | 6.647 (3.359) |
Ruminiclostridium-6 | 0.485 (0.217) | 0.884 (0.598) |
Ruminococcaceae-NK4A214 | 0.990 (0.454) | 1.385 (0.473) |
Ruminococcaceae-UCG-002 | 3.612 (0.768) | 4.329 (1.717) |
Ruminococcaceae-UCG-010 | 0.714 (0.302) | 0.291 (0.137) |
Ruminococcaceae-UCG-014 | 1.715 (0.496) | 1.492 (0.883) |
Ruminococcus-1 | 0.994 (0.493) | 1.201 (0.589) |
Ruminococcus-2 | 1.396 (0.649) | 0.630 (0.355) |
Subdoligranulum | 5.584 (2.869) | 4.045 (1.278) |
Eubacterium-coprostanoligenes | 1.757 (0.479) | 1.508 (0.523) |
Phascolarctobacterium | 4.129 (1.874) | 5.384 (3.027) |
Veillonella | 0.746 (0.297) | 0.260 (0.115) |
Proteobacteria | ||
Escherichia-Shigella | 6.263 (5.913) | 0.006 (0.004) |
Klebsiella | 1.671 (1.339) | 0.025 (0.021) |
Haemophilus | 0.461 (0.281) | 0.975 (0.801) |
Verrucomicrobia | ||
Akkermansia | 3.905 (3.241) | 2.673 (1.125) |
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Gaskell, S.K.; Henningsen, K.; Young, P.; Gill, P.; Muir, J.; Henry, R.; Costa, R.J.S. The Impact of a 24-h Low and High Fermentable Oligo- Di- Mono-Saccharides and Polyol (FODMAP) Diet on Plasma Bacterial Profile in Response to Exertional-Heat Stress. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153376
Gaskell SK, Henningsen K, Young P, Gill P, Muir J, Henry R, Costa RJS. The Impact of a 24-h Low and High Fermentable Oligo- Di- Mono-Saccharides and Polyol (FODMAP) Diet on Plasma Bacterial Profile in Response to Exertional-Heat Stress. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153376
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaskell, Stephanie K., Kayla Henningsen, Pascale Young, Paul Gill, Jane Muir, Rebekah Henry, and Ricardo J. S. Costa. 2023. "The Impact of a 24-h Low and High Fermentable Oligo- Di- Mono-Saccharides and Polyol (FODMAP) Diet on Plasma Bacterial Profile in Response to Exertional-Heat Stress" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153376