Search Results (11,744)

Air transportation has accelerated international trade, and the efficient use of cargo aircraft capacity supports logistics operations, reduces expenses, and benefits the environment. In this study, we formulate a mathematical programming model to solve the cargo aircraft capacity optimization problem and propose simplified approaches for practical applications. We investigate Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Large Neighborhood Search (LNS) techniques. MILP yields optimal solutions for small instances but cannot handle large-scale, real-world problems due to excessive computation time; therefore, we combine the GA and LNS. The GA provides acceptable solutions rapidly, and LNS refines them by exploring larger solution spaces. Thus, this hybrid approach leverages the GA’s exploration capability and LNS’s exploitation ability to produce high-quality solutions efficiently. Our experimental results show that the hybrid GA-LNS method outperforms the MILP and single approaches in terms of capacity usage, loading duration, and computational time. This study provides an applicable model with practical constraints and guidelines for air cargo and cost reduction, operational efficiency, and safety. Full article

Background/Objectives: Solar elastosis, a key histopathological alteration in skin photodamage, results from chronic UV exposure and photoaging. Clinically, it manifests as deep wrinkles, laxity, and a dull complexion. The growing demand for effective treatments has spurred the development of numerous therapeutic strategies. This systematic review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the scientific evidence regarding interventions for treating the clinical and histological manifestations of solar elastosis, to provide an updated overview and guide future clinical practice. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published in the last ten years. Clinical studies on adults with signs of solar elastosis and photoaging, evaluating therapeutic interventions, were included. Primary outcomes were clinical and histopathological improvements, while secondary outcomes included skin elasticity, safety, and patient satisfaction. This review was registered in the PROSPERO database under registration number CRD420251086680. Results: Twenty-two studies, totaling 608 participants, were included. The analyzed therapies comprised a wide range of strategies, including energy-based devices (laser, radiofrequency), stem cell derivatives, bioactive topical compounds, and growth factor-rich plasma. Device-assisted and biologically augmented interventions consistently improved visible photoaging outcomes and skin elasticity, with selective histologic remodeling, heterogeneous effects on barrier function, and an overall acceptable safety profile, with mild and transient adverse events. Patient satisfaction was consistently high. Conclusions: Therapeutic strategies in solar elastosis and photoaging, particularly those combining energy-based devices with regenerative agents, have proven effective in improving the structural and functional aspects of photodamaged skin. Although the results are promising, the current literature is limited by methodological heterogeneity and small sample sizes. High-quality randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are needed to establish standardized, evidence-based protocols. Full article

Background: The maintenance of an aseptic barrier between the surgical team and patient aids in the prevents the exposure of the patient to pathogens. Variations in gloving practice may have safety implications due to glove failure. Indicator gloving, where two pairs of different colored gloves are worn, is thought to add protection as it alerts the wearer to a breach. The aim of this systematic review and meta-synthesis was to assess the evidence in the literature on the benefit of indicator systems versus other forms of double gloving on puncture identification during surgery. Methods: A four-arm, parallel, systematic review of the literature was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA statement using four distinct research questions regarding glove fit, double gloving, indicator gloves, and the association between glove damage and glove change frequency. Searches on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Collaboration of Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses, and Google Scholar were performed between 1 May 2022 and 24 January 2023. Studies were assessed for eligibility against pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Risk of bias was determined using multiple assessment tools. Results: This systematic review included 32 studies, 10 of which were high-quality Level IA trials, alongside multiple observational analyses. Across studies, indicator glove systems consistently demonstrated a two- to six-fold higher detection rate of glove perforations compared with standard double-gloving using identical glove colors. The majority of studies confirmed that early perforation identification significantly reduces intraoperative contamination risk and improves maintenance of the aseptic barrier. However, evidence regarding the direct impact on surgical site infections remains limited due to study heterogeneity. Conclusions: The use of an indicator glove provides a two- to six-fold higher rate of glove perforation detection, compared to two standard gloves of the same color, therefore aiding the maintenance of the aseptic barrier between surgical team members and patients. Further research into the impact of double gloving on the incidence of surgical site infections is required. Full article

Fracture nonunion remains an unresolved complication after extremity fracture, with notable costs to patient quality of life and health systems. Nonunion is defined by the inability of fracture ends to unite without evidence of progressive healing over time. Approximately 2 to 10% of all fractures go onto nonunion, with increased rates observed in specific fracture locations and patient populations. Despite advances in fixation techniques and bone grafting, current treatments remain limited and frequently fail to restore durable bone healing. In this review, the current state of emerging biologic and bioengineering therapies for nonunion will be summarized, with a focus on how these advances may shift treatment from palliative reconstruction toward durable healing. Biological therapies such as growth factors, stem cells, and gene-modified constructs show promise but face challenges of short half-life, inconsistent efficacy, and safety concerns. Emerging approaches, including controlled-release scaffolds, immunomodulatory materials, stem cell-derived exosomes, and gene therapy platforms, offer opportunities to more precisely restore the osteogenic, angiogenic, and immunologic environment required for union. Full article

Industrial robots offer flexibility and cost advantages in machining applications but suffer from limited structural stiffness and dynamic instability, leading to significant positional errors. This study presents a simulation-driven framework for automated toolpath compensation in robotic machining, integrating computer-aided design, manufacturing, and engineering environments. Finite Element Analysis is employed to predict stress, deformation, and reaction forces during machining. These predictions guide dynamic adjustments to key process parameters, such as feed rate and spindle speed, to optimize performance and accuracy. An automated optimization procedure streamlines this process, enhancing toolpath efficiency and safety. The framework is validated through a case study involving the machining of an aluminum support bracket using a KUKA KR3 robot. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in path accuracy, shorter machining time and enhanced surface quality. The enhanced toolpath achieves a 10–15% reduction in non-cutting movements, a 5–10% improvement in surface finish and a 15–25% decrease in machining time compared to the initial configuration. This approach eliminates the need for hardware modifications or real-time sensors, providing a flexible and modular solution for achieving high precision outcomes in robotic machining. The work presents an automated methodology for compensating multi-source errors, bridging the gap between virtual analysis and physical execution. Full article

Background: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the impact of a virtual reality (VR)-based speak-up program for Korean nursing students to strengthen patient safety management competencies. A nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental design was employed. Methods: Fifty-six fourth-year nursing students (28 each in the experimental and control groups) were enrolled. The experimental group participated in a VR-based speak-up program, while the control group engaged in a scenario-based speak-up program. Each program consisted of a single 150 min session. The experimental group completed the program individually using a head-mounted display device, whereas the control group participated in small-group sessions. Outcome measures included speak-up, sense of safety control, confidence in clinical decision-making, and patient safety management activities. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, including the χ² test, t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and repeated measures analysis. Results: Speak-up performance significantly improved in both groups, but the differences between the groups were not significant. In contrast, sense of safety control, confidence in clinical decision-making, and patient safety management activities improved more in the control group, which engaged in discussion-based learning. These findings suggest that VR learning effectively strengthens individual assertiveness and behavioral readiness through immersive, self-directed experiences, whereas the discussion-based approach in the control group enhances collaborative reasoning and confidence related to patient safety. Conclusions: Integrating VR-based Speak-up education with existing learning methods can establish a stepwise program that enhances nursing students’ Speak-up competency and patient safety skills. This approach may bridge the gap between theory and practice, fostering nurses who actively promote patient safety. Full article

Landslides are among the most common geological hazards in mountainous regions, posing significant threats to resident safety and infrastructure stability. Due to the complexity of terrain and the difficulty of field surveys, landslide samples in these areas often suffer from class imbalance, which undermines the accuracy of susceptibility models. To address this issue, this study constructed a multi-factor landslide database and employed a Tabular Variational Autoencoder (TVAE) to generate synthetic samples. A Quality–Diversity (QD) screening strategy was further integrated to enhance the representativeness and diversity of the augmented data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TVAE–QD method improves model performance, with generated samples showing distributions closer to real data. Compared with the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and unfiltered TVAE, the TVAE–QD method achieved higher predictive accuracy and exhibited greater robustness under progressive data augmentation. In the Random Forest (RF) model, the TVAE–QD achieved its best performance at a scale of 350, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.923 and a Precision–Recall AUC (PR–AUC) of 0.907, outperforming TVAE and SMOTE. In the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model, the AUC peaked at 0.911 at a scale of 450, while the PR–AUC reached its maximum of 0.896 at a scale of 200. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis confirmed that data augmentation preserved interpretability: dominant factors such as elevation, rainfall, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) remained stable, with only minor adjustments among secondary variables. Overall, the TVAE–QD framework effectively mitigates class imbalance and offers a promising technical solution for landslide risk assessment in mountainous regions. Full article

The increasing demand for safe and durable feed materials highlights the need for processing methods that simultaneously enhance physical quality and reduce microbiological contamination. Extrusion technology offers a promising solution by combining thermal and mechanical effects that improve binding performance while inactivating fungal spores present in cereal grains. In this study, maize, barley, sorghum, soybean, and wheat grains naturally contaminated with fungal spores were subjected to extrusion prior to pelleting. The physical properties of the resulting pellets, including bulk density, physical density, and kinetic durability, were evaluated and compared with those obtained from ground (non-extruded) grains. Pellets containing extruded grains generally exhibited higher physical density, with the highest value recorded for pellets containing extruded mould-infected sorghum grain (1179.82 kg·m⁻³) and the lowest for pellets containing healthy soybeans (1063.63 kg·m⁻³). The kinetic durability of extruded cereal pellets increased on average by 4.02%, enhancing their resistance to mechanical stress during transport and storage. Microbiological analyses confirmed a significant reduction in fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) after extrusion and pelleting, ranging from 27% to 65%, depending on the cereal type. The most pronounced reduction was observed in maize-based pellets contaminated with mould spores, decreasing from 1.70 × 10⁵ to 6.03 × 10⁴ CFU·g⁻¹. These results demonstrate that extrusion is an effective method for producing cereal-based feed materials with improved physical quality and enhanced microbiological safety, contributing to more sustainable feed production. Full article

The advancement of miniaturized liquid chromatography (M-LC) systems has drawn considerable attention for their ability to enhance sensitivity, expedite analysis, and minimize the environmental impact of chemical usage in various analytical processes. This review explores the fundamental principles and recent innovations in M-LC technology, including diverse pump designs, advanced column techniques, and the reduction in connection devices. Emphasizing the need for components that operate efficiently at the capillary or nanoscale with minimal dead volumes, we also discuss the development of benchtop instruments and mass spectrometry integrations. The review further highlights the growing applications of M-LC in food, environmental, and biological analyses, highlighting its potential as a powerful and emerging tool in separation science. Looking forward, addressing problems such as limited robustness, fabrication complexity, and integration with sensitive detectors will be instrumental to advancing M-LC technology. Modern innovation in microfabrication, materials science, and hyphenated methods holds great promise for allowing real-time, high-throughput, and portable analytical solutions in the near future. Full article

Purpose: Telehealth (TH) offers promising solutions for enhancing the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly in resource-limited or remote settings. However, regulatory uncertainty remains a significant barrier to adopting and integrating TH technologies into routine care. This systematic review aims to evaluate the role of regulatory guidelines in implementing and adopting TH solutions for COPD care and to identify key barriers and facilitators shaping these regulatory efforts. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of five databases up to 18 October 2025 (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and JSTOR) and grey literature was conducted. Studies and governmental reports were included if they examined regulatory frameworks, stakeholder perspectives, or implementation challenges related to TH in COPD care. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. Narrative and data synthesis were employed. Results: From 343 identified records, 33 sources (18 peer-reviewed studies and 15 governmental/organizational reports) met the inclusion criteria. Findings revealed wide disparities in the existence, specificity, and enforcement of TH regulatory guidelines across countries. Developed nations often had more structured yet nonspecific frameworks, while emerging health systems, such as Saudi Arabia, exhibited fragmented but evolving regulatory landscapes. Common barriers included unclear stakeholder roles, inadequate funding, technological limitations, and resistance to organizational change. Conclusions: Clear, inclusive, and context-sensitive regulatory guidelines are essential to support the successful integration of TH in COPD care. Enhanced regulatory clarity can improve patient trust, engagement, and adherence by addressing safety, accountability, and accessibility concerns. Future research should focus on stakeholder-informed policies that reflect the practical realities of healthcare delivery in both developed and emerging systems. Full article

Nanotechnology offers powerful new tools to enhance food quality monitoring and safety assurance. In the food industry, nanoscale materials (e.g., metal, metal oxide, carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials) are being integrated into sensory systems to detect spoilage, contamination, and intentional food tampering with unprecedented sensitivity. Nanosensors can rapidly identify foodborne pathogens, toxins, and chemical changes that signal spoilage, overcoming the limitations of conventional assays that are often slow, costly, or require expert operation. These advances translate into improved food safety and extended shelf-life by allowing early intervention (for example, via antimicrobial nano-coatings) to prevent spoilage. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the types of nanomaterials used in food sensory applications and their mechanisms of action. We examine current applications in detecting food spoilage indicators and adulterants, as well as recent innovations in smart packaging and continuous freshness monitoring. The advantages of nanomaterials—including heightened analytical sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to combine sensing with active preservative functions—are highlighted alongside important toxicological and regulatory considerations. Overall, nanomaterials are driving the development of smarter food packaging and sensor systems that promise safer foods, reduced waste, and empowered consumers. However, realizing this potential will require addressing safety concerns and establishing clear regulations to ensure responsible deployment of nano-enabled food sensing technologies. Representative figures of merit include Au/AgNP melamine tests with LOD 0.04–0.07 mg L⁻¹ and minute-scale readout, a smartphone Au@carbon-QD assay with LOD 3.6 nM, Fe₃O₄/DPV detection of Sudan I at 0.001 µM (linear 0.01–20 µM), and a reusable Au–Fe₃O₄ piezo-electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 with LOD 0.07 ng mL⁻¹ (≈15 × reuse), alongside freshness labels that track TVB-N/amine in near-real time and e-nose arrays distinguishing spoilage stages. Full article

Insects rely heavily on olfaction to regulate essential behaviors such as host location, oviposition and mating. The invasive cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley represents a global threat to cotton and numerous cultivated crops. To elucidate the molecular basis of its olfaction mechanisms, we sequenced and assembled antennal transcriptomes from male and female adults using Illumina NovaSeq X Plus technology. Among 13,891 unigenes, 91 chemosensory genes were identified, including 40 odorant receptors, 13 gustatory receptors, 19 ionotropic receptors, 10 odorant-binding proteins, 7 chemosensory proteins, and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed 6312 genes with significant sex-biased expression between male and female antennae, including 55 chemosensory genes. Phylogenetic analyses further clarified the evolutionary relationships of these chemosensory genes with homologs from other hemipteran species. Notably, validation confirmed that 18 PsolORs were male-biased. This comprehensive transcriptomic study establishes a foundation for further functional characterization of pheromone reception and provides valuable candidate genes for dissecting chemoreception mechanisms in P. solenopsis. Full article

Topical tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) is a first-generation vitamin A derivative with well-established efficacy in acne vulgaris and photoaging. Owing to its pleiotropic effects on epidermal differentiation, collagen synthesis, and skin pigmentation, numerous off-label uses have been proposed across dermatology. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the efficacy and safety of topical tretinoin for multiple dermatological conditions, based on studies published between January 2000 and July 2025. Robust data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews support its benefit in acne and photoaging, whereas smaller RCTs and prospective studies indicate potential efficacy for melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, striae distensae, flat warts, alopecia areata, androgenetic alopecia, hypertrophic scars and keloids, and actinic keratosis and as pretreatment before chemical peels or laser resurfacing. However, high-quality, adequately powered trials with standardized outcome measures are still needed to establish clinical guidelines. Regarding cutaneous oncology, a large RCT demonstrated no preventive effect of tretinoin on keratinocyte carcinomas. Adverse events are typically mild, localized, and transient, and available evidence does not support an association with systemic adverse effects. Full article

The demand for safe, high-quality, and minimally processed food has intensified interest in non-destructive analytical techniques capable of assessing freshness and safety in real time. Among these, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and biosensors have emerged as leading technologies due to their rapid, reagent-free, and sample-preserving nature. NIR spectroscopy offers a holistic assessment of internal compositional changes, while biosensors provide specific and sensitive detection of biological and chemical contaminants. Recent advances in miniaturization, chemometrics, and deep learning have further enhanced their potential for inline and point-of-need applications across diverse food matrices, including meat, seafood, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. This review critically evaluates the operational principles, instrumentation, and current applications of NIR spectroscopy and biosensors in food freshness and safety monitoring. It also explores their integration, highlights practical challenges such as calibration transfer and regulatory hurdles, and outlines emerging innovations including hybrid sensing, Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration, and smart packaging. The scope of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of these technologies, and its objective is to inform future research and industrial deployment strategies that support sustainable, real-time food quality control. These techniques enable near real-time monitoring under laboratory and pilot-scale conditions, showing strong potential for industrial adaptation. The nature of these targets often determines the choice of transduction method. Full article

Introduction: The digital era has provided the development of innovative health devices that enable the precise characterization of health and disease, facilitating diagnoses and interventions. This study aimed to systematically review and verify the quality of mobile applications (apps) available for the monitoring and assessment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store for apps related to BCRL monitoring and assessment. Two independent reviewers extracted descriptive data and evaluated app quality using the validated User Mobile App Rating Scale (uMARS). Results: Out of 630 apps screened, four met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Two Korean apps targeted patients, providing educational content, self-assessment tools, and bilingual interfaces. Two British apps, LymVol and LymphaTech Lite, focused on volumetric measurement and clinical use, although LymVol lacked compatibility with recent Android versions. Quality assessment using the uMARS indicated that the included applications performed consistently across the evaluated domains, despite low download numbers and the absence of user ratings. Conclusions: Although mobile apps have the potential to enhance lymphedema monitoring and assessment, more accessible and scientifically validated tools are needed to ensure effective use by healthcare professionals and patients. Developers are encouraged to create accessible, linguistically inclusive smartphone apps that incorporate standardized assessment protocols and regular updates to ensure usability and accuracy. Rigorous validation studies covering reproducibility, diagnostic accuracy, and real-world clinical outcomes should be conducted by researchers to guarantee safety and reliability. Full article