Search Results (2,322)

Background: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as a critical tool in healthcare research, facilitating the assessment of healthcare accessibility through spatial analysis and data visualisation. This scoping review synthesises literature published between 2020 and 2024, a period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic and rapid methodological innovation, providing a timely overview of how GIS has been applied to evaluate healthcare access across European countries. Methods: The review underscores the role of GIS methodologies in identifying geographic disparities, optimising resource distribution, and informing policy decisions. Results: Key findings highlight significant urban-rural differences in healthcare access, shaped by factors such as transportation infrastructure, population density, and healthcare facility distribution. Additionally, GIS has proven valuable in examining the link between healthcare accessibility and utilisation, with better access generally correlating with higher service use. Conclusions: Despite its potential, challenges including data availability, methodological variability, and uneven adoption across regions limit its broader implementation. The review emphasises the need for integrating advanced technologies to foster more equitable healthcare access throughout Europe. Full article

Brazil is recognized for its rich biodiversity, including aromatic species of economic importance, among which Baccharis dracunculifolia De Candole (1836) stands out. The essential oil distilled from this species exhibits biological and therapeutic activities. Despite its relevance, studies addressing the chemodiversity of this species on a broad scale remain scarce. This study aimed to map and characterize the chemical and physicochemical profiles of B. dracunculifolia essential oils from different regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, considering the influence of geographic factors and plant sex. Fifty georeferenced accessions of B. dracunculifolia were collected in 2023 and 2025, and dried leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation. The essential oils were characterized through physicochemical analyses and chemically analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Essential oil yields ranged from 0.34 to 2.17%, relative density from 0.89 to 0.96 g/cm³, refractive index from 1.485 to 1.497 n^D, and specific optical rotation from −12.56° to +6.80°. Sixty-two compounds were identified, predominantly oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with E-nerolidol (16.8–51.0%), spathulenol, bicyclogermacrene, and germacrene D as the main compounds. Multivariate analysis revealed five chemical profiles, all containing E-nerolidol as the major compound, indicating moderate to low chemical diversity. No significant differences were observed between the essential oils from female and male plants. However, variation in the chemical profile of the essential oil was observed as a function of year and altitude. Full article

Street greening is widely recognized as influencing resident well-being and housing prices, and street-view imagery provides a fine-grained data source for quantifying urban microenvironments. However, existing research predominantly relies on single indicators such as the Green View Index (GVI) and overall green coverage/volume lacking a systematic analysis of how the hierarchical structure of trees, shrubs, and grass relates to housing prices. This study examines the high-density block context of Tianjin’s six urban districts. Using the Street Greening Space Structure (SGSS) dataset to construct greening structure configurations, we integrate housing-price data, neighborhood attributes, and 13,280 street-view images from the study area. We quantify how “visibility and hierarchical ratios” are capitalized on in the housing market and identify auditable threshold ranges and contextual gating. We propose an urban–forest structural system centered on visibility and hierarchical ratios that links street-level observability to ecosystem services. Employing an integrated framework combining Geographical-XGBoost (G-XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), we move beyond average effects to reveal structural detail and contextual heterogeneity in capitalization. Our findings indicate that tree visibility G_TVI is the most robust and readily capitalized price signal: when G_TVI increases from approximately 0.06 to 0.12–0.16, housing prices rise by about 8%–10%. Hierarchical structure is crucial: balanced tree–shrub ratios and moderate shrub–grass ratios translate “visible green” into functional green. Capitalization effects are environmentally conditioned—more pronounced along corridors with high centrality and accessibility—and are likewise common in dense East Asian metropolises (e.g., Beijing, Shanghai, Seoul, and Tokyo) and rapidly motorizing cities (e.g., Bangkok and Jakarta). These patterns suggest parametric prescriptions that prioritize canopy-corridor continuity and keep ratios within actionable threshold bands. We translate these findings into urban greening strategies that prioritize canopy continuity, under-canopy permeability, and maintainability, providing sustainability-oriented, parameterized guidance for converting urban greening structure into ecological capital for sustainable cities. Full article

Teaching in a globalised world offers opportunities to reduce barriers, enhance understanding, and expand access for diverse learners. Blended approaches, combining in-person and online delivery, can encourage learning communities across geographical boundaries. However, disparities in access to technology, internet reliability, and conducive study environments highlight inequalities and varied learner experiences. While digital networks may support identity and belonging, some students report feeling distracted or disengaged in online settings. This study explores the experiences of first-year doctoral candidates completing the final taught module of their Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) at the University of Gloucestershire, UK. Participants, mostly international students now based in the UK, are engaged in both in-person classes and online staff-led webinars. Data was gathered through four in-person focus groups. Engeström’s Cultural-Historical Activity Theory was applied as an analytical framework, conceptualising teaching and learning as an activity system mediated by Tools, Rules, Community, and Division of Labour. This enabled a comparison of students’ experiences in online and in-person contexts. The findings revealed contradictions within the system, identifying barriers to engagement and adaptation, and offering insights into the evolving pedagogical demands of blended doctoral education. Full article

Agriculture has been widely practiced for food production, yet food insecurity remains a critical issue, especially in Africa. Due to the significant role played by small-scale farmers, urban agriculture has been acknowledged as a viable strategy for reducing food insecurity in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. This review analyzes urban household food insecurity factors through a systematic literature approach, retrieving data from various online databases. These databases include ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, UNIZULU online library, and PubAg. The search process involved the use of keywords to obtain relevant information along with the application of filters such as geographic location, publication period, language, article type, and accessibility. A total of 37 articles was included in this review after the application of the review eligibility criteria. This was achieved following PRISMA guidelines. Findings reveal a growing trend in the publication of articles on urban farming and an increasing acknowledgment of its importance by high-impact journals. It also shows various factors that determine household food insecurity, categorized as socioeconomic (11), institutional (5), and environmental factors (2). This led to the recommendation that urban government structures including policy makers and stakeholders should support food production and ensure an efficient urban food supply system. Full article

Virtual reality (VR) creates immersive environments that allow users to interact with digital content, fostering a sense of presence and engagement comparable to real-world experiences. VR360 technology, combined with affordable head-mounted displays such as Google Cardboard, enhances accessibility and provides an intuitive learning experience. Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are operated through remote control systems and have diverse applications in civilian, commercial, and scientific domains. Taiwan’s Indigenous cultures emphasize environmental conservation, and integrating this knowledge into education supports both biodiversity and cultural preservation. The Amis people, who primarily reside along Taiwan’s eastern coast and central mountain regions, face educational challenges due to geographic isolation and socioeconomic disadvantage. This study integrates VR360 and drone technologies to develop a VR learning system for elementary science education that incorporates Amis culture and local environments. A teaching experiment was conducted to evaluate its impact on learning effectiveness and student responses. Results show that students using the VR system outperformed the control group in cultural and scientific knowledge, experienced reduced cognitive load, and reported greater learning motivation. These findings highlight the potential of VR and drone technologies to improve learning outcomes, promote environmental and cultural awareness, and reduce educational barriers for Indigenous students in remote or socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Full article

Healthcare discrimination is an important barrier to accessing services among Latino populations in the United States. However, few validated scales have been developed to systematically examine this issue. In this study, we evaluated the validity and reliability of a bilingual healthcare discrimination scale in a sample of churchgoing Latino adults in Los Angeles, California. The study sample included 336 participants (foreign-born: 250; US-born: 86) who attended 12 Catholic churches in Los Angeles. Psychometric testing of the 7-item healthcare discrimination (HCD) scale included internal consistency; split-half reliability; convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity; and confirmatory factor analyses. The HCD had relatively high internal consistency (full sample Cronbach’s α = 0.92; foreign-born: 0.91; US-born: 0.92) and showed good convergent and discriminant validity, as it was moderately correlated with the depression scale (full sample r = 0.28, p < 0.001) and weakly correlated with the acculturation scale (full sample r = 0.15, p = 0.008). Confirmatory factor analyses yielded further support for a one-factor solution. Our study finds that the HCD is a valid and reliable scale for use among churchgoing Latino adult populations in the United States. Future studies should examine the psychometric properties of the HCD among Latinos of diverse backgrounds, geographic locations, religious beliefs, and languages. Full article

Ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural and food products is crucial for protecting consumer health, meeting market expectations, and complying with regulatory requirements. Quality and safety parameters are commonly assessed using chemical and microbiological analyses, which are time-consuming, impractical, and involve the use of toxic solvents, often disrupting the material’s original structure. An alternative technique, infrared spectroscopy, including near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR), has emerged as a rapid, powerful, and minimally destructive technique for evaluating the quality and safety of food and agricultural products. This review focuses on discussing MIR spectroscopy, particularly Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, with emphasis on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) measurement mode (globar infrared light source is commonly used) and on the use of synchrotron radiation (SR) as an alternative high-brightness light source. Both approaches enable the extraction of detailed spectral data related to molecular and functional attributes concerning quality and safety, thereby facilitating the assessment of crop disorders, food chemical composition, microbial contamination (e.g., mycotoxins, bacteria), and the detection of food adulterants, among several other applications. In combination with advanced chemometric techniques, FTIR spectroscopy, whether employing ATR as a measurement mode or SR as a high-brightness light source, is a powerful analytical tool for classification based on attributes, variety, nutritional and geographical origins, with or without minimal sample preparation, no chemical use, and short analysis time. However, limitations exist regarding calibrations, validations, and accessibility. The objective of this review is to address recent technological advancements and existing constraints of FTIR conducted in ATR mode and using SR as a light source (not necessarily in combination). It defines potential pathways for the comprehensive integration of FTIR and chemometrics for real-time quality and safety monitoring systems into the global food supply chain. Full article

This study examines the evolution of the Yellow River Basin’s urban corporate network from 2003 to 2023, aiming to understand how intercity connectivity and decision-making authority have developed. Using headquarters–subsidiary linkages of listed firms, we measure connectivity and control of cities within the urban system and employ spatial error models to identify their main determinants. The results show that the network has become denser and more geographically inclusive, especially in the middle and lower reaches. However, a clear hierarchy remains, and upstream integration stays limited. Community structures are anchored by capitals, and multi-core patterns strengthen over time. Coastal hubs in Shandong handle the most significant volumes of ties, while interior capitals such as Zhengzhou, Lanzhou, Xi’an, and Taiyuan concentrate authority—a contrast that has intensified since 2013. Connectivity and control often diverge, and disparities in both have increased. Administrative rank remains the strongest predictor of a city’s position, although its influence has decreased as factors such as openness, development, producer services, and innovation have gained importance. Transportation accessibility and human capital consistently support both connectivity and control, while government intervention initially restricts network roles but becomes less influential over time. These findings suggest that intercity corporate linkages have expanded, yet decision-making authority has not dispersed and remains concentrated in a small set of capitals. Governance that coordinates across provinces is necessary to ensure that increasing linkages translate into shared economic opportunities while protecting the basin’s fragile ecological environment. Full article

The limited capacity of urban green spaces to equitably satisfy the well-being needs of populations in urbanized areas is a global challenge. However, research on the spatial mismatch between green space equity and residents’ subjective well-being (SWB) remains inadequate. Using Shanghai as a case study, this research integrates social media data with an improved GA2SFCA method to evaluate SWB and UPGS accessibility and analyzes and compares the geographical spatial distribution differences of UPGS accessibility across different travel modes. This study employs machine learning to reveal the potential drivers of the mismatch between SWB and UPGS accessibility (note that this study does not explore causal relationships). The results indicate that: (1) UPGS accessibility in Shanghai exhibits pronounced spatial heterogeneity, the equity results derived from the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient indicate that public transit (Gini = 0.579) < walking (0.427) < driving (0.149), and community parks effectively mitigating disparities among other urban park types; (2) UPGS accessibility and SWB are spatially correlated (r = 0.013, p < 0.01, z > 2.58), with a distinct High-High clustering pattern identified in the inner-ring region; (3) Road network accessibility (SHAP = 0.9478), housing prices (0.7025), and company agglomeration (0.5695) are the three most influential factors contributing to the spatial mismatch where SWB is higher than accessibility, and they exhibit clear threshold effects. These findings link urban green space equity with residents’ SWB, providing a basis for targeted interventions to enhance social welfare and promote urban sustainability. Full article

Early childhood education (ECE) fundamentally shapes children’s developmental trajectories, significantly influencing lifelong cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical outcomes. Despite considerable policy efforts aimed at enhancing educational equity across the United States, marked disparities persist between rural and urban contexts, reflecting deep-rooted structural inequalities rather than mere geographic differences. This integrative review systematically examines disparities in ECE access, quality, workforce conditions, infrastructural resources, and developmental outcomes, specifically comparing rural and urban settings. Utilizing Ecological Systems Theory, Capital Theory, and an Intersectional framework, the study identifies critical systemic determinants reinforcing rural educational inequities, exacerbated further by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The findings reveal chronic underfunding, fragmented governance, workforce instability, infrastructural inadequacies, and intersectional disadvantages disproportionately impacting rural communities. Based on these insights, this study proposes targeted, evidence-based policy recommendations, emphasizing the necessity for increased federal funding, mandated rural representation in policymaking, workforce stabilization incentives, infrastructural enhancements, and robust community partnerships. This research calls for immediate, systemic policy responses to ensure equitable early educational foundations for all children across diverse geographic contexts by bridging a significant research gap through a comprehensive rural–urban comparative lens. Full article

Remote sensing has emerged as an essential method for geological mapping, especially in complex environments such as the Mediterranean region. While earlier global reviews have been focused either on multi- and hyperspectral sensors in general for geological applications or on hyperspectral sensors using machine learning for lithological mapping and mineral prospecting, this review article provides the first regionally focused synthesis dedicated to the Mediterranean region. The review examines both passive sensors such as Sentinel-2 MSI, Landsat-8 (OLI), ASTER, MODIS, Hyperion, PRISMA, EnMAP, and active sensors such as Sentinel-1, ALOS, TerraSAR-X. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the sensor functionalities, the data integration within Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms and methodological advancements such as machine learning and multi-sensor fusion. A total of 42 case studies are assessed, covering Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. These examples highlight how remote sensing techniques have been adapted to varying lithological, tectonic and geomorphological settings across the Mediterranean. The analysis identifies key methodological trends, including the transition from spectral indices to advanced data fusion, the growing reliance on open-access available multispectral archives, and the emerging role of new-generation hyperspectral missions (PRISMA, EnMAP) in high-resolution geological mapping. The findings illustrate the non-invasive and scalable advantages of remote sensing for geological mapping in complex terrains, while also noting current challenges such as atmospheric correction, spatial resolution mismatches, and field validation requirements. By combining region-specific applications, this review demonstrates how remote sensing contributes not only to fundamental geological understanding but also to sustainable resource management and mineral exploration within one of the world’s most geologically diverse regions. Full article

This study investigates the efficacy of large language models (LLMs) in supporting responsible and optimized geographic site selection for large-scale solar energy farms. Using Microsoft Bing (predecessor to Copilot), Google Bard (predecessor to Gemini), and ChatGPT, we evaluated their capability to address complex technical and social considerations fundamental to solar farm development. Employing a series of guided queries, we explored the LLMs’ “understanding” of social impact, geographic suitability, and other critical factors. We tested varied prompts, incorporating context from existing research, to assess the models’ ability to use external knowledge sources. Our findings demonstrate that LLMs, when meticulously guided through increasingly detailed and contextualized inquiries, can yield valuable insights. We discovered that (1) structured questioning is key; (2) characterization outperforms suggestion; and (3) harnessing expert knowledge requires specific effort. However, limitations remain. We encountered dead ends due to prompt restrictions and limited access to research for some models. Additionally, none could independently suggest the “best” site. Overall, this study reveals the potential of LLMs for geographic solar farm site selection, and our results can inform future adaptation of geospatial AI queries for similarly complex geographic problems. Full article

Background: Parent education is a key component of family-centred care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). It supports positive parent-infant interactions, reduces parental stress and anxiety, and contributes to shorter hospital stays. Objectives: This paper reports on the adaptation of a South African parenting education intervention for parents of premature infants in the NICU: the NeuroSense PremmieEd programme. The study aimed to demonstrate the programme’s content validity, feasibility, and acceptability for preterm parent–infant dyads in public hospital NICUs, using a hybrid focus group discussion (FGD) method. The programme was based on an existing intervention and informed by literature on the components of parenting educational programmes and empirical data on parental expectations. Methods: A qualitative, iterative refinement process was undertaken using hybrid-format FGDs. A conceptual FGD was held during the design phase, followed by two consensus FGDs after pilot testing (reported separately). Stakeholders included end-users (mothers), clinicians, an instructional designer, a neurodevelopmental care expert, and programme facilitators. Results: The first FGD reviewed draft version 0.1 of the programme, confirming content relevance and clarity, while recommending adjustments, such as module integration, cultural and language alignment, and visual aids to support comprehension. Version 0.2 was then ready for pilot testing (reported elsewhere). The second and third FGDs led to refinements addressing emotional sensitivity in terminology, improved layout and readability, and the addition of home care guidance. Stakeholders highlighted the potential use of low-cost digital formats to enhance accessibility and standardisation. These revisions informed the final version 0.3. Conclusions: The hybrid FGD approach enabled input from diverse and geographically dispersed stakeholders. The NeuroSense PremmieEd programme was found to be feasible and acceptable by both mothers and healthcare professionals, supporting its suitability for broader implementation in resource-constrained settings. Full article

Reducing social exclusion through technology is a key challenge for sustainable development, particularly within the context of accessible tourism. This study, as part of the “MOUNTAINS WITHOUT BARRIERS” project, addresses this issue by aiming to identify optimal locations for specialized all-terrain wheelchair rental stations in mountainous regions. The primary purpose is to ensure these locations are seamlessly integrated with existing local transport systems, fostering genuine accessibility. A dedicated methodology was developed to analyze the spatial integration of the accessible trail network with the transport system in the Beskid Agglomeration. The analysis, conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, considers access via both individual transport and public transport, with a clear emphasis on prioritizing the latter to promote sustainable mobility patterns. Applying this approach, the study identified potential station locations that are not only conveniently situated at trailheads but are also highly accessible via public transport. The main finding indicates that strategic placement can significantly minimize the necessity for private car usage. Integrating tourism infrastructure with public transport is crucial for increasing the real-world accessibility of mountain areas for people with disabilities. Furthermore, the results and methodology provide valuable recommendations that can serve as a practical input for Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP). Full article