Search Results (1,934)

Background: The role of religion and faith-based organisations in public health is increasingly examined through the framework of religious health assets (RHAs), defined as resources located in or held by religious entities that may be mobilised for health and development. Within this framework, church health assets (CHAs) are conceptualised as congregationally specific expressions of RHAs, namely, the tangible and intangible resources recognised within local church settings and interpreted by church leaders as relevant to adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH). Despite growing interest, there remains limited empirical work examining how such assets are perceived in relation to young people’s sexual and reproductive health, particularly from an emic perspective in sub-Saharan Africa. Aim: This study explored how pastors in South Africa’s Vaal Triangle perceive church assets relevant to AYSRH. Methods: The article presents findings from a qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with eleven purposively selected pastors from Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging, and Sasolburg. Data were collected between August 2019 and February 2020, prior to the COVID-19 restrictions that later altered face-to-face engagement in South Africa. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis informed by interpretive description, employing iterative coding, constant comparison, memoing, and a clearly defined audit trail. Results: The findings identified ten perceived CHAs, comprising five tangible assets, interaction spaces, community resources, normative teaching materials, networks and partnerships, and financial resources—and five intangible assets—reputation, voice on sexuality, mission and vision, a ready audience, and embodied messages. Across these themes, pastors predominantly framed AYSRH in moral and pedagogical terms, emphasising abstinence, guidance, and restoration, rather than a broader continuum encompassing information, prevention, care, rights, and service access. Conclusions: The study concludes that pastors perceive churches to possess substantial AYSRH-related assets; however, the analysis reflects perceptions rather than demonstrated implementation or measurable impact. The findings highlight both potential and limitation, indicating that the same assets may function as facilitators or barriers depending on their interpretation and application. The study contributes a pastor-centred, emic account of CHAs within a South African context and underscores the need for future multi-stakeholder research to assess how faith-sensitive AYSRH interventions operate in practice. Full article

Background: Regulatory restrictions and mandates typically offer short-term behaviour guidance, whereas interventions to improve knowledge and attitudes could result in more sustainable behavioural changes. Health authorities implemented awareness campaigns to enhance public knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19. This study explored the interplay between knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to COVID-19 among university undergraduate students in Jordan, aiming to inform public health initiatives and educational programmes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey targeting undergraduate students enrolled at Yarmouk University in Jordan was conducted between January and May 2021. Participants consented to complete an anonymised validated self-administered questionnaire to evaluate their understanding of COVID-19 symptoms, treatment and transmission and attitudes and behaviours towards preventive measures. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modelling to investigate the associations between knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. Results: A total of 1375 undergraduate students participated in the survey. Knowledge of COVID-19 was low among most participants, with only 1.3% demonstrating high knowledge. Conversely, 58.5% exhibited good behaviour, and 31.4% reported full compliance with recommended behaviours. Significant differences were found in knowledge, attitudes and behaviours across different faculty clusters, with health faculties showing superior knowledge and more positive attitudes. Female participants (66.3%) were more likely to engage in positive behaviours than males (p-value = 0.02). Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that knowledge significantly influenced attitudes, which affected behaviours, confirming the model’s validity. Conclusions: The study highlights the critical role of knowledge and attitudes in shaping COVID-19-related behaviours among university students. Significant variations in knowledge and attitudes across different academic disciplines highlight the need for tailored educational interventions. The analysis supports the theoretical model linking knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, emphasising the importance of improving knowledge and attitudes to drive behaviour change. The findings suggest that comprehensive health education programmes targeting cognitive and affective aspects are essential for effective public health responses during pandemics. Full article

Population aging intensifies the need for built environments that support healthy and independent living while reducing preventable risks. This integrative review examines how architectural design, safety measures, and corporate security can function as an integrated, layered system for creating age-friendly environments across public spaces, housing, and intergenerational community settings. Drawing on a systematic search of literature published between 2010 and 2026 across databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, supplemented by international standards and policy documents, the review analyses how universal design principles, injury prevention strategies, and governance routines intersect to sustain mobility, reduce harms, and protect data, devices, and operational continuity. The findings indicate that gaps in any layer, such as inaccessible layouts, poorly maintained safety systems, or weak cybersecurity, can undermine overall effectiveness, compromise trust, and affect older adults’ autonomy. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed these interdependencies, accelerating smart technology adoption while exacerbating digital inequality and social isolation, particularly in rural settings. This review concludes that age-friendly environments require not only barrier-free architecture and proportionate safety measures, but also robust governance structures that ensure accountability, lifecycle maintenance, and responsible data practices. Integrating these three domains provides a foundation for resilient, trustworthy, and health-promoting environments that enable older adults to remain active, socially connected, and secure. Full article

Background: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) bacteremia represents a major therapeutic and epidemiological challenge, particularly in regions with high antimicrobial resistance rates such as Southern Europe. Longitudinal local data are essential to guide infection control and antimicrobial stewardship strategies. This study aimed to evaluate temporal trends in incidence, management, and mortality of VRE bacteremia in a tertiary care center in Greece over a six-year period, including comparison before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This retrospective observational study included adult patients with VRE bacteremia at the University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece, from 2018 to 2023. Demographic and clinical data, such as the Pitt Bacteremia Index (PBI), as well as microbiological, and treatment data were collected from patient records. Incidence was calculated per 10,000 patient-days. Comparisons were performed between survivors and non-survivors and between pre- and post-COVID-19 eras. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 96 patients were included (mean age 68.6 ± 14.5 years; 56.3% male). The incidence of VRE bacteremia increased more than five-fold during the study period, from 0.242 cases per 10,000 patient-days in 2018 to a peak of 1.344 per 10,000 patient-days in 2022, remaining elevated in 2023 (1.001 per 10,000 patient-days). The overall in-hospital mortality was 54.2%. Non-survivors had significantly higher PBI scores compared to survivors (median 2.5 vs. 0, p = 0.005). In the multivariate analysis, higher PBI was independently associated with in-hospital mortality [odds ratio: 1.449 (95% confidence intervals: 1.166–1.801)]. Appropriate empirical therapy was administered in 41.7% of cases and was not significantly associated with survival. Post-COVID-19 patients were older (69.9 vs. 61.4 years, p = 0.0365), and antimicrobial regimens were more frequently adjusted according to susceptibility testing (55.7% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.0141), but mortality did not significantly differ between periods. Conclusion: VRE bacteremia incidence increased dramatically over the six-year study period in our tertiary center, with persistently high mortality exceeding 50%. Severity of illness at the diagnosis of bacteremia, as measured by the PBI, was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Strengthened infection prevention measures, optimized antimicrobial stewardship, and early aggressive management are urgently needed to mitigate the growing burden of VRE bacteremia. Full article

Background: Patients with kidney failure requiring dialysis experience a high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, and vaccine hypo-responsiveness is a key contributor. Uraemic toxins and gut dysbiosis are potential causes of hypo-responsiveness. Aim: This study aimed to determine whether uraemic toxin concentrations or gut dysbiosis are associated with vaccine response in haemodialysis patients. Methods: This was a single centre, observational cohort study of maintenance dialysis patients receiving a conventional 2-dose primary COVID-19 vaccination course. Demographic, clinical and vaccination data were collected from the eMR. Vaccine response (Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay), serum uraemic toxin concentrations (indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl sulphate, and trimethylamine N-oxide by liquid chromatography), and stool microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were measured 8 weeks after the second dose of vaccine. Results: Forty participants (43% female, mean age 66 years; 59% Caucasian) were included, 70% of whom were classified as a vaccine responder. Antibiotic exposure, prednisolone use and lymphopenia were significantly associated with hypo-responsiveness. Microbiome profiling identified differences in beta diversity between responders and non-responders, positively correlated with short-chain fatty acid producers (Parabacteriodes) and negatively with pathobionts (Escherichia/Shigella). Differential abundance analysis identified lower levels of Tyzzerella, Gemmiger, and Hungatella and higher levels of Turicibacter in vaccine responders. Total uraemic toxin burden and individual toxin concentrations did not differ between responders and hypo-responders (all p > 0.05). Stratification by low versus high/very high toxin burden groupings was not associated with response (p > 0.99). Conclusions: Differences in gut microbial composition were observed between vaccine responder groups, while uraemic toxin concentrations were not associated with vaccine responsiveness. These findings suggest gut microbiota composition may contribute to vaccine hypo-responsiveness in individuals receiving dialysis and warrant further investigation in larger mechanistic studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of influenza-related complications; therefore, annual vaccination constitutes an essential preventive measure. The objective of this study is to analyze the evolution of influenza vaccination coverage among the population with diabetes in Spain between 2020 and 2023 and to identify factors associated with adherence, comparing it with a matched population without diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the European Health Survey in Spain 2020 and the Spanish National Health Survey 2023, applying 1:1 matching by age, gender, and place of residence. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess time trend and to identify adherence predictors. Results: Vaccination coverage among individuals with diabetes increased from 52.0% in 2020 to 65.9% in 2023 and was higher than that observed among the matched participants without diabetes in both periods. Older age and the presence of comorbidities, such as myocardial infarction or respiratory diseases, were associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination, whereas alcohol consumption and smoking were associated with lower adherence among subjects with diabetes. The year 2023 was independently associated with a higher probability of vaccination compared with 2020 (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.56–2.12). Conclusions: Although influenza vaccination coverage among the Spanish people with diabetes has improved following the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains below recommended targets, highlighting the need to strengthen targeted strategies aimed at less adherent subgroups. Full article

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women, with notable increases among women younger than 50 years. Knowledge about breast cancer and preventive measures (e.g., early detection) are key to reducing breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Many graduate students fall within an age range when breast cancer risk starts to rise. However, research focused specifically on graduate students’ breast cancer knowledge and practices of preventive measures are sparse. Methods: This scoping review aims to synthesize the literature on breast cancer knowledge and practice of preventive measures among graduate students in a global context. Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, Embase) were searched for articles published between 2014 and 2024, and the following inclusion criteria were applied: full-text peer-reviewed articles available online; target population includes graduate students aged 20 to 50 years; English language; and, cross-sectional, cohort, case–control, ecological, and experimental/intervention studies. Two reviewers independently conducted article screening and data extraction using Covidence. Results: Sixteen studies met the selection criteria. Knowledge of breast cancer was examined in 94% (15/16) of the included studies and 75% (12/16) of the studies assessed practice of prevention measures (e.g., breast self-examination) among graduate students. Overall, most studies reported poor knowledge and limited uptake of prevention practices. Educational background (e.g., years of education, academic discipline and GPA), access to healthcare services, and other socioeconomic characteristics were commonly reported factors significantly associated with breast cancer knowledge and practice of preventive measures in graduate students. Conclusions: These findings may inform targeted educational interventions to increase knowledge and promote the early detection and prevention of breast cancer among graduate students. Full article

Background/Objectives: The main goal of this study is to identify predictors associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seropositivity in children, including demographics, history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection of the child and the household members, prevention practices, and maternal vaccination. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study within the Caribbean Consortium for Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (CCREOH)/MeKiTamara cohort included 300 mother-child dyads recruited in Paramaribo and Nickerie, Suriname (February–April 2023). The total immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike domain 1 (S1) and anti-nucleoprotein (NP) were quantified in dried blood spot (DBS) eluates from children using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Demographic information, COVID-19 prevention measures, history of viral infection of the child and the household members, and COVID-19 vaccination questionnaire data were recorded. Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence were determined using binary logistic regression. Results: Among 278 seropositive children in 2023, 73.4% were in the 5–6-year-old age group, 54.7% were female, 36.3% were of Asian descent, and 69.8% were recruited in Paramaribo. Seroprevalence increased from 33.8% in 2021–2022 to 93.3% in 2023, with a mean follow-up of 21.5 months. Of the 100 children previously tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or antigen test, 25 had confirmed COVID-19, as reported by mothers. Children from unvaccinated mothers were 6.11 times more likely to be seropositive (p = 0.022). Conclusions: This study shows a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in Surinamese children aged 3–6 years between collection periods, indicating multiple exposures. Future public health interventions and policies should account for maternal vaccination status to reduce children’s exposure to COVID-19 during future outbreaks. Full article

Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains a public health concern despite long-standing vaccination programs. After a marked decline during the COVID-19 pandemic, a resurgence was observed in Europe and Italy, with a sharp increase in 2024. This study describes pertussis epidemiological trends in the Tuscany Region (Italy) from 2019 to 2024 to identify high-risk groups and inform prevention strategies. A retrospective population-based analysis was conducted using cases reported to the national surveillance system (PREMAL). Incidence rates were calculated using ISTAT population data, and demographic, temporal, and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Overall, 669 cases were reported (mean annual incidence rate: 3.03/100,000 (IC 95% 2.47–3.59; period incidence rate: 18.2/100,000 (IC 95% 16.81–19.56)), with 89% occurring in 2024 (16.34/100,000 (IC 95% 15.03–17.65)). No sex differences were observed, and most cases were reported in Central Tuscany (64%). Children under 15 years accounted for 87% of cases. The highest incidence was observed among 10–14-year-olds, while infants < 1 year, particularly those under 4 months, showed the highest burden in narrower age strata. Hospitalizations occurred in 12.6% of cases, decreasing substantially in 2024. The 2024 resurgence likely reflects waning immunity, disruptions to routine vaccinations during the pandemic, and reduced pathogen circulation in previous years due to containment and isolation measures related to the pandemic. Strengthening surveillance and improving booster and maternal vaccination coverage are essential to protect vulnerable populations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Suicide attempts represent a major global health problem. Traumatic suicide methods, such as falls from great heights, stab wounds, and gunshot wounds, frequently result in severe or fatal injuries. The COVID-19 pandemic, as well as broader societal stressors including economic uncertainty and geopolitical conflicts, has substantially increased psychological stress in the population and has been discussed as a potential influencing factor for suicidal behavior. The aim of this study was to analyze severe traumatic suicide attempts and to evaluate the potential influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in a multicenter analysis of the TraumaRegister (TR) DGU^®. Methods: This retrospective multicenter analysis is based on the TraumaRegister DGU^®, a standardized database for seriously injured patients. Patients from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland from 2010 to 2023 with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 9, an age ≥ 10 years, and a documented suicide attempt, who arrived at the hospital alive, were included. Results: Among severely injured trauma patients recorded in the registry, 12,247 (4.4%) cases were classified as suspected traumatic suicide attempts. Severe traumatic suicide attempts showed a clear age-dependent distribution, with a marked increase from adolescence and a plateau between 20 and 55 years of age. Both the mean age of the general population and the age of patients with suicide attempts increased over the study period. This trend was reflected in the rise in the ≥70-year age group from 13.6% in 2010 to 19.6% in 2023. The most common method was jumping from a height greater than 3 m (65.3%), followed by stab wounds (11.9%) and gunshot wounds (8.0%). While a significant decline in severe traumatic suicide attempts was observed between 2010 and 2019, a significant increase to 4.5% occurred in 2020, remaining at a comparable level in the following years. Sex-specific differences were observed, with penetrating injuries occurring more frequently in men, whereas jumps from heights > 3 m were more common among women. The highest hospital mortality was observed in gunshot injuries (67.9%). Conclusions: This study demonstrates an increase in severe traumatic suicide attempts in 2020 that persisted at a similar level until 2023. Sex-specific differences in suicide methods highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies. In addition, demographic aging is reflected in the increasing proportion of suicide attempts among older individuals, emphasizing the need for age-specific prevention measures. The relatively high survival rate after certain methods, particularly after falls from height (77%), underlines the importance of structured postoperative psychiatric care pathways. These findings specifically reflect traumatic suicide attempts resulting in severe injury and requiring trauma center treatment. Full article

The primary objective of this research is to identify, analyse, and compare the development of risk management approaches adopted by Slovak industrial enterprises in two distinct economic periods: during a phase of economic growth (2019) and during a period of global crises and regional crises with significant global implications, which have had substantial global economic, energy, and security impacts, as well as the increasing intensity of cyber threats affecting enterprises in Slovakia (2022–2023). Emphasis is placed on identifying key factors influencing the effectiveness of risk management implementation, as well as on assessing the use of individual stages of the risk management process in business practice. The research has a quantitative character and consists of two empirical surveys conducted through questionnaire-based data collection. The first survey was carried out in 2019 under conditions of economic growth, while the second was conducted in 2022–2023 in the context of multiple global crises and regional crises, particularly the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global energy crisis, the military conflict in Ukraine, and increasing cyber threats. The first study obtained 450 valid responses, and the second obtained 390 responses from enterprises operating across various sectors of the private economy in Slovakia. The results of the study confirmed the existence of significant differences in companies’ approaches to risk management depending on the economic context. During the period of economic growth, the main reason for insufficient attention to risks was low staff motivation, with enterprises focusing primarily on risk identification, analysis, and assessment, and less on designing specific mitigation measures. In contrast, during the period of global crises and regional crises, companies’ attitudes shifted, with stronger resistance to implemented measures but, at the same time, increased attention to the development of risk-reduction actions. Neglecting systematic preventive steps increases companies’ vulnerability to crises, which may result in operational, financial, and reputational losses, delayed responses, and a decline in competitiveness. The two-phase nature of the research made it possible to capture the dynamics of managerial behaviour under different economic conditions and to formulate practical recommendations for integrating risk management into both strategic and operational levels of management. Full article

Introduction: Gender-based violence and femicide represent the most extreme manifestation of a deep-rooted cultural distortion embedded within patriarchal social structures. In this study, adopting a comparative and multidisciplinary approach, we analyzed the evolution of international legislation and the major historical milestones in the protection of women’s rights and the prevention of gender-based violence at both the global and Italian levels. Specific protocols such as the “Pink code” were examined, with particular attention to medico-legal implications and the clinical management of victims, highlighting how violence against women continues to be fuelled by stereotypes, discrimination, and unequal power relations. Materials and Methods: Gender-based violence and femicide were examined from both national and international perspectives. A total of 73 scientific articles in English and 28 legal sources were selected from an initial pool of 918 publications, through a narrative review with a structured search strategy of international and Italian legislation and scientific literature. Electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched for the period 2000–2025. Only original observational studies, medico-legal analyses, epidemiological reports, and forensic case series were included. Cases primarily related to pregnancy, migration, infanticide, suicide, or substance abuse were excluded to reduce heterogeneity and focus on violence rooted in gender-based power asymmetries. Results: The legislative analysis shows a progressive strengthening of protection mechanisms, particularly between 2012 and 2023, following the ratification of the Istanbul Convention, the increase in intimate partner violence, and the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, the repeal of discriminatory norms and the introduction of specific legislative measures have led to increased attention toward prevention, protection, and prosecution of gender-based violence. Protocols such as the ‘Pink Code’, an Italian hospital-based multidisciplinary pathway activated mainly in emergency departments for the early identification, clinical care, medico-legal documentation, and judicial protection of victims of gender-based violence, have improved multidisciplinary management of victims within healthcare and judicial settings, although significant challenges remain regarding the full enforcement of legislation and the effective protection of women. The analysis focuses on female victims, in accordance with the Italian legal definition of gender-based violence, while other forms of gender-related violence were considered beyond the scope of this review. Conclusions: Despite substantial legal advances, combating gender-based violence clearly requires an integrated approach that combines prevention, assistance, and prosecution. Strengthening collaboration among institutions, healthcare services, and the judicial system—consistent with international recommendations—is essential to ensure an effective and rights-based response to victims. Overcoming the cultural and social barriers that perpetuate violence remains a fundamental priority, alongside promoting genuine gender equality. Full article

Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. A total of 1859 norovirus outbreaks were reported from 2016 to 2022 in Beijing, China. GII.2[P16] was the predominant genotype during 2016–2021, and GII.3[P12] during 2021–2022. In the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic (January to June of 2020), strict prevention and control measures were implemented, and only eight norovirus outbreaks were reported. Most norovirus outbreaks occurred in schools (95.6%, 1778). As the level of schooling rises, the scale of norovirus outbreaks also increases (median case numbers: 8 for kindergarten, 10 for primary school, 11 for secondary school, and 14 for college; p trend < 0.001), while the attack rate decreases (median attack rates were correspondingly 25.8%, 17.5%, 10.0%, and 8.8%; p trend < 0.001). Compared to outbreaks caused by person-to-person transmission, foodborne and waterborne outbreaks are larger in scale. Delayed outbreak response is also a risk factor for larger-scale outbreaks. Norovirus outbreaks have emerged as a significant concern for public health in Beijing. Persistent genotyping efforts are essential to facilitate early warning. Outbreaks in different locations or through different transmission routes require specific prevention and control measures. Full article

(1) Background: Eating disorder risk factors in children are early maturation, body dissatisfaction, dieting, stress and physical inactivity. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these factors due to isolation, online classes and reduced physical activity, all of which have increased children’s risk of developing eating disorders. The aim of the research was to examine the frequency of eating disorders among school-aged children in the Republic of Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the association of these disorders with socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and levels of depression, anxiety and stress. (2) Methods: The research was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study on a sample of students from the fifth grade of elementary school to the fourth year of secondary school. The research was conducted from May to August in 2023. using the EAT-26 questionnaire. Before the research, the approval of the ethics committee of the Jagodina Health Center (No. 1238/28.04.2023.) was obtained, where the research was conducted. (3) Results: The results show that 5.8% of students exhibited eating disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (EAT-26 ≥ 20). Statistically significant differences were observed in girls with an eating disorder, who had a significantly lower body weight compared to the others (p < 0.05). Students with symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress showed eating disorders significantly more often. Also, elementary school students and boys with an eating disorder visited a nutritionist and played sports more often. (4) Conclusions: Research has shown that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a smaller percentage of students showed symptoms of eating disorders, with girls being more sensitive. Disorders were significantly associated with the presence of depression, anxiety and stress. The obtained results indicate the importance of monitoring children’s psychological and nutritional health, as well as the need for preventive and intervention measures in crisis conditions. Full article

University students are a major target population for infectious disease prevention programmes. Understanding the barriers to implementation of these programmes, and specifically vaccines, among student populations is critical for effective health prevention strategies. To assess changes in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine delivery programmes, we compared questionnaire-based survey data of two cohorts of first year students from two points, July and October 2021, during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in the United Kingdom. We observed a highly significant increase in vaccine uptake without any alteration in vaccine hesitancy, as measured using a modified VAX score between the two survey dates. The October survey confirmed an association of vaccine hesitancy with the Non-White ethnic group and specifically identified concerns with the plurality of vaccine testing as a potential cause of this hesitancy. University pop-ups for COVID-19 vaccine delivery were not extensively utilised but were deemed as strongly or weakly favourable by 28.3% of students. Survey responses indicated that on-campus pop-ups for delivery of MMR and MenACWY were also supported by a significant minority of students. Full article