MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

16 pages, 11833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinction Between Interturn Short-Circuit Faults and Unbalanced Load in Transformers

by Raul A. Ortiz-Medina, David A. Aragon-Verduzco, Victor A. Maldonado-Ruelas, Juan C. Olivares-Galvan and Rafael Escalera-Perez

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8020050 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Transformers are essential in electrical networks, and their failure can lead to the shutdown of a section or the entire grid. This study proposes a combination of techniques for early fault detection, distinguishing between small load imbalances and incipient interturn short circuits. An [...] Read more.

Transformers are essential in electrical networks, and their failure can lead to the shutdown of a section or the entire grid. This study proposes a combination of techniques for early fault detection, distinguishing between small load imbalances and incipient interturn short circuits. An experimental setup was developed using a three-phase transformer bank with three single-phase dry-type transformers. One transformer was modified to create controlled short circuits of two and four turns and to simulate a load imbalance by reducing the winding by four turns. The main contribution of this research is the development of a combined diagnostic approach using instantaneous space phasor (ISP) spectral analysis and infrared thermal imaging to differentiate between load imbalances and incipient interturn short circuits in transformers. This method enhances early fault detection by identifying distinctive electrical and thermal signatures associated with each condition. The results could improve transformer monitoring, reducing the risk of failure and enhancing grid reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Control and Systems Engineering)

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15 pages, 4037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Addition of Degradable Activators Enhances Sedum alfredii Phytoremediation Efficiency in Cd-Contaminated Soils

by Honggang Li, Ling Huang, Zhiliang Chen, Hang Wei, Mengqiang Sun, Xiaoqing Huang, Haochao Li and Qianjun Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073207 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is a critical environmental issue that requires urgent remediation. Sedum alfredii Hance, known for its high biomass, strong stress tolerance, and suitability for harvesting, serves as an excellent hyperaccumulator. This study used field experiments to investigate the enhancement of [...] Read more.

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is a critical environmental issue that requires urgent remediation. Sedum alfredii Hance, known for its high biomass, strong stress tolerance, and suitability for harvesting, serves as an excellent hyperaccumulator. This study used field experiments to investigate the enhancement of Cd phytoremediation in soil using three activators: citric acid (CA), malic acid (MA), and polyaspartic acid (PASP). The results showed that the biomass of Sedum alfredii was increased by 8.95–28.37% by the addition of these activators, significantly boosting its Cd accumulation efficiency, with an average removal rate increase of 12%. Among all activators, CA exhibited the most substantial enhancement effect, with enrichment coefficients of 36.26% and 11.56% for the aboveground parts and roots of Sedum alfredii, respectively, and a 21.15% increase in the Cd removal rate. Although PASP had a less pronounced effect on biomass and Cd uptake, with decreases of 15.25% and 35.34% in the aboveground parts and roots, respectively, it significantly impacted soil Cd speciation and increased the activation rate by 20%. Full article

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15 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neonatal Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis: Current Insights and Knowledge Gaps

by Enza D’Auria, Cristina Ferrigno, Stefano Pellicani, Anna Di Gallo, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Massimo Agosti, Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre and Silvia Salvatore

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072461 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Acute and chronic Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) has been well characterized in children; otherwise, neonatal FPIES (N-FPIES) remains poorly understood. In terms of pathophysiology, neonatal FPIES appears to have a more prevalent TH2 response and is characterized by specific clinical features that [...] Read more.

Acute and chronic Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) has been well characterized in children; otherwise, neonatal FPIES (N-FPIES) remains poorly understood. In terms of pathophysiology, neonatal FPIES appears to have a more prevalent TH2 response and is characterized by specific clinical features that make the diagnosis challenging. Genetic and environmental risk factors may predispose to the development of FPIES. Recent evidence indicates that a characteristic microbiota signature may lead to barrier dysfunction, reduced regulatory T cells, and abnormal intestinal production of serotonin, responsible for the symptoms of FPIES. Regarding clinical presentation, newborns with FPIES may not fully meet the current guideline’s diagnostic criteria at disease onset, being more similar to clinical entity specific of neonatal age than to acute FPIES in infants and children. Hence, differentiation from other neonatal medical and surgical conditions—particularly necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)—remains a critical challenge for clinicians. This present review highlights our current understanding of N-FPIES, in term of pathophysiology, clinical presentation diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Refining diagnostic criteria for N-FPIES represents a clinical priority to help physicians in diagnosing and managing this challenging condition. Last, but not least, larger clinical trials are needed to optimize treatment practices in term and preterm newborns with FPIES. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Clinical Advances in Pediatric Allergic Diseases)

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16 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessReview

Weathering the Storm: How Age and Biologics Influence the COVID-19 Cytokine Surge

by Corine Astroth, Karishma S. Shah, Sudhanshu Agrawal and Anshu Agrawal

Pathogens 2025, 14(4), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040346 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, first identified in December 2019, caused a global pandemic, resulting in over 6.8 million deaths by March 2023. The elderly, or individuals over 65, accounted for the majority of COVID-19 deaths, with 81% of fatalities in the US in 2020 occurring in [...] Read more.

SARS-CoV-2, first identified in December 2019, caused a global pandemic, resulting in over 6.8 million deaths by March 2023. The elderly, or individuals over 65, accounted for the majority of COVID-19 deaths, with 81% of fatalities in the US in 2020 occurring in this group. Beyond mortality, aging populations are also at higher risk of long-term cardiovascular complications and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although these outcomes may be influenced by comorbidities common in the elderly, age has been found to be a standalone risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection. Therefore, investigating age-related factors in COVID-19 outcomes is crucial in protecting this vulnerable group. Of particular interest is the cytokine storm phenomenon, an excessive inflammatory response that contributes to severe COVID-19 symptoms, including ARDS and cardiovascular damage. Elevated levels of multiple cytokines are common in severe cases of COVID-19. We propose that changes that occur to cytokine profiles as we age may contribute to these aberrant inflammatory responses. This review specifically explored the interleukin class cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 and considered the potential of biologics targeting these cytokines to alleviate severe outcomes in both COVID-19 and aging individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

17 pages, 4321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Time- and Space-Integrated Expansion Planning Method for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Networks

by Yao Guo, Shaorong Wang and Dezhi Chen

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2276; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072276 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rapid growth of renewable energy and increasing electricity demand pose challenges to the reliability and flexibility of traditional distribution networks. To address these issues, the construction of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks (AC/DC-HDNs) based on existing AC grids has become a promising solution. [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of renewable energy and increasing electricity demand pose challenges to the reliability and flexibility of traditional distribution networks. To address these issues, the construction of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks (AC/DC-HDNs) based on existing AC grids has become a promising solution. However, planning the expansion of such networks faces challenges like complex device and line topologies, dynamic fluctuations in distributed generation (DG) and load, and high power electronics costs. This paper proposes a time- and space-integrated expansion planning method for AC/DC-HDNs. The approach builds a distribution grid model based on graph theory, integrating the spatial layouts of AC distribution lines, DGs, main grids, and loads, while capturing dynamic load and renewable energy generation characteristics through time-series analysis. A modified graph attention network (MGAT)-based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm is used for optimization, balancing economic and reliability objectives. The simulation results show that the modified algorithm outperforms traditional algorithm in terms of both training efficiency and stability, with a faster convergence and lower fluctuation in cumulative rewards. Additionally, the proposed algorithm consistently achieves higher cumulative rewards, demonstrating its effectiveness in optimizing the expansion planning of AC/DC-HDNs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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13 pages, 2179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epigenetic and Gene Expression Responses of Daphnia magna to Polyethylene and Polystyrene Microplastics

by Hyungjoon Im, Jieun Lee, Jeong-Eun Oh, Jinyoung Song and Sanghyun Jeong

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071608 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), ubiquitous environmental pollutants, pose substantial threats to aquatic ecosystems and organisms, including the model species Daphnia magna. This study examined the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) MPs on D. magna, focusing on their ingestion, epigenetic alterations, and [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs), ubiquitous environmental pollutants, pose substantial threats to aquatic ecosystems and organisms, including the model species Daphnia magna. This study examined the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) MPs on D. magna, focusing on their ingestion, epigenetic alterations, and transcriptional responses. Exposure experiments revealed a concentration-dependent accumulation of MPs, with PS particles showing higher ingestion rates due to their higher density and propensity for aggregation. Epigenetic analyses demonstrated that exposure to PE MPs significantly reduced the global DNA methylation (5-mC) of Daphnia magna, suggesting hypomethylation as a potential stress response. Conversely, the DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) of Daphnia magna displayed variability under PS exposure. Transcriptional analysis identified a marked downregulation of Vitellogenin 1 (v1) and upregulation of Ecdysone Receptor B (ecr-b), highlighting the occurrence of stress-related and adaptive molecular responses. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular and epigenetic effects of MPs on aquatic organisms, offering critical insights for the development of effective environmental management and conservation strategies in the face of escalating MP pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tracing the Fate of Microplastics from Daily Activities to Environments)

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20 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on Immediate Implant Placement in Intact Versus Non-Intact Alveolar Sockets

by Axelle Ickroth, Véronique Christiaens, Jeremy Pitman and Jan Cosyn

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072462 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The primary objective of this systematic review was to compare IIP in intact versus non-intact sockets in terms of buccal bone thickness. Methods: Two independent reviewers carried out an electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane [...] Read more.

Objectives: The primary objective of this systematic review was to compare IIP in intact versus non-intact sockets in terms of buccal bone thickness. Methods: Two independent reviewers carried out an electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases as well as a manual search to identify eligible clinical studies up to June 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case series on intact and/or non-intact sockets were included for analysis. The primary outcome was buccal bone thickness (BBT). Secondary outcomes were vertical midfacial soft tissue level change, pink esthetic score (PES), implant survival and complications. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Results: After screening 1001 unique titles and conducting manual searches, 20 articles reporting on 525 implants (intact: 265; non-intact: 260) in the anterior maxilla with a follow-up of up to 120 months were selected. The overall study quality was low, especially for non-intact sockets since only two RCTs could be found, and none demonstrated a low risk of bias. Meta-analyses were not feasible due to a lack of direct comparisons, and heterogeneity in terms of surgical approach, soft tissue handling, and restorative approach. BBT ranged between 1.10 and 3.18 mm (intact) and 1.18 and 3 mm (non-intact). Vertical midfacial soft tissue level change ranged between −0.13 and −0.58 mm (intact) and −0.03 and −0.59 mm (non-intact). Pink esthetic scores ranged between 10.48 and 12.80 (intact) and 9.25 and 12.43 (non-intact). Implant survival exceeded 90% in all studies and was 100% in the vast majority of the studies. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests a similar outcome of IIP in intact and non-intact sockets. However, the overall low study quality, a lack of direct comparisons, and heterogeneity rendered the comparison highly biased. Future studies should be conducted to establish an evidence-based treatment approach for IIP in non-intact sockets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Implant Dentistry)

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18 pages, 46988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Landslide Mapping Along the Karakoram Highway Alternate Route in North Pakistan; Implications for the Expansion of China−Pakistan Economic Corridor

by Said Mukhtar Ahmad, Teng Wang, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah and Saad Khan

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071278 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Slowly moving active landslides threaten infrastructure, particularly along highway routes traversing active mountainous ranges. Detecting and characterizing such landslides in highly elevated mountainous terrains is challenging due to their inaccessibility, wide area coverage, limited approaches, and the complex nature of mass movements. In [...] Read more.

Slowly moving active landslides threaten infrastructure, particularly along highway routes traversing active mountainous ranges. Detecting and characterizing such landslides in highly elevated mountainous terrains is challenging due to their inaccessibility, wide area coverage, limited approaches, and the complex nature of mass movements. In this study, we processed Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar data acquired from 2015 to 2024 to detect active landslides along the Karakoram Highway alternate route (Chitral-Gilgit) and the Karakoram Highway part (Gilgit-Khunjerab). We detected 1037 active landslides in the study region using phase gradient stacking and a deep learning network. Based on the detection, we applied time series InSAR analysis to reveal the velocity and deformation series for some large-scale landslides, revealing high displacement rates with line-of-sight velocities reaching up to −81 mm/yr. We validated our detections by comparing them with Google Earth imagery and the previously published landslide inventories along the Karakoram Highway. This study reveals the spatial distribution of active landslides along the uplifted mountainous terrain, highlighting potentially unstable zones, and offers insights into hazard mitigation and risk analysis, especially for less monitored economic roads in orogenic zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Observation Data)

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26 pages, 6202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing Reveals Multidecadal Trends in Coral Cover at Heron Reef, Australia

by David E. Carrasco Rivera, Faye F. Diederiks, Nicholas M. Hammerman, Timothy Staples, Eva Kovacs, Kathryn Markey and Chris M. Roelfsema

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071286 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coral reefs are experiencing increasing disturbance regimes. The influence these disturbances have on coral reef health is traditionally captured through field-based monitoring, representing a very small reef area (<1%). Satellite-based observations offer the ability to up-scale the spatial extent of monitoring efforts to [...] Read more.

Coral reefs are experiencing increasing disturbance regimes. The influence these disturbances have on coral reef health is traditionally captured through field-based monitoring, representing a very small reef area (<1%). Satellite-based observations offer the ability to up-scale the spatial extent of monitoring efforts to larger reef areas, providing valuable insights into benthic trajectories through time. Our aim was to demonstrate a repeatable benthic habitat mapping approach integrating field and satellite data acquired annually over 21 years. With this dataset, we analyzed the trends in benthic composition for a shallow platform reef: Heron Reef, Australia. Annual benthic habitat maps were created for the period of 2002 to 2023, using a random forest classifier and object-based contextual editing, with annual in situ benthic data derived from geolocated photoquadrats and coincident high-spatial-resolution (2–5 m pixel size) multi-spectral satellite imagery. Field data that were not used for calibration were used to conduct accuracy assessments. The results demonstrated the capability of remote sensing to map the time series of benthic habitats with overall accuracies between 59 and 81%. We identified various ecological trajectories for the benthic types, such as decline and recovery, over time and space. These trajectories were derived from satellite data and compared with those from the field data. Remote sensing offered valuable insights at both reef and within-reef scales (i.e., geomorphic zones), complementing percentage cover data with precise surface area metrics. We demonstrated that monitoring benthic trajectories at the reef scale every 2 to 3 years effectively captured ecological trends, which is crucial for balancing resource allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Remote Sensing)

8 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma in an Ulcerative Colitis Patient Under Short-Term Immunosuppressive Therapy: A Case Report

by Raffaele Pellegrino, Giuseppe Imperio, Michele Izzo, Ilaria De Costanzo, Fabio Landa, Paola Ciamarra, Marco Niosi, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina and Alessandro Federico

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040075 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Renal cell cancer is a rare occurrence in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), with no clearly demonstrated association between UC and an increased risk of renal malignancies. In this article, a case report concerning this relationship is presented. Methods: Our research group [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Renal cell cancer is a rare occurrence in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), with no clearly demonstrated association between UC and an increased risk of renal malignancies. In this article, a case report concerning this relationship is presented. Methods: Our research group presented a case of clear cell renal carcinoma in a 56-year-old male with UC who had previously undergone ileorectal anastomosis and subtotal colectomy. Results: The patient developed a complex renal cyst that progressed to malignancy within one year while on immunosuppressive therapy with infliximab and then filgotinib. Previous ultrasound examinations of the kidney highlighted only simple cysts in the contralateral kidney in previous years. The neoplasm was promptly examined using contrast-enhanced ultrasound, confirming the diagnosis of a Bosniak IV cyst, which was corroborated by a subsequent computed tomography study. Conclusions: The patient underwent a nephrectomy and is currently scheduled for therapy with vedolizumab. Given the increasing use of biologics and small molecules in UC management, periodic ultrasound screening may be a valuable tool for the long-term monitoring of these patients. Full article

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36 pages, 68175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Making the Invisible Visible: The Applicability and Potential of Non-Invasive Methods in Pastoral Mountain Landscapes—New Results from Aerial Surveys and Geophysical Prospection at Shielings Across Møre and Romsdal, Norway

by Kristoffer Dahle, Dag-Øyvind Engtrø Solem, Magnar Mojaren Gran and Arne Anderson Stamnes

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071281 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Shielings are seasonal settlements found in upland pastures across Scandinavia and the North Atlantic. New investigations across the county of Møre and Romsdal, Norway, demonstrate the existence of this transhumant system by the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages. Sub-terranean features in these [...] Read more.

Shielings are seasonal settlements found in upland pastures across Scandinavia and the North Atlantic. New investigations across the county of Møre and Romsdal, Norway, demonstrate the existence of this transhumant system by the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages. Sub-terranean features in these pastoral mountain landscapes have been identified by remote sensing technologies, but non-invasive methods still face challenges in terms of practical applicability and in confirming the presence of archaeological sites. Generally, aerial surveys, such as LiDAR and image-based modelling, excel in documenting visual landscapes and may enhance detection of low-visibility features. Thermography may also detect shallow subsurface features but is limited by solar conditions and vegetation. Magnetic methods face challenges due to the heterogeneous moraine geology. Ground-penetrating radar has yielded better results but is highly impractical and inefficient in these remote and rough landscapes. Systematic soil coring or test-pitting remain the most reliable options for detecting these faint sites, yet non-invasive methods may offer a better understanding of the archaeological contexts—between the initial survey and the final excavation. Altogether, the study highlights the dependency on landscape, soil, and vegetation, emphasising the need to consider each method’s possibilities and limitations based on site environments and conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing in Cultural Heritage Research II)

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16 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Diagnostic Resilience: Evaluation of Extraction Platforms and IndiMag Pathogen Kits for Rapid Animal Disease Detection

by Anne Vandenburg-Carroll, Douglas G. Marthaler and Ailam Lim

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16040080 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The United States is facing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in birds and dairy cattle, along with threats of African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease. While the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) depends on high-throughput testing, the [...] Read more.

The United States is facing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in birds and dairy cattle, along with threats of African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease. While the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) depends on high-throughput testing, the KingFisher Duo Prime, IndiMag 48s, and IndiMag 2 are viable alternatives to aid in outbreak assessments. This study evaluates extraction platforms and the IndiMag Pathogen Kit for detecting the previous listed pathogens. Samples and reference materials were extracted using the MagMAX Viral RNA Isolation Kit, MagMAX CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit, and IndiMag Pathogen Kit. Real-time RT-PCR was performed following NAHLN protocols to assess analytical and diagnostic performance. Comparable limits of detection across extraction chemistries, instrumentation, and pathogens were demonstrated, with PCR efficiency ranging between 82.5% and 107.6%. The precision variability was low, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.16% to 1.76%. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100%, with a kappa coefficient of 1.0, indicating strong agreement between methods. These findings support the KingFisher Duo Prime, IndiMag 48s, IndiMag 2, and IndiMag Pathogen Kits as reliable options for NAHLN-approved testing, increasing equipment and reagent alternatives to enhance diagnostic resilience and improve response capabilities to emerging animal health threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Microbiology and Diagnostics)

12 pages, 4367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Voxel-Mirrored Homotopic Connectivity (VMHC) and Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) in Understanding Cognitive Changes After Heart Transplantation

by Qian Qin, Jia Liu, Wenliang Fan, Xinli Zhang, Jue Lu, Xiaotong Guo, Ziqiao Lei and Jing Wang

Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040873 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the application value of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in evaluating cognitive impairment after heart transplantation. Methods: A total of 68 heart transplant patients and 56 healthy controls were included. ReHo and [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the application value of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in evaluating cognitive impairment after heart transplantation. Methods: A total of 68 heart transplant patients and 56 healthy controls were included. ReHo and VMHC were calculated using DPARSF software. A two-sample t-test was applied to compare the differences in ReHo and VMHC between the two groups, and a Pearson correlation analysis was performed by extracting the VMHC and ReHo values of different brain regions and correlating them with cognitive scale scores of the patient groups. Results: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores were lower in the heart transplant group than in the control group (MMSE: t = 4.028, p < 0.001; MoCA: t = 4.914, p < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the ReHo values of Frontal_Sup_R (t = −4.422, p < 0.001), Thalamus_L (t = −3.911, p < 0.001), and Calcarine_L (t = −3.640, p < 0.001) were lower in the heart transplantation group, while the ReHo of Temporal_Sup_L was higher (t = 4.609, p < 0.001). VMHC was elevated for bilateral Cerebellum_Crus1 (t = 3.803, p < 0.001) and decreased for bilateral calcarine (t = −3.424, p < 0.001). The ReHo of Frontal_Sup_R was positively correlated with MMSE (r = 0.345, p = 0.004) and MoCA (r = 0.376, p = 0.002). The ReHo of Temporal_Sup_L was also positively correlated with MMSE (r = 0.397, p < 0.001) and MoCA (r = 0.542, p < 0.001). The VMHC of bilateral calcarine showed a positive correlation with MMSE (r = 0.513, p < 0.001) and MoCA (r = 0.398, p < 0.001). Other differential brain regions showed no significant correlation with the MMSE and MoCA scale scores. Conclusions: Cognitive decline was observed in heart transplant patients. Heart transplant patients exhibited altered ReHo and VMHC in several brain regions compared with healthy controls. These changes may underlie impaired cognitive function in heart transplant patients. These findings may contribute to understanding the neural mechanisms of cognitive changes in heart transplant patients and could inform future research on potential intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation)

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15 pages, 2793 KiB

Open AccessReview

Geometric Analyses of the Expiratory Flow–Volume Curve to Identify Expiratory Flow Limitation During Exercise

by Hans Haverkamp, Gregory Petrics and Yannick Molgat-Seon

Fluids 2025, 10(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10040094 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

An important purpose of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is to query the mechanisms for unexplained shortness of breath or exaggerated exertional dyspnea. Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) is an important indicator of ventilatory constraint that can negatively influence both dyspnea and exercise capacity. Unfortunately, [...] Read more.

An important purpose of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is to query the mechanisms for unexplained shortness of breath or exaggerated exertional dyspnea. Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) is an important indicator of ventilatory constraint that can negatively influence both dyspnea and exercise capacity. Unfortunately, due to logistical challenges and lack of sufficient clinical training, EFL is rarely measured during CPET. The conventional method for identifying exercise EFL is limited because it requires patient cooperation and it is also dependent on the maximal expiratory flow–volume curve, which underestimates actual maximal expiratory flow during exercise. Simplified methods for identifying EFL that are based on the shape of the exercise tidal flow–volume curve would improve the accessibility of measuring EFL during exercise. The overall aim of this review is to critically review the approaches and methods used to measure EFL in exercising adults. We review the physiology underlying EFL and the conventional methods for determining exercise EFL. We then provide critical analyses of more recent methods for identifying exercise EFL that are based on the geometry of the exercise tidal expiratory flow–volume curve. Finally, we highlight recent work designed to assess exercise EFL using a type of deep machine learning known as a convolutional neural network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Flows)

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43 pages, 8525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Corrosion Protection as a Sustainable Approach for Nickel Using Novel FeL Salen Complex: Electrochemical Investigation and DFT Insights

by Hoda Abd El-Shafy Shilkamy, Mohamed Salaheldeen, Arcady Zhukov, R. A. El-Kasaby, Mehran Feizi-Dehnayebi, Mona M. A. Alharas, Hala M. Abo-Dief, Rafat M. El-Khatib and Ahmed M. Abu-Dief

Metals 2025, 15(4), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040403 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

A novel tera-dentate salen ligand and its Fe(III) complex was synthesized and characterized via several spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques. The corrosion rate inhibition of nickel and its alloys inspired the utilization of the L ligand and its FeL complex as vital and eco-friendly [...] Read more.

A novel tera-dentate salen ligand and its Fe(III) complex was synthesized and characterized via several spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques. The corrosion rate inhibition of nickel and its alloys inspired the utilization of the L ligand and its FeL complex as vital and eco-friendly inhibitors. To assess their effectiveness, both Tafel plot analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to examine the electrochemical properties of L and the FeL complex. The results show that corrosion current density (I_corr) steadily drops when the additive concentration is increased, but the inhibition efficiency increases. It has been observed that the efficiency of inhibition rises with temperature, particularly at high temperatures (55 °C) when 1 × 10⁻³ M of L and FeL are present as additives, with η = 90.5% and 92.7%, respectively. Additionally, the findings propose that the adsorption mechanism of both L and FeL additive reptiles follows the Langmuir design isotherm. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has also verified these findings. DFT calculations were employed to prove the structure of the investigated FeL complex and its activity as a corrosion inhibitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Sustainability: Challenges, Innovations and Future Perspectives in Green Energy)

36 pages, 4396 KiB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Energy Efficiency: Louver Systems for Sustainable Building Design

by Waseem Iqbal, Irfan Ullah, Asif Hussain, Meeryoung Cho, Jongbin Park, Keonwoo Lee and Seoyong Shin

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071183 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

As the global focus on sustainability intensifies, architects and engineers are increasingly seeking innovative passive strategies to improve building energy efficiency. Among these strategies, the strategic integration of louvers has garnered significant attention due to their potential to optimize building envelope performance and [...] Read more.

As the global focus on sustainability intensifies, architects and engineers are increasingly seeking innovative passive strategies to improve building energy efficiency. Among these strategies, the strategic integration of louvers has garnered significant attention due to their potential to optimize building envelope performance and reduce energy consumption. Louvers effectively manage solar heat gain, mitigating the impact of extreme temperatures on indoor spaces. Consequently, louvers reduce the reliance on active HVAC systems, leading to notable energy savings and a decreased carbon footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the role of louvers in enhancing building energy efficiency, highlighting their designs, efficiency, and improvement suggestions. Moreover, this review article addresses potential challenges related to louver design, such as balancing the trade-off between solar heat gain and daylighting and how to optimize louver configurations for specific building types. Approaches to overcome these challenges, including advanced modeling techniques and parametric design, are also explored to assist architects and designers in achieving the most energy-efficient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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11 pages, 840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Difference in the Associations of Socioeconomic Status, Cognitive Function, and Brain Volume with Dementia in Old Adults: Findings from the OASIS Study

by Sophia Z. Liu, Ghazaal Tahmasebi, Ying Sheng, Ivo D. Dinov, Dennis Tsilimingras and Xuefeng Liu

J. Dement. Alzheimer's Dis. 2025, 2(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdad2020009 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Sex differences in the association of cognitive function and imaging measures with dementia have not been fully investigated. Understanding sex differences in the dementia-related socioeconomic, cognitive, and imaging measurements is crucial for uncovering sex-related pathways to dementia and facilitating early diagnosis, [...] Read more.

Background: Sex differences in the association of cognitive function and imaging measures with dementia have not been fully investigated. Understanding sex differences in the dementia-related socioeconomic, cognitive, and imaging measurements is crucial for uncovering sex-related pathways to dementia and facilitating early diagnosis, family planning, and cost control. Methods: We selected data from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies, with longitudinal measurements of brain volumes, on 150 individuals aged 60 to 96 years. Dementia status was determined using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and Alzheimer’s disease was diagnosed as a CDR of ≥0.5. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the associations of socioeconomic, cognitive, and imaging factors with dementia in men and women. Results: The study sample consisted of 88 women (58.7%) and 62 men (41.3%), and the average age of the subjects was 75.4 years at the initial visit. A lower socioeconomic status was associated with a reduced estimated total intracranial volume in men, but not in women. Ageing and lower MMSE scores were associated with a reduced nWBV in both men and women. Lower education affected dementia more in women than in men. Age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and normalized whole-brain volume (nWBV) were associated with dementia in women, while only MMSE and nWBV were associated with dementia in men. Conclusions: The association between education and the prevalence of dementia differs in men and women. Women may have more risk factors for dementia than men. Full article

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5 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Rapid Response with Daratumumab for Pure Red Cell Aplasia in a Case of Aplastic Anemia with Mixed Chimerism After ABO-Mismatched Stem Cell Transplant

by Martina Canichella, Luca Cupelli, Mariagiovanna Cefalo, Cinzia Sparapani, Antonella Matteocci, Giuseppe Ausoni, Paola Zambardi, Flavia Cantoni, Vanessa Velotta, Giovanna Suppo and Paolo de Fabritiis

Targets 2025, 3(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/targets3020012 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) following major ABO-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a challenging complication, affecting 7–10% of patients and significantly impacts quality of life. Despite half of patients showing a resolution within three–six months after HSCT, PRCA might require [...] Read more.

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) following major ABO-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a challenging complication, affecting 7–10% of patients and significantly impacts quality of life. Despite half of patients showing a resolution within three–six months after HSCT, PRCA might require treatment. Various therapeutic approaches have been investigated, including erythropoietin, plasmapheresis or immunomodulatory therapies (rituximab, bortezomib, corticosteroids, donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), or the early tapering of immunosuppressive drugs), and TPO-mimetic agents, though responses have generally remained suboptimal. Recently, daratumumab has emerged as a promising, safe, and effective treatment for PRCA, documented by numerous case reports and series. We present a case of PRCA arising in a patient with mixed chimerism following a sibling HSCT for aplastic anemia (AA). In line with the literature, our findings highlight the effectiveness of daratumumab in PRCA from the first dose, although daratumumab administrations were delayed by the onset of infectious complications. Our case supports the earlier introduction of daratumumab in the treatment strategy of PRCA to avoid patient exposure to ineffective therapies that carry risks of increased immunosuppression and infections. Indeed, in our specific case, the early introduction of daratumumab may interrupt the immune hematologic mechanism underlying PRCA, which, in the context of mixed chimerism, could increase the risk of graft failure. Full article

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20 pages, 2209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Knowledge Production Function Based on Bibliometric Information

by Boris M. Dolgonosov

Knowledge 2025, 5(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge5020007 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

An integral indicator of the development of society is the amount of knowledge, which can be measured by the number of accumulated publications in the form of patents, articles, and books. Knowledge production is examined on a global scale. We analyze existing econometric [...] Read more.

An integral indicator of the development of society is the amount of knowledge, which can be measured by the number of accumulated publications in the form of patents, articles, and books. Knowledge production is examined on a global scale. We analyze existing econometric models and develop a generalized model that expresses the per capita knowledge production rate (called productivity) as a function of the amount of accumulated knowledge. The function interpolates two extreme cases, the first of which describes an underdeveloped society with very little knowledge and non-zero productivity, and the second, a highly developed society with a large amount of knowledge and productivity that grows according to a power law as knowledge accumulates. The model is calibrated using literature data on the number of patents, articles, and books. For comparison, we also consider the rapid growth in the global information storage capacity that has been observed since the 1980s. Based on the model developed, we can distinguish between two states of society: (1) a pre-information society, in which the knowledge amount is below a certain threshold and productivity is quite low, and (2) an information society with a super-threshold amount of knowledge and its rapid accumulation due to advanced computer technologies. An analysis shows that the transition to an information society occurred in the 1980s. Full article

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10 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oils Against E. coli and Salmonella spp. in Minimally Processed Foods

by Aline Sitowski, Gladis Aver Ribeiro, Emma J. Murphy and Gustavo Waltzer Fehrenbach

Bacteria 2025, 4(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria4020020 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Minimally processed foods (MPFs), often considered ready-to-eat, do not undergo cooking and therefore require proper handling and preparation to ensure safety. If not handled correctly, these foods can serve as a pathway for diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella [...] Read more.

Minimally processed foods (MPFs), often considered ready-to-eat, do not undergo cooking and therefore require proper handling and preparation to ensure safety. If not handled correctly, these foods can serve as a pathway for diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) has been increasingly studied as a tool for controlling microorganisms in the food sector. Therefore, we aimed to verify the contamination of MPF by E. coli and Salmonella and to test the sensitivity of these strains to Copaifera langsdorffii, Schinus terebinthifolius, Citrus reticulata, Eucalyptus citriodora, Elettaria cardamomum, Ocimum basilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus EOs using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. From 25 MPF samples, one E. coli strain and one Salmonella spp. were isolated. C. langsdorffii and C. reticulata EOs did not show antibacterial activity, while S. terebinthifolius and E. citriodora inhibited the growth of both strains. The E. cardamomum, O. basilicum, and E. caryophyllus EOs presented inhibitory and bactericidal responses at concentrations 0.78, 0.39, and 0.19% (v/v), respectively, compared to the two isolated strains. The present study reinforces the antibacterial potential of EOs and suggests their application in the MPF production chain. Full article

16 pages, 2992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction, Isolation, and TEMPO-NaBr-NaClO Oxidation Modification of Cellulose from Coffee Grounds

by Mourad Ouhammou, Abdellah Mourak, Aziz Ait-Karra, Jaouad Abderrahim, Najat Elhadiri and Mostafa Mahrouz

Biomass 2025, 5(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020022 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the extraction, isolation, and chemical modification of cellulose from coffee ground residues using TEMPO-NaBr-NaClO oxidation. These residues represent a promising renewable source of cellulose, which is obtained after the removal of impurities such as lignin (24%), hemicellulose (42%), and other [...] Read more.

This study investigates the extraction, isolation, and chemical modification of cellulose from coffee ground residues using TEMPO-NaBr-NaClO oxidation. These residues represent a promising renewable source of cellulose, which is obtained after the removal of impurities such as lignin (24%), hemicellulose (42%), and other compounds. The TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-catalyzed oxidation selectively converts primary hydroxyl groups into carboxylate groups (-COOH) under mild conditions in aqueous media, achieving an oxidation yield of up to 67%. Structural and morphological analyses, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirm the successful chemical modification of the cellulose. The results indicate a reduction in crystallinity index from native cellulose (80%) to oxidized cellulose (65%), reflecting partial disruption of the microfibril structure and the introduction of new chemical functionalities. FTIR analysis reveals the appearance of characteristic carboxylate bands, confirming the conversion of hydroxyl groups into carboxyl groups. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis further highlights a significant increase in oxygen content, indicating the efficiency of the oxidation process. The TEMPO-oxidized cellulose is water-soluble, enabling the production of valuable polyelectrolytes and intermediates. These chemical modifications improve the cellulose’s reactivity, broadening its potential applications in various fields, including biocomposites, sustainable packaging materials, and functional films. This work demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing coffee ground residues as a renewable, eco-friendly source of modified cellulose for high-value applications. Full article

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14 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability Between Radiation-Induced Cancer Risk Models in Estimating Oncogenic Risk in Intensive Care Unit Patients

by Emilio Quaia, Chiara Zanon, Riccardo Torchio, Fabrizio Dughiero, Francesca De Monte and Marta Paiusco

Tomography 2025, 11(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11040042 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the variability of oncogenic risk related to radiation exposure in patients frequently exposed to ionizing radiation for diagnostic purposes, specifically ICU patients, according to different risk models, including the BEIR VII, ICRP 103, and US EPA models. Methods: This was [...] Read more.

Purpose: To evaluate the variability of oncogenic risk related to radiation exposure in patients frequently exposed to ionizing radiation for diagnostic purposes, specifically ICU patients, according to different risk models, including the BEIR VII, ICRP 103, and US EPA models. Methods: This was an IRB-approved observational retrospective study. A total of 71 patients (58 male, 13 female; median age, 66 years; interquartile range [IQR], 65–71 years) admitted to the ICU who underwent X-ray examinations between 1 October 2021 and 28 February 2023 were included. For each patient, the cumulative effective dose during a single hospital admission was calculated. Lifetime attributable risk (LAR) was estimated based on the BEIR VII, ICRP 103, and US EPA risk models to calculate additional oncogenic risk related to radiation exposure. The Friedman test for repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare risk values between different models. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the consistency of risk values between different models. Results: Different organ, leukemia, and all-cancer risk values estimated according to different oncogenic risk models were significantly different, but the intraclass correlation coefficient revealed a good (>0.75) or even excellent (>0.9) agreement between different risk models. The ICRP 103 model estimated a lower all-cancer (median 69.05 [IQR 30.35–195.37]) and leukemia risk (8.22 [3.02–27.93]) compared to the US EPA (all-cancer: 139.68 [50.51–416.16]; leukemia: 23.34 [3.47–64.37]) and BEIR VII (all-cancer: 162.08 [70.6–371.40]; leukemia: 24.66 [12.9–58.8]) models. Conclusions: Cancer risk values were significantly different between risk models, though inter-model agreement in the consistency of risk values was found to be good, or even excellent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oncogenic Risk Related to Ionizing Radiation and Environmental Impact in Radiology)

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8 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neuron-Specific Enolase and S100B as Biomarkers of Ischemic Brain Injury During Surgery

by Matej Makovec, Milan Skitek, Leja Šimnovec and Aleš Jerin

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040074 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Biochemical markers can be used in addition to neuroimaging techniques to evaluate the extent of ischemic brain injuries and to enable earlier diagnosis and faster intervention following the ischemic event. Among the potential biomarkers of ischemic brain injuries during surgery, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) [...] Read more.

Biochemical markers can be used in addition to neuroimaging techniques to evaluate the extent of ischemic brain injuries and to enable earlier diagnosis and faster intervention following the ischemic event. Among the potential biomarkers of ischemic brain injuries during surgery, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B are the most frequently studied and were shown to be the most promising. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of NSE and S100B as biomarkers of ischemic brain injuries that occur during selected surgical procedures, predominantly carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Some other invasive interventions that cause ischemic brain injuries, like extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, were also included. We can conclude that these biomarkers can be useful for the evaluation of ischemic brain injuries that occur during various surgical procedures. They can help to determine the most optimal conditions for performing the surgery and therefore improve the procedures to consequently minimize brain damage caused during surgery. Because of a significant delay between sample collection and obtaining the results, they are not suitable for real-time assessment of brain injuries. Some improvement can be expected with the future development of laboratory methods. The association of the changes in NSE and S100B levels during surgery with potential consequences of ischemic brain injury have been described in numerous studies. However, even in a very homogenous group of surgical procedures like CEA, these findings cannot be summarized into a common final conclusion; therefore, the prognostic value of the two markers is not clearly supported at the present time. Full article

10 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Pattern and Mycobacteria Lung Diseases: A Case Series

by Maria Angela Licata, Giorgio Monteleone, Enrico Schiavi, Maria Musso, Paola Mencarini, Annelisa Mastrobattista, Serena Maria Carli, Carlotta Cerva, Giacomo Sgalla, Luca Richeldi, Fabrizio Palmieri and Gina Gualano

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17020028 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions that can cause fibrosis of the lung interstitium, resulting in respiratory failure and death. Patients with an ILD, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or connective tissue disease-associated ILDs (CTD-ILDs), are prone to [...] Read more.

Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions that can cause fibrosis of the lung interstitium, resulting in respiratory failure and death. Patients with an ILD, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or connective tissue disease-associated ILDs (CTD-ILDs), are prone to develop chronic pulmonary infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Methods: This case series examines the management of three ILD patients with a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern and concomitant NTM-PD or TB at National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” in Rome, Italy, over three years (2019–2022). Results and Conclusions: Multi-disciplinary discussion (MDD) was crucial to define the therapeutic approach due to the increased risk of side effects and drug interactions. Our work underscored how a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, enriched by MDD, is useful for optimizing the management and reducing drug-related adverse effects and interactions in ILD patients with cavitary lesions. Full article

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13 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Classical and Rising Approaches the Extraction and Utilization of Marine Collagen

by Cesia Deyanira Gutierrez-Canul, Luis Alfonso Can-Herrera, Emmanuel de Jesús Ramírez-Rivera, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, Enrique Sauri-Duch, Victor Manuel Moo-Huchin and Emanuel Hernández-Núñez

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020026 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the extraction and utilization of marine collagen, a sustainable alternative to traditional mammalian sources. The review covers conventional extraction methods like acid and pepsin solubilization, highlighting their limitations and contributing to the search for improved efficiency and sustainability. It [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review explores the extraction and utilization of marine collagen, a sustainable alternative to traditional mammalian sources. The review covers conventional extraction methods like acid and pepsin solubilization, highlighting their limitations and contributing to the search for improved efficiency and sustainability. It also delves into innovative extraction technologies, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, deep eutectic solvents, and supercritical carbon dioxide, showing their potential to revolutionize the field. The significance of collagen hydrolysis in generating bioactive peptides with diverse functionalities is also discussed, emphasizing their potential applications in various sectors. By providing an analysis of marine collagen extraction and its implications, this review presents a perspective for leveraging this valuable bioresource, promoting a circular economy, and satisfying the increasing demand for high-quality collagen in diverse industries. Full article

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