Search Results (2,436)

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are novel porous crystalline materials formed through the self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands. They have various advantages, including tunable chemical and electronic structures, high porosity, and large specific surface areas. Owing to their unique structural and physicochemical properties, MOFs have been widely applied in the fields of catalysis, supercapacitors, sensors, and drug recognition/delivery. However, the intrinsic poor stability and low electrical conductivity of conventional MOFs severely hinder their practical implementation. Graphdiyne (GDY), a unique carbon allotrope, features a new structure composed of both sp²- and sp-hybridized carbon atoms. Its distinct chemical and electronic configuration endow it with exceptional properties such as natural bandgap, uniform in-plane cavities, and excellent electronic conductivity. Integrating MOFs with GDY can effectively overcome the intrinsic limitations of MOFs and expand their potential applications. As emerging hybrid materials, MOF/GDY composites and their derivatives have attracted increasing attention in recent years. This article reviews recent advances in the synthesis strategies of MOF/GDY composites and their derivatives, along with their performance and applications in catalysis, energy storage, and biological sensors. It also discusses the future opportunities and challenges faced in the development of these promising composite materials, aiming to inspire interest and provide scientific guidance. Full article

In the present scenario, it is believed that the fabrication of cost-effective and environmentally friendly nanomaterials is of great significance for various optoelectronic and electrochemical applications. In the past few years, zinc sulfide and its composites with carbon-based materials, metal oxides, MXenes, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and other materials have been prepared for electrochemical applications. The ZnS-based materials exhibit good specific surface area, catalytic activity, and decent conductivity, which makes them promising materials for sensors and supercapacitors (SCs). In this review article, we briefly discuss the synthesis of ZnS using various methods, such as hydrothermal, microwave, sol–gel, electrochemical, and ultrasonication methods. Furthermore, ZnS and its composites for electrochemical sensors are reviewed. The limits of detection, sensitivity, stability, and selectivity of the reported sensors are discussed. Furthermore, studies based on ZnS and its composites for SC applications are reviewed. It was found that ZnS-based composites exhibit good electrochemical performance for SCs. The limitations and prospects of ZnS-based materials are also discussed. We believe that the present review article may be useful for researchers who are involved in the fabrication of ZnS-based materials for SCs and electrochemical sensing applications. Full article

Biodiesel is an alternative, sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy source, which has generated interest from the scientific community due to its low toxicity, rapid biodegradability, and zero carbon footprint. Biodiesel is a biofuel produced by the transesterification of triglycerides or the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA). Both reactions require catalysts with numerous active sites (basic, acidic, bifunctional, or enzymatic) for efficient biodiesel production. On the other hand, since the late 1990s, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a new class of porous materials and have been successfully used in various fields due to their multiple properties. For this reason, MOFs have been used as heterogeneous catalysts or as a platform for designing active sites, thus improving stability and reusability. This literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of using MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts or supports for biodiesel production. The optimal parameters for transesterification/esterification are detailed, such as the alcohol/feedstock molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction time and temperature, conversion percentage, biodiesel yield, fatty acid and water content, etc. Additionally, novel methodologies such as ultrasound and microwave irradiation for obtaining MOF-based catalysts are described. It is important to note that most studies have shown biodiesel yields >90% and multiple reuse cycles with minimal activity loss. The bibliographic analysis was conducted using the American Chemical Society (ACS) Scifinder^® database, the Elsevier B.V. Scopus^® database, and the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science^® database, under the institutional license of the Universidad Veracruzana. Keywords were searched for each section, generally limiting the document type to “reviews” and “journals,” and the language to English, and published between 2000 and 2025. Full article

Phenolic compounds such as resorcinol (RS) have negative impacts on aquatic life, the environment, and human health. Thus, it is necessary to develop sensing devices for the monitoring of RS. The electrochemical method is one of the most significant approaches for the determination of toxic substances. In electrochemical methods, electrode modifiers play a vital role and affect the sensing performance of the electrochemical sensors. Thus, the selection of efficient electrode material is of great importance. In recent years, various electrode modifiers such as graphene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, metal oxides, polymers, and composite materials have been extensively used for the fabrication of RS sensors. In this review, we have summarized the reported electrode modifiers for the fabrication of RS electrochemical sensors. Various electrochemical sensing techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), amperometry (Amp), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) have been discussed. This review provides an overview of a large number of electrode modifiers for the determination of RS. The limitations, challenges, and future perspectives for RS sensors are discussed. We believe that the present review article is beneficial for the scientific community and electrochemists working on the construction of RS sensors. Full article

This study investigates hydrogen storage enhancement through adsorption in porous materials by coupling the Dubinin–Astakhov (D-A) adsorption model with H₂ conservation equations (mass, momentum, and energy). The resulting system of partial differential equations (PDEs) was solved numerically using the finite element method (FEM). Experimental work using activated carbon as an adsorbent was carried out to validate the model. The comparison showed good agreement in terms of temperature distribution, average pressure of the system, and the amount of adsorbed hydrogen (H₂). Further simulations with different adsorbents indicated that compact metal–organic framework 5 (MOF-5) is the most effective material in terms of H₂ adsorption. Additionally, the pair (273 K, 800 s) remains the optimal combination of injection temperature and time. The findings underscore the prospective advantages of optimized MOF-5-based systems for enhanced hydrogen storage. These systems offer increased capacity and safety compared to traditional adsorbents. Subsequent research should investigate multi-objective optimization of material properties and system geometry, along with evaluating dynamic cycling performance in practical operating conditions. Additionally, experimental validation on MOF-5-based storage prototypes would further reinforce the model’s predictive capabilities for industrial applications. Full article

Although phage@nanozymes have proven to be a rapid, precise, and cost-effective method for detecting pathogens in food, the basis of phage and nanozyme selection remains poorly understood. In this study, a novel colourimetric biosensor utilising the temperate phage SapYZUs891 and an Fe/Mn-MOF nanozyme was constructed and assessed for its efficacy in detecting Staphylococcus aureus in food products. Notably, SapYZUs891 exhibited a high titre, broad host range, and strong pH and thermal stability. Moreover, the bimetallic Fe/Mn-MOF nanozyme exhibited an enhanced oxidase-mimicking ability, greater affinity, and a higher reaction rate. The biosensor had a detection time of 19 min, a detection limit of 69 CFU/mL, and a recovery rate between 92.52% and 121.48%, signifying its high reliability and accuracy in identifying S. aureus. This sensor distinguishes between viable and non-viable bacteria and demonstrates resistance to interferent bacterial and food compounds, likely attributable to the particular receptor-binding proteins of SapYZUs891 that bind to the teichoic acid wall on the S. aureus. These results indicated that the SapYZUs891@Fe/Mn-MOF is suitable for the rapid visual assessment of S. aureus. Moreover, the highly sensitive and specific detection system holds significant potential for extended application in on-site screening of S. aureus contamination within food processing environments. Full article

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for environmental remediation, particularly in photocatalysis. In this work, a novel ZMIP nanocomposite was fabricated by integrating MIP-202(Zr) bio-MOF with ZnO nanoparticles. For the first time, ZnO nanoparticles were green-synthesized using water lettuce extract and incorporated into MIP-202(Zr) via a mild hydrothermal route. The resulting hybrid was applied as a visible-light photocatalyst for carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation in real pharmaceutical wastewater. Structural analyses (XRD, FTIR, TEM, EDS) verified the successful incorporation of ZnO into the MIP-202(Zr) framework. The composite exhibited a narrowed bandgap of 2.74 ± 0.1 eV compared to 4.05 ± 0.06 eV for pristine MIP-202 and 3.77 ± 0.04 eV for ZnO, highlighting enhanced visible-light utilization in ZMIP. Operational parameters were optimized using response surface methodology, where CBZ removal reached 99.37% with 84.39% TOC mineralization under the optimal conditions (90 min, pH 6, 15 mg/L CBZ, 1.25 g/L catalyst). The catalyst maintained stable performance over five reuse cycles. Radical quenching and UHPLC-MS analyses identified the dominant reactive oxygen species and generated intermediates, elucidating the degradation mechanism and pathways. Beyond CBZ, the ZMIP photocatalyst effectively degraded other pharmaceuticals, including doxorubicin, tetracycline, paracetamol, and ibuprofen, achieving degradation efficiencies of 82.93%, 76.84%, 72.08%, and 67.71%, respectively. Application on real pharmaceutical wastewater achieved 78.37% TOC removal under the optimum conditions. Furthermore, the supplementation of the photocatalytic system by inorganic oxidants ameliorated the degradation performance, following the order KIO₄ > K₂S₂O₈ > KHSO₅ > H₂O₂. Overall, ZMIP demonstrates excellent activity, reusability, and versatility, underscoring its potential as a sustainable photocatalyst for real wastewater treatment. Full article

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been increasingly recognized as promising platforms for enzyme modulation, owing to their tunable porosity, high surface area, and versatile chemical functionality. In this review, the potential of MOFs for the inhibition and modulation of protein kinases and phosphatases—key regulators of cellular signaling and disease progression—is examined. The structural fundamentals of MOFs are outlined, followed by a discussion of common synthesis strategies, including solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sonochemical, and mechanochemical methods. Emphasis is placed on how synthesis conditions influence critical features such as particle size, crystallinity, surface chemistry, and functional group accessibility, all of which impact biological performance. Four primary mechanisms of MOF–enzyme interaction are discussed: surface adsorption, active site coordination, catalytic mimicry, and allosteric modulation. Each mechanism is linked to distinct physicochemical parameters, including pore size, surface charge, and metal node identity. Special focus is given to biologically relevant metal centers such as Zr⁴⁺, Ce⁴⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Ti⁴⁺, which have been shown to contribute to both MOF stability and enzymatic inhibition through Lewis acid or redox-mediated mechanisms. Recent in vitro studies are reviewed, in which MOFs demonstrated selective inhibition of disease-relevant enzymes with minimal cytotoxicity. Despite these advancements, several limitations have been identified, including scalability challenges, limited physiological stability, and potential off-target effects. Strategies such as post-synthetic modification, green synthesis, and biomimetic surface functionalization are being explored to overcome these barriers. Through an integration of materials science, coordination chemistry, and molecular biology, this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the rational design of MOFs for targeted enzyme inhibition in therapeutic contexts. Full article

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has rapidly emerged as a powerful analytical technique for the sensitive and selective detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in complex food matrices. This review summarizes recent advances in substrate engineering, emphasizing structure–performance relationships between nanomaterial design and molecular enhancement mechanisms. Functional groups such as P=O, P=S, and aromatic rings are highlighted as key determinants of Raman activity through combined chemical and electromagnetic effects. State-of-the-art substrates, including noble metals, carbon-based materials, bimetallic hybrids, MOF-derived systems, and emerging liquid metals, are critically evaluated with respect to sensitivity, stability, and applicability in typical matrices such as fruit and vegetable surfaces, juices, grains, and agricultural waters. Reported performance commonly achieves sub-μg L⁻¹ to low μg L⁻¹ detection limits in liquids and 10⁻³ to 10 μg cm⁻² on surfaces, with reproducibility often in the 5–15% RSD range under optimized conditions. Persistent challenges are also emphasized, including substrate variability, quantitative accuracy under matrix interference, and limited portability for real-world applications. Structure–response correlation models and data-driven strategies are discussed as tools to improve substrate predictability. Although AI and machine learning show promise for automated spectral interpretation and high-throughput screening, current applications remain primarily proof-of-concept rather than routine workflows. Future priorities include standardized fabrication protocols, portable detection systems, and computation-guided multidimensional designs to accelerate translation from laboratory research to practical deployment in food safety and environmental surveillance. Full article

Basolite^® F300 and synthetic nano-{Fe-BTC} MOFs, two iron-trimesate MOFs, have been investigated, demonstrating broad pH range adsorption for monomethylarsenate (MMA), cacodylic acid (DMAA), 4-aminophenylarsonate (ASA), and arsenate, while arsenite adsorption was notable at pH > 9.5. A similar uptake trend was found for both MOFs, with Basolite^® F300 being the more effective given its higher porosity and greater surface area. Pseudo-second-order kinetic models were followed by MMA, DMAA, ASA, and As(V), suggesting a chemisorption mechanism with arsenic species diffusion into MOF pores as the controlling step. Equilibrium data for DMAA and ASA fit the Langmuir model whereas MMA adsorption fits the Redlich–Peterson model. The uptake of MMA, DMAA, and ASA by both Fe-MOFs is mainly attributed to their coordination with Fe(III). Aromatic units in ASA enhance adsorption through П-П stacking interactions. The competition between all arsenic species for the sorption sites of the Fe-MOFs led to an uptake decrease of 10% for MMA and ASA and higher than 30% for DMAA and As(V) with respect to the individual uptakes. The Fe-MOFs can be reused for four cycles by washing with acidic methanol. Basolite^® F300 and synthetic nano-{Fe-BTC} effectively removed organic and inorganic arsenic species, exhibiting rapid adsorption, selective uptake, stability, and easy regeneration. Full article

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a typical persistent organic pollutant, which presents a significant risk to the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, the development of a highly sensitive and effective detection technique for PFOS has aroused wide concern. In this study, for the mesoporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), Cr-MIL-101 were used as the precursor. And the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) using as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was loaded on Cr-MIL-101 to form a core–shell structure. The obtained Cr-MIL-101@PEDOT/MIP composites integrate the high specific surface area of Cr-MIL-101 and the specific recognition capability of PEDOT/MIP. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) interface modified by them can specifically adsorb PFOS through electrostatic interactions, coordination by Cr metal nodes, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding, etc. The adsorbed PFOS molecules could block the active sites at the electrode interface, causing the current decay of the redox probe. Following the quantitative analysis of peak current decay values using the Langmuir model and the Freundlich–Langmuir model, a wide detection range (0.1–200 nM) and a low detection limit (0.025 nM) were obtained. Characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical methods were employed to validate the fabrication of the composites. Moreover, Cr-MIL-101@PEDOT/MIP/GCE showed satisfactory stability, repeatability, and selectivity, providing an effective method for the detection of PFOS in practical samples, showing a wide prospective application. Full article

Bacterial drug resistance has become increasingly severe, with the development of novel antibiotics lagging far behind the evolution of resistant strains, drastically limiting clinical treatment options. Therefore, the development of new antibacterial materials is urgently needed. In this study, we synthesized a gallium-based metal–organic framework antibacterial material, designated as GM, with gallium as the central atom. Compared to a previously reported gallium-based MOF (FM), GM features a greener and milder synthesis process (room temperature, aqueous solvent, no toxic additives) while exhibiting improved antibacterial performance. Despite sharing identical raw materials, GM and FM are structurally distinct due to differences in synthesis methods, as evidenced by variations in morphology and crystal structure. Antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) demonstrated that GM outperforms FM, particularly against S. aureus, where GM exhibits threefold higher efficacy. Mechanistic investigations revealed that GM induces substantially higher intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and stronger disruption of bacterial membrane potential compared to FM, which may underpin its enhanced antibacterial activity. Additionally, cytotoxicity tests confirmed that GM shows no significant toxicity to mammalian cells. This study presents a gallium-based MOF prepared via a green synthesis route, with favorable antibacterial efficacy and biocompatibility, offering insights and a reference for the development of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents. Full article

Recently, two-dimensional metal–organic framework (2D MOF) hybrids are attracting much attention in supercapacitors. However, their performance is limited by the insufficient utilization of active sites and poor conductivity. Notably, the full utilization of active sites highly depends on the fast transport and diffusion of ions. Here, a Cu-MOF@GO-COOH hybrid was constructed, with GO-COOH as the substrate, to promote electron transfer, and Meso-Cu-MOF@GO-COOH was further obtained by introducing mesopores inside nanosheets to optimize the transportation paths for ions. The GO-COOH substrate improves the capacitance by enhancing the surface capacitive behavior, while the mesopores improve the charge-storage capacity by enhancing the diffusive behavior. The as-obtained Meso-Cu-MOF@GO-COOH exhibits a higher capacitance of 292.5 F g⁻¹ compared with Cu-MOF@GO-COOH (193.7 F g⁻¹) and 2D Cu-MOF (141.4 F g⁻¹) at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹. Moreover, the prepared Cu-MOF@GO-COOH//AC device delivers a capacitance of 63 F g⁻¹ (0.5 A g⁻¹), an energy density of 27.7 Wh kg⁻¹, and a power density of 496.8 W kg⁻¹, showing a great potential for practical applications. Full article

Fe–Ce-MOFs with a rice-grain-like morphology were successfully obtained via hydrothermal synthesis, where ferric chloride (FeCl₃) and cerium nitrate [Ce(NO₃)₃] served as the metal precursors and terephthalic acid (PTA) acted as the organic coordinating ligand. The effects of the Fe:Ce molar ratio, (Fe/Ce):PTA ratio, reaction duration, and synthesis temperature on adsorption performance of the Fe–Ce-MOFs were systematically studied. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the removal of fluoride and phosphate ions from aqueous solution. Under optimized conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities of Fe–Ce-MOFs for fluoride and phosphate reached 183.82 mg g⁻¹ and 110.74 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Adsorption data correlated strongly with the Langmuir isotherm, were best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and were identified as a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. After three regeneration cycles, the adsorbent still maintained high removal efficiencies for fluoride (85.17%) and phosphate (47.34%) removal. In practical wastewater treatment, removal efficiencies of 92.04% for fluoride and 93.87% for phosphate were achieved. Mechanistic studies revealed that fluoride removal was dominated by electrostatic attraction and hydroxyl–fluoride ion exchange, whereas phosphate removal was attributed to the generation of inner-sphere complexes involving PO₄³⁻ and Fe/Ce active sites. This study not only elucidates the synergistic mechanism of fluoride and phosphate elimination by Fe–Ce-MOFs but also provides theoretical guidance and application prospects for the development of highly efficient and stable bimetallic MOF-based adsorbents for environmental remediation. Full article

Arsenic contamination in water remains a critical global health challenge, affecting millions and causing severe diseases including cancer, skin lesions, and cardiovascular disorders. Adsorption using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly zirconium-based UiO-66 and its derivatives, offers a promising and sustainable approach for arsenic remediation due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and strong chemical stability. Functionalized UiO-66 variants (e.g., –NH₂, –SO₃H, –COOH, –SH), metal-doped, or composite forms such as Fe₃O₄@UiO-66 exhibit arsenic adsorption capacities between 20 and 150 mg g⁻¹, depending on synthesis and surface chemistry. Optimal adsorption occurs within pH 4–8, while high salinity or competing anions reduce performance by 15–40%. UiO-66 materials demonstrate excellent regeneration efficiency (70–95%) after multiple cycles, with limited metal leaching (1–3%). Advances through ligand functionalization, modulator-assisted synthesis, and composite integration have significantly improved adsorption capacity, selectivity, and reusability. However, challenges persist in achieving green, water-based synthesis, maintaining long-term stability under realistic water chemistries, and enabling scalable production. Future work should focus on eco-friendly fabrication, defect engineering, and mechanistic optimization to fully harness UiO-66’s potential as a high-performance and sustainable adsorbent for arsenic-contaminated water treatment. Full article