Search Results (66)

Gel materials are widely used in underground mining for air leakage sealing and coal spontaneous combustion prevention. In this study, a novel self-healing carboxymethyl cellulose-modified amphiphilic polymer hydrogel with fire prevention and extinguishing capabilities is synthesized through ionic crosslinking between CMC-graft-poly(AM-co-NaA-co-BAM) and aluminum citrate (AlCit). The copolymer is constructed by grafting sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) onto an amphiphilic polymer backbone composed of acrylamide (AM), sodium acrylate (NaA), and N-benzylacrylamide (BAM), forming a dual-network structure via hydrophobic association and hydrogen bonding. The carboxymethyl cellulose-modified amphiphilic polymer demonstrates optimal viscosity-enhancing performance at a CMC content of 7.5 wt%. CMC-graft-poly(AM-co-NaA-co-BAM) demonstrated superior temperature, shear, and salt resistant performance compared with poly(AM-co-NaA-co-BAM), poly(AM-co-NaA), and CMC polymers, as well as enhanced viscoelasticity and self-healing capability. When crosslinked with AlCit, CMC-graft-poly(AM-co-NaA-co-BAM)-AlCit gel demonstrated superior viscoelastic properties and self-healing capability, as well as thermal stability, which gave the superior fire prevention and extinguishing performance for charcoal in fire extinction tests. CMC-graft-poly(AM-co-NaA-co-BAM) has abundant cross-linking sites, which lead to accelerated gelation and improved mechanical strength, while the hydrophobic microdomains acted as physical cross-linking points that interconnected polymer chains into a three-dimensional network. The hydrophobic interactions within the hydrogel are dynamically reversible. This intrinsic property allows physical cross-links to spontaneously reassociate when fracture surfaces make contact. Consequently, the material exhibits autonomous self-healing. Full article

Tooth whitening is increasingly sought in both clinical and home settings, raising concerns about the efficacy and safety of various whitening agents and their delivery systems. This narrative review compares the whitening performance and biocompatibility of active ingredients, including hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, activated charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, fluoride compounds, and blue covarine, with particular emphasis on the role of polymer-based carriers in formulation strategies. Hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide remain the most effective agents for intrinsic whitening, but are associated with risks of enamel surface alterations, microhardness reduction, and potential cytotoxicity, particularly at higher concentrations. Sodium bicarbonate provides moderate whitening effects through extrinsic stain removal, while fluoride compounds play a supportive role by reducing demineralization and tooth sensitivity, thereby preserving enamel integrity. These properties make them valuable adjuncts or alternatives for patients with high sensitivity risks. Blue covarine offers immediate optical effects without inducing intrinsic color changes, whereas activated charcoal poses risks of enamel abrasion and surface roughness with limited long-term efficacy. Polymer-based carriers such as Carbopol gels, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are incorporated into whitening formulations to improve viscosity, adhesion, and modulate the release of active ingredients. These polymers might help minimize diffusion of bleaching agents into deeper dental tissues, potentially reducing cytotoxic effects, and may improve handling characteristics. However, dedicated studies evaluating the unique advantages of polymers in different whitening systems remain limited. A comprehensive understanding of both the active ingredients and delivery technologies is critical to balancing esthetic outcomes with long-term oral health. From a clinical perspective, polymer-based carriers might contribute to reducing whitening-related tooth sensitivity, improving patient comfort, and providing more predictable treatment outcomes. Continued research is needed to clarify optimal formulations and application protocols, ensuring safer and more effective tooth-whitening practices in both clinical and home-use scenarios. Full article

Background/Objectives: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an uncommon but potentially fatal pharmacogenetic syndrome triggered by specific anesthetic agents, including certain muscle relaxants and volatile anesthetics. The clinical presentation of MH varies widely, making timely recognition challenging but essential to patient survival. Perioperative nurses have a critical role in MH prevention, crisis recognition, and effective management. This review aimed to identify and summarize current evidence on the perioperative nursing management of MH, emphasizing preventive measures, staff education, and the adoption of innovative strategies to enhance patient outcomes. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed–Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The methodological quality was ensured using the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), and the review process adhered to the PICOS framework. For transparency, the protocol has been reported to the Open Science Framework (OSF). Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The key findings underscored the vital role of perioperative nurses in conducting thorough preoperative risk assessments to identify susceptible individuals. Simulation-based training emerged as highly beneficial, improving staff preparedness, crisis recognition, teamwork, and communication skills. The integration of cognitive aids, such as emergency checklists, and the use of activated charcoal filters to rapidly reduce anesthetic gas concentrations were also highlighted as effective management strategies. Nonetheless, significant gaps in MH knowledge among nursing staff persist, indicating the need for ongoing education and training. Conclusions: Effective management of MH critically depends on comprehensive nurse-led assessments, regular simulation drills, and continuous staff education. The adoption of cognitive aids and activated charcoal filters further enhances crisis response capabilities. Future research should continue to explore innovative training methods and strategies to mitigate knowledge deficits among perioperative nursing teams. Full article

Hydrological processes in river systems are changing due to climate variability and human activities, making it crucial to understand and quantify these changes for effective water resource management. This study examines long-term trends in hydroclimate variables (1990–2022) and land use/land cover (LULC) changes (1988, 2002, and 2022) within the Continental Reach of the Gambia River Basin (CGRB). Trend analyses of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at 12-month and 24-month scales, along with river discharge at the Simenti station, reveal a shift from dry conditions to wetter phases post-2008, marked by significant increases in rainfall and discharge variability. LULC analysis revealed significant transformations in the basin. LULC analysis highlights significant transformations within the basin. Forest and savanna areas decreased by 20.57 and 4.48%, respectively, between 1988 and 2002, largely due to human activities such as agricultural expansion and deforestation for charcoal production. Post-2002, forest cover recovered from 32.36 to 36.27%, coinciding with the wetter conditions after 2008, suggesting that climatic shifts promoted vegetation regrowth. Spatial analysis further highlights an increase in bowe and steppe areas, especially in the north, indicating land degradation linked to human land use practices. Bowe areas, marked by impermeable laterite outcrops, and steppe areas with sparse herbaceous cover result from overgrazing and soil degradation, exacerbated by the region’s drier phases. A notable decrease in burned areas from 2.03 to 0.23% suggests improvements in fire management practices, reducing fire frequency, which is also supported by wetter conditions post-2008. Agricultural land and bare soils expanded by 14%, from 2.77 to 3.07%, primarily in the northern and central regions, likely driven by both population pressures and climatic shifts. Correlations between precipitation and land cover changes indicate that wetter conditions facilitated forest regrowth, while drier conditions exacerbated land degradation, with human activities such as deforestation and agricultural expansion potentially amplifying the impact of climatic shifts. These results demonstrate that while climatic shifts played a role in driving vegetation recovery, human activities were key in shaping land use patterns, impacting both precipitation and stream discharge, particularly due to agricultural practices and land degradation. Full article

Biogas is once again emerging as a potential household cooking option that can help developing countries achieve energy targets. However, the adoption of biogas remains relatively slow, necessitating a diagnosis of the problem the review of literature identified. The review identified key factors influencing the adoption of household biogas technology, including policy and regulatory frameworks, financing mechanisms, public awareness, and socio-economic factors. Therefore, this study involved undertaking a survey where heads of 385 households were interviewed. The study found that low income of households, averaging USD 67/month, is a major constraint to biogas adoption, especially when dirty fuels cost little or nothing. In addition, a lack of awareness of the benefits of biogas over the available dirty fuels has the potential to limit its adoption. This explains why 99% of the households interviewed indicated firewood and charcoal were their first option, and 52% believed that these dirty fuels were dependable. Regardless of these bottlenecks, the study found that households are ready to try better cooking options. About 99% of households were interested in using biogas, and 94% wanted to learn more about biogas. Therefore, there is a need for increased awareness, and suppliers must adopt innovations that make biogas more accessible and competitive against traditional cooking fuels. Full article

This paper focuses on the study of the prehistoric art site at Penedo do Gato Rock Art Shelter (NW Spain) through an interdisciplinary collaboration. A key objective was to develop and implement a multi-analytical protocol for characterising prehistoric rock paintings with portable analytical techniques such as colour spectrophotometry and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, three possible colouring materials collected during the archaeological survey of the site were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, stereomicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (surface and cross-section modes) with the aim of determining their mineralogical composition and texture. The results indicate that hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) is the main component of the red motifs. Amorphous carbon has been found in several motifs. The presence of amorphous carbon on the rock suggests it may have been deposited onto the paintings by nearby bonfires; however, the potential use of charcoal as an additive in the red pigments to modify their colour should not be overlooked. Regarding the mineralogical composition of potential colouring materials, only one of the samples can be considered as a viable source. This was the only sample with a compact and homogeneous composition, rich in hematite, making it likely that, after grinding, it was used for painting. In contrast, the other collected samples either lacked hematite or contained only a thin layer of it. In these cases, it is unlikely that the hematite layer was extracted using tools to obtain the pigment. Full article

The Po Nagar Towers (Thap Ba) complex, an iconic heritage site of Cham culture and a nationally recognized special relic, has stood in Nhatrang, Vietnam, for over a thousand years. We report here a preliminary analysis of original ancient Cham bricks from the Po Nagar Towers using a combination of appropriate characterization techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman micro-spectroscopy, thermal dilatometry, compressive strength testing, and water sorption. Mechanical properties and firing temperatures of the ancient bricks have been determined to support the discussion on the likely technology used to make them. Specifically, they were made from clay, sand, plagioclases/feldspar, and grog mixed with intentionally added carbon precursor (charcoal powder), then fired at temperatures between 800 °C and 1000 °C to form lightweight bricks with a mass density of 1.3–1.6 kg/dm³ and an open porosity of 18–25%. The ancient Cham bricks have their texture and porosity to meet the requirements of the thin rubbing joint technique in tower construction and to contribute to the carvability and durability of Cham towers. A comparison is made with the bricks for tower restoration during the 2000s. Full article

Biodesulfurization (BDS) is a clean technology that uses microorganisms to efficiently remove sulfur from recalcitrant organosulfur compounds present in fuels (fossil fuels or new-generation fuels resulting from pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction). One of the limitations of this technology is the low desulfurization rates. These result in the need for greater amounts of biocatalyst and lead to increased production costs. To mitigate this issue, several approaches have been pursued, such as the use of alternative carbon sources (C-sources) from agro-industrial waste streams or the co-production of high-added-value products by microorganisms. The main goal of this work is to assess the potential of strawberry tree fruit residue (STFr) as an alternative C-source for a BDS biorefinery using Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B, a well-known desulfurizing bacterium with high biotechnological potential. Hence, the first step was to produce sugar-rich liquor from the STFr and employ it in shake-flask assays to evaluate the influence of different pretreatments (treatments with 1–4% activated charcoal for prior phenolics removal) on metabolic parameters and BDS rates. Afterwards, the liquor was used as the C-source in chemostat assays, compared to commercial sugars, to develop and optimize the use of STFr-liquor as a viable C-source towards cost-effective biocatalyst production. Moreover, the high-market-value bioproducts simultaneously produced during microbial growth were also evaluated. In this context, the best results, considering both the production of biocatalysts with BDS activity and simultaneous bioproduct production (carotenoids and gordofactin biosurfactant/bioemulsifier) were achieved when strain 1B was cultivated in a chemostat with untreated STFr-liquor (5.4 g/L fructose + glucose, 6:4 ratio) as the C-source and in a sulfur-free mineral-minimized culture medium at a dilution rate of 0.04 h⁻¹. Cells from this steady-state culture (STFr L1) achieved the highest desulfurization with 250 mM of dibenzothiophene as a reference organosulfur compound, producing a maximum of ≈213 mM of 2-hydroxibyphenil (2-HBP) with a corresponding specific rate (q_2-HBP) of 6.50 µmol/g(_DCW)/h (where DCW = dry cell weight). This demonstrates the potential of STFr as a sustainable alternative C-source for the production of cost-effective biocatalysts without compromising BDS ability. Additionally, cells grown in STFr L1 also presented the highest production of added-value products (338 ± 15 µg/g_(DCW) of carotenoids and 8 U/mL of gordofactin). These results open prospects for a future G. alkanivorans strain 1B biorefinery that integrates BDS, waste valorization, and the production of added-value products, contributing to the global economic viability of a BDS process and making BDS scale-up a reality in the near future. Full article

Processing methods affect the quality and, most importantly, safety of meat. The effects of various marinades, a kind of green processing technology commonly used in Poland, on PAH contamination in pork neck loins, the most frequently grilled pork meat, were investigated, including universal, pork, and honey mustard, as well as the most popular grilling tools. It is important to note that no such data have been published so far. Our previous study focused on poultry meat, another commonly grilled meat. PAH analysis was conducted using the QuEChERS–HPLC–FLD/DAD method and confirmed by the GC/MS method. Weight loss and changes in individual color parameters after grilling were also analyzed. Grilling on a charcoal grill without an aluminum tray caused statistically the greatest PAH contents. Some of these samples, according to Commission Regulation (EU) No. 915/2023 restrictions, should not be consumed by humans due to the high content of B[a]P (5.26–6.51 µg/kg). The lowest contamination levels overall were determined for the ceramic contact grill. Studies have also shown that the universal and pork marinades can reduce PAH contamination by about 24–29% for 4 heavy PAHs and by 31–32% for 15 PAHs, whereas the honey mustard marinade increases their accumulation in grilled products by 13% for 4 PAHs and 12% for 15 PAHs. Carefully choosing the grilling equipment, such as using electric grills instead of charcoal or using aluminum trays when grilling with charcoal and marinating the meat before grilling, is essential for food producers and consumers. These practices can significantly reduce the harmful health effects of PAHs, making them vital steps toward safer food preparation. Full article

This study investigates the production of biomass briquettes using waste coconut shell charcoal and cinnamon sawdust, bound by eco-friendly, non-edible binders: cassava peel starch, giant taro starch, and pine resin. The production process involved carbonization of coconut shells, followed by crushing, blending with sawdust, pressing, and a 12-day sun-drying period. The briquettes were tested for calorific value, density, compressive strength, and shatter resistance. The calorific values ranged from 26.07–31.60 MJ/kg, meeting the industrial standards, while densities varied between 0.83 g/cm³ and 1.14 g/cm³, ensuring compactness and efficient combustion. Among the binders, cassava peel starch provided the best bonding strength, resulting in high-density briquettes with superior durability and energy release, showing a calorific value and compressive strength of 2.11 MPa. Giant taro starch also improved durability, though with slightly lower calorific values but better bonding than pine resin. Pine resin, while contributing to high calorific values, reduced compressive strength with increased resin content, making it less suitable for high mechanical strength applications. Proximate analysis revealed that cassava peel starch-based briquettes had moisture content from 6.5% to 8.6%, volatile matter from 15.2% to 23.5%, ash content from 2.1% to 3.2%, and fixed carbon between 69% and 76.2%. Giant taro starch-based briquettes exhibited 63.2% to 75% fixed carbon, while pine resin-based briquettes had the highest fixed carbon content (66.4% to 78.3%), demonstrating the potential of non-edible adhesives for sustainable, high-performance fuel production. Full article

In today’s competitive industrial landscape, effective performance measurement is crucial for achieving operational success. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are widely used to track progress, but their implementation often lacks a comprehensive framework that considers both financial outcomes and managerial insights. A quali-quantitative analysis model is introduced to optimize the implementation of KPIs in industrial settings, demonstrated through a case study of a Cambodian charcoal factory. By integrating Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), the model combines both quantitative financial analysis and qualitative managerial evaluations to assess and rank a selected set of KPIs. This dual approach ensures a more comprehensive understanding of KPI impacts, enabling informed decision-making. The results highlight the critical need for balancing measurable financial benefits with qualitative insights, particularly in industries within developing nations that are forced to compromise in constrained environments, and where both economic outcomes and strategic considerations are essential for sustainable growth. Furthermore, the proposed model has universal applicability across different industrial contexts, providing a flexible and adaptable framework for KPI selection beyond the specific case study analyzed. Full article

Tetracycline (TTCH) is widely used but difficult to remove, which poses a threat to the health of the ecosystem, so it is urgent to take effective measures to remove it. Granular sludge plays an important role in biochemical treatment. Its rich functional groups and loose porous structure make it a potential catalyst carrier. This study utilized granular sludge as a precursor and modified it by loading a Zn/Co-zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-67/8). After carbonization, a granular sludge-supported MOF-derived porous carbon material (GSZC-800) with high catalytic activity is produced. The degradation rate of tetracycline reached a maximum of 90.8% after 40 min of reaction, and the optimal conditions were 20 ppm of initial pollutant concentration, 0.05 g/L of catalyst, and 0.10 g/L of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), which is superior to biomass-charcoal derived catalysts that have been reported in the literature. Through ion interference experiments, radical quenching experiments, electron transfer mechanism studies, and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, it is suggested that this is a non-radical mechanism dominated by a single linear oxygen species. The catalyst GSZC-800 exhibits an ease of preparation and accessibility, has a wide range of applicable pH values, and effectively removes different pollutants. It has potential applications in treating actual wastewater and various pollutants. This study not only provides a new idea for the high-value utilization of granular sludge, but also provides an important theoretical and experimental basis for the development of efficient and stable non-homogeneous catalysts. Full article

Biochar has gained a lot of attention due to its numerous applications and environmental benefits. It is a specialized form of charcoal derived from various types of organic materials such as wood chips, agricultural waste, and other biomass feedstock. It is produced through a process called pyrolysis, resulting in a highly porous material with a large surface area, making it an excellent material. Biochar has several unique properties that make it a promising tool for mitigating climate change and improving soil fertility and crop yields, among other things, making it an attractive option for sustainable agriculture. In addition, biochar can be used to filter contaminants from water, improve water quality, and reduce the risk of pollution-related health problems. Furthermore, biochar has the potential to be used as a fuel or catalyst for renewable energy production. Its multifunctional nature makes biochar a compelling tool for sustainable agriculture and a viable strategy in the fight against global warming. In the present review, we discuss the synthesis, characterization, and numerous applications of biochar in a detailed manner. Full article

Carbon-based polymeric nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in biomedical materials by integrating nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and activated charcoal (AC) into polymeric matrices. These nanocomposites significantly enhance the mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and bioactivity of hydrogels, making them highly effective for drug delivery, tissue engineering (TE), bioinks for 3D Bioprinting, and wound healing applications. Graphene improves the mechanical and electrical properties of hydrogels, facilitating advanced tissue scaffolding and drug delivery systems. CNTs, with their exceptional mechanical strength and conductivity, enhance rheological properties, facilitating their use as bioinks in supporting complex 3D bioprinting tasks for neural, bone, and cardiac tissues by mimicking the natural structure of tissues. CDs offer fluorescence capabilities for theranostic applications, integrating imaging and therapeutic functions. AC enhances mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and antibacterial effectiveness, making it suitable for wound healing and electroactive scaffolds. Despite these promising features, challenges remain, such as optimizing nanoparticle concentrations, ensuring biocompatibility, achieving uniform dispersion, scaling up production, and integrating multiple functionalities. Addressing these challenges through continued research and development is crucial for advancing the clinical and industrial applications of these innovative hydrogels. Full article

Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine) is a keystone species, providing food and habitat to wildlife, in high-elevation ecological communities. In recent years, this important species has been negatively impacted by changes in fire regimes, increased Dendroctonus ponderosae (mountain pine beetle) outbreaks associated with human landscape and climate modification, and the continued impact of the non-native Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust). This research investigates changes in fire occurrence, the establishment of Pinus albicaulis, and fuel availability at a high-elevation site in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Idaho, USA. Charcoal and pollen analyses were used to reconstruct fire and vegetation patterns for Phyllis Lake, Idaho, USA, over the past ~8200 cal y BP. We found that significant fire episodes occurred when the pollen accumulation rates (PARs) indicated more arboreal fuel availability, and we identified that Pinus albicaulis became well established at the site ~7200 cal y BP. The high-elevation nature of Phyllis Lake (2800 m) makes this record unique, as there are not many paleorecords at this high elevation from the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Additional high-elevation sites in Pinus albicaulis habitats will provide critical insight into the long-term dynamics of this threatened species. Full article