Search Results (10,719)

This study examines the thermal performance of phase change material (PCM)–metal foam composites under base heating, a configuration more relevant to compact thermal energy storage (TES) and electronics-cooling applications, compared to the widely studied side-heated case. Metal foams with pore densities of 10, 20, and 40 PPI, but identical porosity (volumetric value), were impregnated with two PCMs (paraffin RT55 and RT64HC) and tested under varying heat fluxes. The thermophysical properties of three PCMs (RT42, RT55, and RT64HC) were first characterized using the T-history method. A control case consisting of pure PCM revealed significant thermal lag between the heater and the PCM, whereas the inclusion of a metal foam improved temperature uniformity and accelerated melting. The results showed that PPI variation had little influence on melting completion time, while PCM type, viz., melting temperature, strongly affected duration. Heat flux was the dominant parameter: higher input power substantially reduced melting times, although diminishing returns were observed at elevated heat fluxes. An empirical correlation from the literature, originally developed for side-heated foams, was applied to the base-heated configuration and reproduced the main melting trends, though it consistently underpredicted completion times at high fluxes. Overall, embedding PCMs in metal foams enhances heat transfer, mitigates localized overheating, and enables more compact and efficient TES systems. Future work should focus on developing correlations for non-adiabatic cases, exploring advanced foam architecture, and scaling the approach for practical energy storage and cooling applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cirrhosis, but its value as a clinical biomarker remains uncertain. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 90 patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured at admission. Biomarker levels were compared between Child–Pugh classes B and C, across hepatic encephalopathy grades, and ascites severity, using Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: Median MDA did not differ significantly between Child–Pugh classes B and C (2.67 [2.10–3.20] vs. 2.45 [1.98–3.05] μmol/L; p = 0.331), nor across ascites categories (p = 0.453). Similarly, 8-iso-PGF2α values did not vary between Child–Pugh classes (255.8 [220.0–310.0] vs. 250.1 [210.0–295.0] pg/mL; p = 0.784) or ascites groups (p = 0.828). Spearman analysis showed no significant correlations with albumin, INR, bilirubin, creatinine, or age, except for a non-significant trend with bilirubin (ρ = −0.18, p = 0.09). Importantly, MDA levels increased significantly across encephalopathy grades (p = 0.021), suggesting a link between systemic oxidative stress and neuropsychiatric impairment. Conclusions: In this clinical cohort, oxidative stress biomarkers did not provide discriminatory value for staging by Child–Pugh or ascites, but MDA was associated with encephalopathy severity. These findings highlight both the limitations and potential clinical relevance of oxidative stress markers in cirrhosis management. Full article

Ozone treatment in the food and horticulture product capitalization sectors is widely acknowledged as completely safe for human use, in accordance with the most recent rules of the relevant authorities. Ozone-generating devices for research and education are known to allow the introduction of ozone gas for many uses, especially in food and agricultural applications. Despite their usefulness, their high cost prevents them from being widely available in research and educational institutions in underdeveloped nations, limiting practical training and the development of local applications to support the capacities of the food and agriculture sectors. In this study a device was constructed to generate ozone (O₃) using the high-voltage principal circuit. An Arduino board was used to accomplish the control operation. An MQ-131 ozone sensor was utilized to measure the ozone concentration with a measuring unit of (%); however, the detecting range of the MQ-131 sensor is 10~1000 ppb, so in the present study, a formula to covert the measuring units between ppm and (%) for the concentration of the generated ozone (Y) as (Y, %) = 0.0333 × (Y, ppm) was presented. Different ozone concentrations are generated by varying the high voltage level from 20 to 35 kV with an increment of 5 kV and flow rate variations of 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 L/min. It was found that ozone concentration increases with increasing applied high voltage and decreases with increasing oxygen flow rate at a fixed applied high voltage. This study uses experimental data in a multiple linear regression analysis to predict ozone concentration based on levels of high voltage and oxygen flow rate, with a coefficient of determination of 0.7686 using a testing dataset. The findings provide evidence of the viability of constructing an inexpensive ozone generator with inexpensive parts, thereby promoting sustainable technological advancement. Drawing from our research, we can highlight the educational value and cost-effective benefits of employing an ozone-generating device, which can be used to produce ozone for a variety of purposes. Full article

Lecythidaceae species are known worldwide for their ability to produce edible nuts of high nutritional value, such as Brazil nuts, and are also used in traditional medicine in countries across America, Asia, and Africa. The potential of these species has aroused interest in their chemical composition, nutritional properties, and biological activities, with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions. The objective of this review was to summarize data regarding the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Lecythidaceae species, identify the most promising bioactive agents, and elucidate their potential mechanisms of action. This integrative review was conducted by comprehensively searching the main electronic databases for scientific articles, with no restriction on publication date, that were available in full. Based on this survey, thirty-four articles were identified, covering twelve Lecythidaceae species with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models and randomized clinical trials. Studies encompass extracts, fractions, nuts, and isolated compounds, among which the extracts and fractions of Barringtonia angusta Kurz, Couroupita guianensis Aubl., Lecythis pisonis Cambess., and Petersianthus macrocarpus (P. Beauv.) Liben demonstrated potent inhibition of inflammatory mediators through suppression of gene expression in vitro and in vivo, acting via blockade of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (KN-κB) signaling pathway. This finding highlights a relevant molecular mechanism by which Lecythidaceae species may exert their anti-inflammatory potential and supports further studies focused on isolating active fractions and elucidating possible synergistic effects. Ethnopharmacological and chemical composition data are also presented and discussed within the scope of their biological applications, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Lecythidaceae species and identifying promising candidates for future development of novel anti-inflammatory phytopharmaceuticals. Full article

Background/Objectives: Qatar and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are experiencing a growing incidence of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The lack of a culturally relevant food exchange list (FEL) for commonly consumed foods in Qatar and the GCC limits the application of cultural preferences in medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for managing diet-related NCDs, thereby reducing patient adherence and metabolic outcomes. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to develop a culturally tailored FEL for 50 main course dishes widely consumed in the region. Methods: A four-phase approach was followed in this developmental study. First, common Qatari and GCC dishes were identified based on cultural practices and market availability. Second, nutrient composition was compiled from regional food composition tables and validated using dietary analysis software. Pearson correlation was conducted to compare macronutrient values, with significance set at p < 0.05. Third, standard serving sizes were determined using Wheeler et al.’s methodology and converted into household measures using a kitchen scale. Finally, we developed a macronutrient exchange list for the dishes based on the established Wheeler rounding-off criteria. Results: A culturally tailored FEL for 50 frequently consumed Qatari and GCC dishes was successfully developed. Significant correlations were observed between laboratory-derived and software-derived values for carbohydrates (r = 0.7) and protein (r = 0.9), with a weaker correlation for fat (r = 0.5). Macronutrient exchange analysis revealed substantial variation across dishes, with several carbohydrate-based dishes also contributing meaningful protein and fat exchanges. Findings indicated that visual assumptions about nutrient composition may not accurately reflect exchange values, highlighting the need for systematic analysis in diet planning. Conclusions: This study developed a novel culturally relevant FEL for commonly consumed composite dishes in Qatar and the GCC. The exchange list provides a practical tool for dietitians and healthcare professionals to support culturally tailored MNT and public health interventions in the region. It also serves as a valuable resource for researchers in nutritional epidemiology, enabling the analysis of dietary data by converting raw food intake information. Full article

Background: Gynecological infections, including bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and recurrent urinary tract infections, represent a major clinical burden and are often complicated by biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. Novel non-antibiotic strategies are urgently needed. We previously demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of silver-bound titanium dioxide (TiAB) against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from dermatological infections. Objectives: We evaluated whether TiAB, at concentrations used in marketed medical devices, exerts antibacterial and antifungal effects against clinically relevant vaginal isolates by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/ Minimum Bactericidal and Fungicidal Concentration (MIC, MBC/MFC), and time–kill kinetics. Methods: A total of 73 clinical isolates were collected from vaginal swabs, including Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Escherichia coli (ESBL+ and non-ESBL), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBCs/MFCs) were determined by broth microdilution, and bactericidal activity was confirmed by time-kill assays. Results: TiAB exhibited potent activity against Gram-negative bacteria, with median MIC values of 1–2% (w/v) for E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Gram-positive isolates, including S. agalactiae and Enterococcus spp., showed higher MIC values (2–4%). Candida albicans displayed fungistatic inhibition at 4%. Time-kill assays confirmed rapid bactericidal effects for Gram-negative isolates within 8 h at 2× MIC, while Gram-positive bacteria required prolonged exposure. Conclusions: These findings extend previous evidence of TiAB’s antimicrobial properties to gynecological pathogens, supporting its potential as a topical, non-antibiotic option for managing vaginal infections in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance. Further in vivo validation is warranted. Full article

Background and objectives: Given the limited number of studies evaluating the relationship of ABO blood groups and Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) as well as the lack of relevant literature in Saudi Arabia, a study to assess the association of ABO blood groups and PCAD in Saudi population was crucial. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study, where controls are healthy individuals and cases are divided into: patients younger than 51 years (PCAD) with confirmed coronary artery disease and patients ≥ 51 years (CAD) with confirmed coronary artery disease, whose data are retrieved from 2015 to 2022. Severity of the disease is assessed by vessel score and Gensini score. Results: We have collected a total of 1167 samples; 466 individuals served as controls (39.9%), 346 were PCAD cases (29.6%), and 355 were CAD patients (30.4%). No significant overall difference was found in ABO distribution among healthy, PCAD, and CAD individuals, although blood group A is more common in PCAD and CAD patients than in healthy controls. Among males, there is a statistically significant difference in ABO distribution across healthy, PCAD, and CAD groups, with a higher frequency of blood group A and a lower frequency of O in patients compared to controls (A = 19.7%, 28.1%, 28.4%, B = 17.5%, 19.0%, 18.6%, O = 60.0%, 48.3%, 50.2%, AB = 2.8%, 4.6%, 2.8%, p = 0.041, respectively). Additionally, the difference in ABO is not statistically significant between the healthy females, PCAD female patients, and CAD female patients (A = 25.5%, 31.3%, 25.7%, B = 20.7%, 13.3%, 20.0%, O = 47.2%, 53.0%, 51.4%, AB = 6.6%, 2.4%, 2.9%, p = 0.541, respectively). The result reveals the severity of coronary vessel occlusion in PCAD group by using Gensini score as follows: A: 52.81 ± 31.30, B: 66.94 ± 45.57, O: 43.06 ± 32.95, AB: 49.00 ± 49.40 with p value = 0.131. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that higher frequency of blood group “A” was found among male patients with PCAD and CAD compared to other blood groups. In addition, blood group “O” is less associated with male PCAD and CAD in Saudi population. Identification of ABO blood groups might assist in the genetic screening as well as guiding prophylaxis for premature CAD. Full article

Skilled Birth Attendance (SBA) is essential for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, yet access remains limited in many low- and middle-income countries. This study used machine learning to predict SBA use among Ugandan women and identify key influencing factors. We analyzed data from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, focusing on women aged 15 to 49 who had given birth in the preceding five years. After preparing and selecting relevant features, six tree-based models (decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost) and logistic regression were applied. Class imbalance was addressed using cost-sensitive learning, and hyperparameters were tuned via Bayesian optimization. XGBoost performed best (F1-score: 0.52; recall: 0.73; AUC: 0.75). SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were used to interpret model predictions. Key predictors of SBA use included education level, antenatal care visits, region (especially Northern Uganda), perceived distance to a healthcare facility, and urban or rural residence. The results demonstrate the value of interpretable machine learning for identifying at-risk populations and guiding targeted maternal health interventions in Uganda. Full article

Background and Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic condition in which muscle wasting, malnutrition, and altered fluid balance strongly influence prognosis. While spirometry remains essential for diagnosis and staging, it often fails to reflect the heterogeneity of outcomes. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) enables the assessment of body composition and fluid distribution, offering additional prognostic information. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of MF-BIA in COPD, with emphasis on outcomes such as mortality, exacerbations, and hospital admissions. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from inception to 29 April 2025. The earliest record retrieved was published in 1996 but was excluded during screening. Studies including COPD patients in whom MF-BIA-derived parameters were related to clinical outcomes were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Data on design, population, methodology, and endpoints were extracted and narratively synthesized due to heterogeneity. The review protocol was not registered. Results: Eight studies were included. Phase angle (PhA) consistently showed prognostic value, being inversely related to mortality and rehospitalizations. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) was integrated into multidimensional models, but its independent role was inconsistent. Parameters describing fluid distribution, such as Extracellular Water/Total Body Water ratio, also appeared relevant, though interpretation was often limited by the absence of consistent consideration of underlying cardiac disease. Conclusions: MF-BIA provides useful prognostic insights in COPD patients, particularly through PhA. It may refine risk stratification beyond spirometry, yet further prospective studies with standardized methods are needed to confirm its independent value. Heterogeneity of methods and small sample sizes remain important limitations. Full article

Tectona grandis L.f. (teak) is a timber species of exceptional commercial value, widely cultivated in Ecuador for export to international markets. This study aimed to ecogeographically characterise current production and identify zones with high potential for exploitation, using tools from CAPFITOGEN v3.0 and the MaxEnt maximum entropy algorithm, based on data from 1023 plantations. The territory was classified into 26 ecogeographic categories, of which teak is present in 13. Categories 17, 19, and 21 were predominant, collectively accounting for 88.27% of the analysed plantations. Sixteen relevant variables (comprising four climatic, four edaphic, and eight geophysical factors) served as predictors in MaxEnt, with model validation demonstrating strong accuracy (AUC = 0.924). The most influential factors for teak suitability were precipitation seasonality, altitude, annual precipitation and September wind speed. Areas with elevated and high probabilities for teak exploitation were quantified at 6737.83 km² and 10,154.70 km², respectively, with Guayas, Los Ríos, and Manabí provinces showing the most favourable conditions. This integrative framework provides an evidence-based basis for land-use planning and resource management, supporting more sustainable and efficient development of Ecuador’s teak forestry sector. Full article

The mental health of young adults is a widespread and growing concern in many communities, impacting social sustainability. At the same time, there is growing evidence of the value that nature can provide towards improving health and wellbeing. However, there is little research on the scale of the monetized value of relevant wellbeing benefits from nature exposure. Nature prescribing draws on the growing base of evidence about nature and its health and wellbeing connections, with medical practitioners and/or allied health workers providing a prescription to selected patients to participate in a program that offers interventions intended to improve participant health and/or wellbeing, using a nature setting. This paper is the first to undertake a cost–benefit analysis of nature prescribing, involving a program aimed to improve the wellbeing of young adults with mild to moderate mental illness in regional/rural Victoria, Australia. The evaluation demonstrates that a curated, group-based nature exposure program can yield significant improvement in levels of life satisfaction and mental health in this cohort. Paired sample comparisons and multiple regression analyses suggest that the program produced an increase in mean participant life satisfaction scores of ~0.7 units, measured using Personal Wellbeing Index scores. A project benefit–cost ratio of over four resulted from this. Mental health, as measured by Kessler scale scores, also showed solid improvement, and loneliness was reduced. The unique contributions of nature and of the group-based delivery mode to the measured benefits were not identifiable but the combined effect was evident, improving participants’ likelihood of social inclusion, a major social sustainability goal. Furthermore, the solid program benefit–cost ratios indicate an economically sustainable program, which uses an environmental platform (nature) for its delivery. This links all three triple bottom line sustainability outcomes to this program. Topping up group-based nature exposure, after completion of the six-session, two-hours-per-session program, was important for many participants to sustain benefit levels. Participants emphasized the importance of the program being delivered by trained professionals. Achieving involvement of a suitably sized project comparison or control group through the 8-month program evaluation period to follow-up proved challenging, which somewhat weakens the power of the evaluation findings. Full article

Background: The change over time of certain inflammatory markers, such as the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), is a prognostic factor in many cancers, including breast cancer. This study retrospectively evaluated how a 12-week intensive exercise program might have influenced both the NLR and SIRI in women with breast cancer. Methods: Two institutional review board-approved prospective clinical trials, EXERT-BC (NCT05747209, 2 November 2022) and EXERT-BCN (NCT05978960, 31 July 2023), were retrospectively assessed. Complete blood count (CBC) values performed before and after participation in a 12-week intensive resistance program were analyzed post hoc. Blood tests were ordered as part of routine clinical care and not pre-specified by either study protocol. Participants who had blood work more than four months from study intake or completion were excluded. Additionally, those undergoing active systemic therapy or with underlying inflammatory conditions were also excluded. The NLR and SIRI values were analyzed via the Mann–Whitney test, with pair-wise assessment of pre- and post-intervention values via the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Out of 84 participants, 21 people met the inclusion criteria. Roughly 70% had either ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or early-stage breast cancer. The average blood draw was taken within two months of study intake and outtake. After the 12-week structured exercise program, there was an associated reduction in both the NLR (2.26 [IQR, 1.70–4.22] to 1.99 [1.44–2.62]; ΔNLR = −0.27, W = 47.0, p = 0.016) and SIRI (1.23 [0.82–1.64] to 0.80 [0.59–1.45]; ΔSIRI = −0.43, W = 48.0, p = 0.018). Of those who saw their inflammatory markers improve, roughly two thirds showed a clinically relevant improvement. Conclusions: Completion of a 12-week intensive resistance exercise program was associated with a statistically improved NLR and SIRI. The small sample size and retrospective nature limit the broader application of these findings. The results, however, provide a genesis for prospective validation examining the potential benefit exercise might have on the NLR and SIRI in women with breast cancer. Full article

Background: Ozonation is a non-thermal process that can remodel the chemistry and bioactivity of plant extracts. We evaluated whether ozonating green tea extract enhances its phenolic composition and in vitro bioactivity in relation to nutrition and food applications, with potential clinical applications. Methods: Ethanolic green tea extract (GTE) was exposed to ozone (0–7 L/min, 5 h) to yield an ozonated extract (GTOE). Phenolics were quantified by the HPLC. Bioactivities included antimicrobial testing (agar diffusion; MIC/MBC/MFC), antibiofilm formation, time-kill kinetics (0–180 min), bacteria-induced hemolysis in human RBCs, DPPH radical scavenging, pancreatic lipase inhibition, and scratch-wound closure in human fibroblasts. Data from n = 3 independent experiments were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: Ozonation increased gallic acid (3150.92 to 3229.69 µg/g) and ellagic acid (2470.66 to 2789.40 µg/g), while catechin decreased slightly (2634.09 to 2535.09 µg/g). Compared with GTE, GTOE produced larger inhibition zones and lower MIC/MBC/MFC against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi; Aspergillus niger remained unsusceptible. For example, inhibition zones for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae increased by 2–4 mm and MIC/MBC values were 2-8-fold lower. Candida albicans showed marked sensitivity (MFC 500 to 125 µg/mL). GTOE exhibited superior, dose-dependent antibiofilm activity across all tested strains, reaching up to 97.82% inhibition, (highest for S. aureus and S. typhi, at 75% MBC). GTOE reduced bacterial counts more rapidly than GTE across all tested strains, achieving full eradication within 150 min. Bacteria-induced hemolysis was inhibited by 97% at 75% MIC with GTOE, versus 93–96% with GTE. Antioxidant capacity improved (DPPH IC₅₀ 3.31 vs. 5.54 μg/mL), as did lipase inhibition IC₅₀ 6.06 vs. 17.69 μg/mL). Wound closure at 48 h increased (GTOE 61.1%; GTE 56.8%; control 50.8%). Conclusions: Controlled ozonation of green tea extract remodeled phenolics and consistently enhanced antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, potential anti-obesity, and wound-healing activities in vitro. These results support food-grade optimization and safety/by-product profiling, followed by in vivo validation at diet-relevant doses, to enable nutrition, food, and potential clinical applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Prognostic assessment in endometrial cancer (EC) is based on clinical and pathological features such as histological type, FIGO stage, tumor grade, LVSI, P53 status, and hormone receptor expression. Recent molecular research has distinguished four EC subtypes, with MMR status (pMMR vs. dMMR) providing clinically relevant stratification due to its predictive value for immunotherapy. The present study aims to compare dMMR and pMMR tumors in terms of the prevalence of adverse histopathological prognostic factors. Methods: This retrospective study included 179 patients with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) treated at the authors’ institution (1 January 2023–31 August 2025). Patients were classified by MMR status (pMMR vs. dMMR) based on immunohistochemistry, and clinicopathological variables, including FIGO stage, myometrial invasion depth, tumor grade, LVSI, ER/PR expression, and P53 status, were analyzed. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Categorical variables were tested with chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, reporting odds ratios with 95% CI, while continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney test and presented as median (IQR) with the Hodges–Lehmann difference and 95% CI. Multivariable logistic regression with Wald tests was performed. Results: dMMR tumors accounted for 29.05% of all cases. Patients in the dMMR group were significantly more likely to present with FIGO stage III/IV disease (p = 0.036) and to exhibit LVSI (p = 0.008). No differences were observed between the groups with respect to tumor grade, estrogen receptor positivity, progesterone receptor positivity, or the prevalence of deep myometrial invasion. The most frequent pattern of protein loss in the dMMR population was concurrent loss of MLH1 and PMS2. Conclusions: In the studied population, dMMR tumors more frequently exhibited adverse prognostic features of EC, such as advanced stage of disease and lymphovascular space invasion. This suggests the potential for effective immunotherapy in this patient group. Full article

This study investigates Egyptian seafarers’ perceptions, barriers, and adoption intentions towards renewable and low-carbon energy technologies. Recognizing the maritime sector’s significant contribution to global emissions and Egypt’s strategic role via the Suez Canal, the authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 120 seafarers covering masters, engineers, and cadets. A questionnaire gauged familiarity with renewable energy, perceived relevance to maritime work, preferred energy sources, and factors influencing choice and perceived enablers, and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact tests. Respondents showed moderate–high awareness of renewable energy. Climate change was primarily associated with sea level rise, rising temperatures, and flooding. Most participants considered renewable energy highly relevant to maritime operations, with stronger endorsement from masters and second mates than from first mates. Solar, wind, and hydrogen were viewed as having the greatest future potential, while availability and cost effectiveness were critical selection factors. Advanced technology and better training were the most valued enablers, whereas high investment costs, limited infrastructure, safety concerns, and training gaps were key barriers. The findings suggest that, although Egyptian seafarers recognize the importance of renewable energy, the main barriers consist of establishment cost, needed infrastructure, safety, and necessity for training. Full article