Search Results (24,903)

The plant NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factor family plays an important regulatory role in stress response. In this study, we analyzed the rice transcription factor OsNAC113 and elucidated its tissue-specific characteristics and stress response regulatory mechanisms. qRT-PCR results showed that under laboratory-simulated drought, high salt, temperature stress, and hormone treatments, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃), the expression level of OsNAC113 significantly changed, indicating that OsNAC113 responds to various stress conditions. Targeted creation of the rice (Oryza sativa L. spp. japonica) OsNAC113 (LOC_os08g10080.1) mutant based on the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing strategy revealed its response to salt stress (200 mM). The growth status and survival rate of the mutant under high-salt stress were significantly higher than those of the wild type. Testing showed that the mutant exhibited increased relative water, chlorophyll, and soluble sugar contents under salt stress than the wild type. The malondialdehyde content in the mutant was lower, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were higher than those in the wild type, indicating that the mutant with functional loss caused by knocking out OsNAC113 had a significantly enhanced tolerance to salt treatment. Using RNA-seq to detect genome-wide changes in OsNAC113 mutant materials under stress, KEGG annotation showed that knocking out OsNAC113 resulted in regulatory changes in “plant hormone signaling pathway” and “MAPK signaling pathway,” and GO and KEGG annotations showed significant changes in “amino acid transport and metabolism,” “carbohydrate transport and metabolism,” “lipid transport and metabolism,” and “replication, recombination, and repair.” OsNAC113 may be involved in the response to salt stress by regulating these signaling pathways. Using comparative metabolomic analysis, we further elucidated the function of OsNAC113 in physiological metabolic pathways. The knockout of OsNAC113 resulted in changes in various important metabolic pathways in plants, including flavonoid biosynthesis and ABC transporters. Therefore, it is suggested that OsNAC113 is involved in these metabolic processes and affects their regulation in high-salt environments. These results provide a theoretical foundation and reliable material for the molecular breeding of rice. Full article

Silicon (Si)–containing compounds, such as silica (SiO₂), play a crucial role as fillers, binding phases, and linking agents in sustainable materials. Coating biochar with SiO₂ can enhance its performance as a carbon-negative filler in composites such as bioplastics, rubber, asphalt, and cement, making it more competitive with conventional fillers. Biochar, derived from biomass pyrolysis, contains a high concentration of biogenic SiO₂—typically 50–80% of its total inorganic content. However, conventional extraction methods such as solvent extraction or gasification detach SiO₂ from the biochar matrix, leading to energy-intensive and environmentally unfavorable processes. The objective of this study was to develop an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient approach to induce the migration of embedded biogenic SiO₂ from within biochar to its surface—without detachment—using ultrasonic treatment. Fifteen biochar samples were produced by pyrolyzing five biomass types (sugarcane bagasse, miscanthus, wheat straw, corn stover, and railroad ties) at 650, 750, and 850 °C. Each sample was subsequently subjected to ultrasonic irradiation in an isopropanol–water mixture for 1 and 2 min. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses confirmed that ultrasound treatment significantly enhanced SiO₂ migration to the biochar surface, with up to a 2.5-fold increase in surface Si and O concentrations after 2 min of sonication. The effect was most pronounced for biochar synthesized at 850 °C, corresponding to higher surface porosity and structural stability. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed an increased intensity of the Si–O–Si asymmetric stretching band at 1030 cm⁻¹, indicating surface enrichment of siloxane networks and rearrangement of Si-containing functional groups. Overall, the results demonstrate that ultrasound-assisted treatment is a viable and sustainable technique for enhancing SiO₂ surface concentration and modifying the surface chemistry of biochar. This SiO₂-enriched biochar shows potential for advanced applications in soil amendment, CO₂ capture, water purification, and as a reactive additive in cementitious and asphalt composites. Full article

ZSM-5 zeolites with varying aluminum content were subjected to steam treatments of different severities by adjusting the temperature, duration, and water vapor pressure. The steamed samples were characterized using a range of analytical techniques. A quantitative assessment of the aluminum species—namely, tetrahedrally coordinated framework Al, dislodged framework Al, non-framework pentacoordinated Al, and non-framework hexacoordinated Al—was achieved through a combination of EDX analysis on Cs-exchanged materials and quantitative ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectroscopy, including spectral simulation. Contrary to previous reports, the catalytic activity per framework Al site in unsteamed ZSM-5 increases with aluminum content at low Si/Al ratios, aligning with recently proposed medium effects. Notably, at the point of maximum activity enhancement due to steaming, equivalent amounts (1:1) of framework and dislodged framework Al—both in tetrahedral coordination—are observed. The maximum enhancement factor per framework Al site, for a given material and reaction, remains independent of the specific steaming conditions (temperature, time, and pressure). However, the degree of activity enhancement varies with the type of reaction: it is more pronounced for n-hexane cracking (α-test) than for m-xylene isomerization. This suggests that both catalyst modification and reaction characteristics contribute to the observed steam-induced activity enhancement. A synergistic interaction between Brønsted and Lewis acid sites appears to underpin these effects. One plausible mechanism involves the strengthening of Brønsted acidity in the presence of adjacent Lewis acid sites. This enhancement is expected to be more significant for n-hexane cracking, which demands higher acid strength compared to m-xylene isomerization. In cases of n-hexane cracking, the increased acid strength and the formation of olefins via reactions on Lewis acid sites may act cooperatively. Importantly, the dislodged framework Al species—tetrahedrally coordinated in the hydrated catalyst at ambient temperature and functioning as Lewis acid sites in the dehydrated zeolite under reaction conditions—are directly responsible for the observed enhancement in acid activity. The transformation of framework Al into dislodged framework Al species is reversible, as demonstrated by hydrothermal treatment of the steamed samples at 150–200 °C. Nonetheless, reinsertion of Al into the framework is not fully quantitative: a portion of the dislodged framework Al is irreversibly converted into non-framework penta- and hexacoordinated species during the hydrothermal process. Among these, non-framework pentacoordinate Al species may serve as counterions to balance the lattice charges associated with framework Al. Full article

A non-standardized hypereutectic aluminum–silicon alloy, AlSi18Cu3CrMn, was developed. To refine the structure of the studied composition, a phosphorus modifier was used in an amount of 0.04 wt %, and a complex modifying treatment was applied by combining the chemical elements of phosphorus, titanium, boron and beryllium (P, 0.04 wt %; Ti, 0.2 wt %; B, 0.04 wt %; Be, 0.007 wt %). To improve the mechanical and operational properties of the alloy, it was heat-treated (T6) at a temperature of 510–515 °C before quenching, with artificial aging applied at a temperature of 210 °C for 16 h. Phosphorus-modified alloy AlSi18Cu3CrMn was quenched in water at 20 °C, and the combined modified alloy was quenched in water at temperatures of 20 °C and 50 °C. By conducting a microstructural analysis, the free Si crystals and silicon crystals in the composition of the eutectic in the alloy structure were characterized, and by conducting XRD, the presence and type of secondary phases were established. The hardness of the alloy was measured, as well as the microhardness of the α-solid solution. Static uniaxial tensile testing was carried out at normal and elevated temperatures (working temperatures of 200 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C). By using a gravimetric method, the corrosion rate of the alloy in 1 M NaCl and 1 M H₂SO₄ was calculated. The mass wear, wear intensity and wear resistance of the studied AlSi18Cu3CrMn alloy were determined during reversible reciprocating motion in the boundary-layer lubrication regime. Full article

Background: Nintedanib (NIN), an intracellular inhibitor of tyrosine kinases that inhibits processes fundamental to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis (PPF), is used in the treatment of patients with PPF associated with systemic sclerosis. During NIN therapy, adverse events lead to a permanent dose reduction and treatment discontinuation. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to manage and optimize drug administration based on the measurement of drug concentrations. Therefore, TDM can be helpful in minimizing the impact of adverse events and help patients remain in therapy. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new bioanalytical UPLC-MS/MS method enabling the determination of NIN and its active metabolite in the plasma of patients with PPF associated with systemic sclerosis. Methods: Sample preparation was carried out using protein precipitation with an extraction mixture: acetonitrile neutralized with 2 M sodium carbonate. Analytes and the internal standard (intedanib-d3) were monitored using mass spectrometry (MS) and positive-ion-mode electrospray ionization by MRM. Chromatographic analysis was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 column kept at 40 °C using isocratic elution. The mobile phase contained 0.1% formic acid in water; acetonitrile (35:65 v/v) was pumped at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The analysis time was 5 min. Results: The method was verified according to the EMA guidelines over a concentration range of 2.00–200.00 ng/mL. The correlation coefficients for the calibration curves were found to be 0.9991 and 0.9957 for NIN and its metabolite BIBF 1202, respectively. The within- and between-run precision and accuracy of LLOQ were evaluated for NIN and BIBF 1202 to be within RSD 2.96%, 4.53%, 5.51%, and 6.72% and in the ranges of 102.2–107.3%, 98.0–101.8%, 104.3–114.2%, and 99.1–104.9, respectively. The stability of the analytes in plasma after 4 h at 30 °C was found to be satisfactory, meeting the assumed bias criteria below 15%. Conclusions: The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze two active compounds—NIN and BIBF 1202—in plasma samples at two time points: trough (pre-dose concentration) and 2–3 h (maximum concentration) after the administration of NIN. Full article

This paper reports an assessment of the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes (TNTs) doped with strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) and sulfur (S) with respect to the decomposition of methylene blue (MB). TNT was obtained by the double anodizing method with further doping of strontium titanate by the hydrothermal method and additional annealing in an atmosphere of N₂ (95%) + H₂S (5%) at 450–550 °C. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using MB as a pollutant and this study was conducted using an Osram Vita-Lux lamp with a power of 300W as a visible light source. The photocatalytic abilities of the synthesized materials were investigated, and characterized by methods such as SEM, TEM, XRD, EDS, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Our study showed that the SrTiO₃/TiO₂NT@S composite has a better photocatalytic decomposition ability for the dye under consideration compared to pure TNT and SrTiO₃/TiO₂NT. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of synthesized SrTiO₃/TiO₂NT@S material for applications in water purification and photocatalysis. Full article

Background and aims: This study aimed to determine whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with nutritional counseling promotes an increase in thigh muscle thickness (MT), as well as to assess changes in the relationship between MT and intracellular water (ICW). Body composition methods such as ultrasound may overestimate muscle mass, depending on the context, because they cannot distinguish the contractile protein component from body fluids, including intra- and extracellular water. Methods: A pilot randomized parallel trial was conducted with 25 hospitalized patients with unselected cancer, who were divided into two groups: NMES + Diet and Diet. Both groups received nutritional counseling, but only one group received NMES. NMES was applied bilaterally to the origin and insertion points of the quadriceps twice daily, with a 3 h interval between sessions, for 7 consecutive days. MT and ICW were measured before and after the intervention. Food consumption was assessed using a 24 h dietary recall at baseline and at the end of the study to quantify and adjust macronutrient intake during the intervention. Results: Both treatment groups (Diet × NMES + Diet) showed similar dropout rates which means participants in the more intensive treatment did not quit more frequently, once intervention with NMES was feasible and well tolerated. In addition, both groups showed a reduction in carbohydrate intake (p = 0.012) and an increase in leucine intake (p < 0.001) post-intervention. The increase in leucine intake was significantly greater in the NMES + Diet group (p < 0.001), and the reduction in carbohydrate intake was also greater in this group (p = 0.012). In the delta analysis, the NMES + Diet group showed an increase in thigh MT, whereas the Diet group experienced a decrease (Diet group: ∆ = −2.53 ± 3.73 mm vs. NMES + Diet group: ∆ = 2.09 ± 2.27 mm, p = 0.001). Moreover, the MT/ICW ratio was higher in the NMES + Diet group post-intervention (Diet group: ∆ = −0.15 ± 0.19 mm/L vs. NMES + Diet group: ∆ = 0.11 ± 0.09 mm/L, p < 0.001), while no significant difference in ICW was observed between groups. Conclusions: short-term intervention combining nutritional counseling with NMES increased thigh MT and the MT/ICW ratio, possibly due to NMES-induced extracellular water expansion. Full article

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaf powder on growth performance, internal organ development, cecal microbiota, intestinal histomorphology, meat quality characteristics, and breast meat malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in broiler chickens. A total of 160 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks of uniform health status and body weight were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates with 10 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were formulated by supplementing the basal diet with 0, 2, 4, or 8 g/kg of sage leaf powder. The trial was conducted for 21 days in four-tier battery cages under controlled environmental conditions, with feed and water supplied ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, dietary inclusion of sage leaf powder at 2 g/kg significantly improved daily body weight gain (p < 0.05), while feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected (p > 0.05). No significant differences were detected among the treatment groups in carcass traits, meat pH, or color parameters. However, marked improvements were observed in intestinal histomorphology. In addition, breast meat samples from birds receiving sage-supplemented diets displayed slightly lower MDA concentrations during storage compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with sage leaf powder improved growth performance, enhanced intestinal health, and demonstrated potential as a natural feed additive for broiler nutrition; however, it did not exert a statistically significant effect on lipid oxidation under the conditions of this study. Full article

Flow capacitive deionization (FCDI) technology holds significant promise for cost-effective and energy-efficient desalination; however, its practical application is hindered by limited electrode stability and desalination performance. In this study, we propose a novel composite strategy that combines chemical surface modification with surfactant-assisted dispersion to enhance electrode performance in FCDI systems. We observed that the dispersion stability and capacitance of the flow electrodes were significantly improved after oxidation (AC-O) or amination (AC-N) of activated carbon (AC). To further investigate the underlying ion adsorption mechanisms, we performed Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations. The simulations revealed that oxidative modification (AC-O) enhances chloride ion adsorption through stronger electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, while amination (AC-N) is more effective for sodium ion adsorption. Subsequently, surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) were used to prepare stable and high-performance flow electrodes. Electrochemical characterization and desalination tests in a 1000 mg·L⁻¹ saline solution demonstrated that the AC-O/SDS composite exhibited excellent dispersion stability (>7 d) and significantly enhanced conductivity and specific capacitance, increasing by factors of 2.48 and 2.50, respectively, compared to unmodified AC. This optimized electrode achieved a desalination efficiency of 74.37% and a desalination rate of 6.2542 mg·L⁻¹·min⁻¹, outperforming the unmodified electrode by a factor of 5.72. Our findings provide a robust, sustainable approach for fabricating advanced flow electrodes and offer valuable insights into electrode structure optimization, opening new possibilities for the application of FCDI technology in water treatment and material sciences. Full article

Silicon (Si) may benefit the growth and physiology of various cultivated species, especially under stress conditions. Here, we hypothesized that soil Si supplying as Ca₂SiO₄ would increase the drought tolerance and water use efficiency of young Coffea arabica L. (Arabica coffee) plants, by maintaining shoot water status and photosynthesis under low water availability. To test such a hypothesis, morphological and physiological (leaf water potential, leaf gas exchange, photochemical activity, chlorophyll content) traits of coffee plants were evaluated under varying soil Ca₂SiO₄ applications (0, 3000, 6000 kg ha⁻¹) and water availability. The chemical composition of plant tissues was evaluated under well-watered conditions after six months of Ca₂SiO₄ application, with fertilized plants showing higher concentrations of Ca (leaves and roots) and B (all plant organs) as compared to plants not supplied with Ca₂SiO₄ (control treatment). As there were no changes in Si concentration in plant organs under Ca₂SiO₄ application, our data indicate that the coffee species is a Si non-accumulator, or at least the cultivar ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ evaluated herein. Additionally, the photosynthetic capacity of coffee plants increased with 6000 kg Ca₂SiO₄ ha⁻¹ compared to the control under well-watered conditions, as given by increases in gross and net photosynthesis under light saturation, light saturation point, maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rate, maximum electron transport-dependent RuBP regeneration, and maximum rate of triose phosphate use. Such photosynthetic improvements underlined high leaf CO₂ assimilation, transpiration, carboxylation efficiency, and chlorophyll content in plants grown under Si supplying and well-watered conditions. The negative impact of water deficit on leaf gas exchange was alleviated by Ca₂SiO₄ application, but the instantaneous water use efficiency was maintained as similar in both water regimes, as expected for Si non-accumulator species. Morphologically, coffee stem diameter was increased under Ca₂SiO₄ application, regardless of water regime. In conclusion, our data revealed that high Ca₂SiO₄ doses benefit coffee performance and also suggest that the use of steel slag—an industrial byproduct rich in Ca₂SiO₄—can be considered as a sustainable practice for residue recycling in agriculture while improving C. arabica growth and physiology under varying water availability. Full article

Nickel ions (Ni²⁺) are persistent heavy metal pollutants that pose significant risks to human health due to their toxicity. Conventional treatment technologies, while effective, are often costly, energy-intensive, and limited in removing emerging pollutants. In this study, we report an eco-friendly, fluorescence-based sensing platform using carbon nanostructures (CNs) synthesized from coffee waste via pyrolysis at 600 °C. The CNs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and evaluated for their fluorescence response toward Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ ions. Distinct ion-specific behaviors were observed, with Ni²⁺ inducing the strongest fluorescence quenching. Sensitivity studies revealed reliable detection across 10⁻⁸–10⁻³ M, with a detection limit of 10⁻⁴ M (≈5.9 mg/L). Fluorescence stability was maintained for up to six hours, with one hour identified as the optimal detection window. Performance in real water samples highlighted consistent responses in mineral water, reflecting reliable sensing capability in a realistic aqueous matrix. While the current detection limit is above the World Health Organization guideline for drinking water, the CNs show promise for monitoring Ni²⁺ in contaminated or industrial effluents. Overall, this work demonstrates that coffee waste-derived CNs provide a cost-effective, sustainable approach to heavy metal sensing, linking waste valorization with environmental monitoring. Full article

Agriculture puts significant pressure on freshwater sources, which motivates the use of reclaimed water for irrigation as a promising alternative to reduce freshwater demand while also providing nutrients. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment to determine the environmental impacts of irrigating a DOCa La Rioja vineyard with reclaimed water in the cultivation of organic grapes (scenario A) and compares it with an irrigation practice that uses canal water combined with organic extra-fertilisation (scenario B), accounting for differences in wastewater treatment processes. Results show that scenario A reduces impacts in categories such as global warming (16.2%) and freshwater eutrophication (25.6%) compared with scenario B, primarily due to the lower emissions associated with reclaimed water treatment. Additionally, a water balance was performed for the plot, which indicated that current inputs currently exceed losses in the region, so water stress is not observed; however, this situation may change in the near future due to population growth and climate change. These findings underscore the need to enhance the efficiency of the reclaimed water production, primarily by optimising its energy requirements, to support sustainable water use in agricultural systems. Full article

Coal gasification slag (CGS), an industrial solid waste produced during high-temperature (1200–1600 °C) coal gasification, was utilized as the primary raw material, combined with minor additions of coal gangue and calcium oxide, to synthesize ceramsite filter via high-temperature sintering (900–1160 °C) for phosphorus-containing wastewater treatment. The resulting ceramsite was evaluated for compressive strength, apparent porosity, water absorption, mineral phase composition, hydrolysis properties, and phosphorus removal performance. Experimental results revealed that increasing sintering temperature and calcium oxide content shifted the dominant crystalline phases from anorthite and hematite to gehlenite, anorthite, wollastonite, and esseneite, promoting the formation of porous structures. This transition increased apparent porosity while reducing compressive strength. Under optimal conditions (1130 °C, 20 wt.% CaO, 1 h sintering), the ceramsite (CM-20-1130) exhibited an apparent porosity of 43.12%, compressive strength of 3.88 MPa, apparent density of 1.084 g/cm³, and water absorption of 33.20%. The high porosity and abundant gehlenite and wollastonite phases endowed CM-20-1130 with enhanced hydrolysis capacity. Static phosphorus removal experiments demonstrated a maximum phosphorus removal capacity of 2.77 mg/g, driven by the release of calcium and hydroxide ions from gehlenite and wollastonite, which form calcium-phosphate precipitates on the ceramsite surface, enabling efficient phosphorus removal from simulated wastewater. Full article

Given the increasing frequency of heat waves, it is likely that swimming in surface water not officially designated as swimming water (wild swimming) will become more popular. The goal of this exploratory case study was to determine the extent of wild swimming in the Vecht river basin in Germany and the Netherlands and to identify and minimize biological risks. Through several years of field observations, supplemented by data from key informants and online sources, we identified the number of visitors, their level of exposure to water, and the total number of water-contact-associated outbreaks. During the hot summers of 2018 to 2020, between 29,000 and 37,000 people a year sought cooling in the streams, rivers and canals of this watershed, into which 52 sewage treatment plants discharge. As a result, 85% of the wild swimmers in the area swam in surface waters that do not comply with the European Bathing Water Directive. Between 2016 and 2020, at least eight outbreaks of gastroenteritis potentially linked to wild swimming occurred in the region. Most outbreaks have been associated with waters containing the highest concentrations of sewage effluent. A total of 1201 people participated in activities linked to the outbreaks. Of those, at least 107 (11%), primarily children who had engaged in intensive water-based activities, became infected. Potential prevention strategies were assessed. Targeted awareness raising, promoting safe alternatives for water recreation, outbreak surveillance, and adaptation of prevention manuals, are expected to be relatively easy to apply, effective, socially acceptable and not very costly. Full article

Mercury (Hg²⁺) contamination in water systems poses a severe environmental and health hazard due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, a novel adsorbent was developed by sequentially modifying kaolin via acid–base treatment, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) incorporation, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) grafting. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that the fully modified kaolin (TiO₂-loaded and APTES grafted) exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (25.6 mg/g) compared to the acid–base-treated (5.8 mg/g) and TiO₂-loaded (17.7 mg/g) kaolin. Under optimal conditions (75 mg adsorbent dosage; 70 mg/L Hg²⁺; pH 5), the fully modified kaolin maintained its performance even in the presence of varying ionic strengths, natural organic matter, and competing metal ions. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and the equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm. Antibacterial activity assay revealed that the TiO₂-loaded kaolin effectively inhibited S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration = 2.5 mg/mL) and showed moderate activity against E. coli (BL21) (minimum inhibitory concentration = 5 mg/mL). However, antibacterial activity decreased after amine functionalization, indicating a compromise between enhancing adsorption capacity and preserving antibacterial functionality. This study presents a promising cost-efficient approach for the simultaneous removal of Hg²⁺ ions from water matrices and inhibiting bacterial growth, aligning with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Full article