Central nervous system (CNS) diseases threaten the health of people all over the world. However, due to the structural and functional particularities of the brain and spinal cord, CNS-targeted drug development is rather challenging. Exosomes are smal...
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) conferred by brain barriers is a major obstacle in the development of effective neurotherapeutics. In this review, a classification of current approaches of clinical or investigational importance for...
Nanomedicine is currently focused on the design and development of nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery to the brain to address unmet clinical needs for treating neuropsychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Polymer and lipid-based drug ca...
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for the development of systemically delivered drugs against diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Because of this barrier there is still a huge unmet need for the treatment of these diseases, de...
The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) tightly regulates molecular exchanges between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), creating challenges for effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. This review assesses intrat...
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge in neuro-oncology. Despite decades of research in this field, no consensus has emerged as to the best approach to tackle this physiological limitation. Moreover, the relevance of d...
This review aims to address the significant challenges of treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, spinal cord injuries, and brain tumors. These disorders are difficult to manage due to the complexi...
Treatment of certain central nervous system disorders, including different types of cerebral malignancies, is limited by traditional oral or systemic administrations of therapeutic drugs due to possible serious side effects and/or lack of the brain p...
The blood brain barrier (BBB) maintains the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and protects the brain from toxic substances present in the circulating blood. However, the impermeability of the BBB to drugs is a hurdle for CNS drug develo...
Intranasal drug delivery is a promising approach for the delivery of drugs to the CNS, but too heterogenous, unprecise delivery methods without standardization decrease the quality of many studies in rodents. Thus, the lack of a precise and region-sp...
Background/Objectives: Intrathecal drug delivery is essential for treating CNS disorders, but the safety of commonly used excipients such as citric acid/sodium citrate (SC) remains unclear. This study aims to systematically evaluate the potential neu...
The anatomical structure of the brain at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) creates a limitation for the movement of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Drug delivery facilitated by magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) is a relatively new non-in...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier to prevent the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by substances that originate from the blood circulation. The BBB limits drug penetration into the brain and is one of the major clinical obs...
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are major obstacles in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, since they block most molecules from entering the brain. Alternative drug delivery routes like intraparenchymal or in...
Neurotropic viruses severely damage the central nervous system (CNS) and human health. Common neurotropic viruses include rabies virus (RABV), Zika virus, and poliovirus. When treating neurotropic virus infection, obstruction of the blood–brain...
Drug delivery is a well-established method for transporting anticancer drugs to cancerous tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Carbon nanocapsules (CNs) and boron nitride nanocapsules (BNNs) are promising nanocarriers capabl...
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) bear a lot of weight in public health. By studying the properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its fundamental interactions with the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible to improve the understanding of...
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are one of the top causes of death worldwide. As there is a difficulty of drug penetration into the brain due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), many CNS drugs treatments fail in clinical trials. Hence, there is a...
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is critical in preventing brain access to substrate drugs and effluxing amyloid beta (Aβ), a contributor to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Strategies to regulate P-gp expression...
Engineered exosomes have emerged as transformative drug carriers, uniquely equipped to overcome biological barriers in central nervous system (CNS) disorders and cancer therapy. These natural extracellular vesicles, derived from cell membranes, offer...
The complexity and organization of the central nervous system (CNS) is widely modulated by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which both act as biochemical, dynamic obstacles i...
Background/Objectives: The blood–brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier limit the uptake of CNS-targeted therapeutics, warranting utilization of intra-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug delivery. Here we review and compare the safety and distribution...
Brain and spinal tumors affect 1 in 1000 people by 25 years of age, and have diverse histological, biological, anatomical and dissemination characteristics. A mortality of 30–40% means the majority are cured, although two-thirds have life-long...
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders represent one of the leading causes of global health burden. Nonetheless, new therapies approved against these disorders are among the lowest compared to their counterparts. The absence of reliable and efficient...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is equipped with unique physical and functional processes that control central nervous system (CNS) drug transport and the resulting concentration–time profiles (PK). In CNS diseases, the altered BBB and CNS...
Ischemic stroke is a primary origin of morbidity and mortality in the United States and around the world. Indeed, several research projects have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to advance stroke pharmacotherapy. Man...
The highly secure blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug access to the brain, limiting the molecular toolkit for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases to small, lipophilic drugs. Development of a safe and effective BBB modulator woul...
Cyclodextrin (CD)-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome limitations commonly encountered in antidepressant therapy, including low bioavailability, poor solubility, and suboptimal penetration of the blood–b...
Using thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) as a model, we explored whether synergistic combination of lipoamino acid(s) and a linker cleaved by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) can be used as a promoiety for prodrug design for the preferential brain delive...
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease primarily affecting young adults. Despite an unclear causal factor, symptoms and pathology arise from the infiltration of peripheral immune cells across the blood brain barrier. Ac...
Despite increasing knowledge of the biologic drivers of central nervous system tumors, most targeted agents trialed to date have not shown activity against these tumors in clinical trials. To effectively treat central nervous system tumors, an active...
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders encompass a vast spectrum of pathological conditions and represent a growing concern worldwide. Despite the high social and clinical interest in trying to solve these pathologies, there are many challenges to br...
People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at an increased risk of severe and critical COVID-19 infection. There is a steady increase in neurological complications associated with COVID-19 infection, exacerbating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders...
Drug delivery system (DDS) realizes the drug delivery process through the drug carrier. As an important part of DDS, the selection of the drug carrier material is extremely critical, which requires the carrier material to possess excellent biocompati...
The consumption of acetaminophen (APAP) can induce neurological changes in human subjects; however, effects of APAP on blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity are unknown. BBB changes by APAP can have profound consequences for brain delivery of co-...
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been shown to be efficient in the transport of cargoes into the cells, namely siRNA and DNA, proteins and peptides, and in some cases, small therapeutics. These peptides have emerged as a solution to increase drug...
Neurological diseases continue to increase in prevalence worldwide. Combined with the lack of modifiable risk factors or strongly efficacious therapies, these disorders pose a significant and growing burden on healthcare systems and societies. The de...
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to...
Brain diseases pose significant treatment challenges due to the restrictive nature of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recent advances in targeting macromolecules offer promising avenues for overcoming these obstacles through receptor-mediated tr...
This review provides a mechanistic framework to strategically design nanoparticles capable of efficiently crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a critical limitation in neurological treatments. We systematically analyze nanoparticle–BBB...
The development of drug delivery systems for the treatment of intracranial central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains one of the most intractable medical problems in modern society, owing to the special physiological structure of the brain, includ...
Brain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise, treatments for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remain limited. Despite the significant advancement in drug development technology with emerging biopharmaceuticals like gene therapy o...
Biomaterials have been the subject of numerous studies to pursue potential therapeutic interventions for a wide variety of disorders and diseases. The physical and chemical properties of various materials have been explored to develop natural, synthe...
Gels are attractive candidates for drug delivery because they are easily producible while offering sustained and/or controlled drug release through various mechanisms by releasing the therapeutic agent at the site of action or absorption. Gels can be...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a highly selective barrier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), and its main function is to protect the brain from foreign substances. This physiological property plays a crucial role i...
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases exhibit high incidence rates, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a major obstacle to drug delivery. Conventional drug delivery methods not only show limited therapeutic efficacy but also cause signific...
As population aging becomes an increasingly critical global issue, the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and stroke, has risen sharply. However, the blood&nda...
One of the most challenging aspects of treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) is the efficient delivery of drugs to their targets within the brain. Only a small fraction of drugs is able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) un...
The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies is severely hampered by the presence of tightly regulated CNS barriers that restrict drug delivery to the brain. An increasing amount of data suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs), i.e.,...
Neuroinflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) is a primary characteristic of CNS diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and mental disorders. The excessive activation of...
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