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11 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Removing Race Coefficient from Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation Equations on Antidiabetics Among Black Patients

by Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul, Ebony Evans, Ewanna Brown, Kent Patterson Jr., Weerachai Chaijamorn, Taniya Charoensareerat, Sanaa Belrhiti, Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu and Constance Mere

Pharmacy 2025, 13(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020052 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: In 2021, the National Kidney Foundation–American Society of Nephrology (NKF-ASN) recommended the use of the 2021 refit equation without race; however, the effect of the removal is unclear. Our research aimed to examine the implications of antidiabetic dosing and eligibility on the [...] Read more.

Background: In 2021, the National Kidney Foundation–American Society of Nephrology (NKF-ASN) recommended the use of the 2021 refit equation without race; however, the effect of the removal is unclear. Our research aimed to examine the implications of antidiabetic dosing and eligibility on the new 2021 equation among Black patients. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of patients receiving care at the diabetes treatment center (DTC) of an academic medical center. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) based on serum creatinine were calculated using the 2009 and 2021 CKD-EPI equations. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to create 10,000 virtual patients. Dosing simulations based on each estimate of kidney function were performed for antidiabetics based on product labeling. The proportion and percentage of patients who were eligible based on the estimates were calculated. Results: The percentages of patients ineligible for metformin based on the estimates from the 2009 and 2021 CKD-EPI equations at the DTC were comparable (8.02% and 8.36%, respectively). In our 10,000 simulated virtual patients, the percentage of ineligibility increased only by 1%. For the GFR cut points of 20 mL/min and 25 mL/min, the rates of ineligibility were similar in our cohort and simulated patients. Conclusions: The exclusion of race from the 2021 CKD-EPI equation may slightly reduce medication eligibility among Black patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medication Use and Patient Safety in Clinical Pharmacy)

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6 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distance to M87 as the Mode of the Modulus Distribution

by Mariusz Tarnopolski

Astronomy 2025, 4(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/astronomy4020006 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

de Grijs and Bono (ApJS 2020, 246, 3) compiled a list of distances to M87 from the literature published in the last 100 years. They reported the arithmetic mean of the three most stable tracers (Cepheids, tip of the red giant branch, and [...] Read more.

de Grijs and Bono (ApJS 2020, 246, 3) compiled a list of distances to M87 from the literature published in the last 100 years. They reported the arithmetic mean of the three most stable tracers (Cepheids, tip of the red giant branch, and surface brightness fluctuations). The arithmetic mean is one of the measures of central tendency of a distribution; others are the median and mode. The three do not align for asymmetric distributions, which is the case for the distance moduli

μ_{0}

to M87. I construct a kernel density distribution of the set of

μ_{0}

and estimate the recommended distance to M87 as its mode, obtaining

μ_{0} = (31.06 \pm 0.001 {(statistical)}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.04} (systematic))

mag, corresponding to

D = {16.29}_{- 0.45}^{+ 0.30}

Mpc, which yields uncertainties smaller than those associated with the mean and median. Full article

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27 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Equations to Predict Percentage Empty Body and Carcass Chemical Composition Adjusted for Breed Type and Sex in Growing/Finishing Cattle

by Phillip A. Lancaster

Ruminants 2025, 5(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5020014 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The estimation of body chemical composition is necessary to determine the nutrient requirements of growing/finishing cattle, but recent analyses indicate that published equations provide erroneous results when applied to diverse breed types and sexes. The objective of this analysis was to develop equations [...] Read more.

The estimation of body chemical composition is necessary to determine the nutrient requirements of growing/finishing cattle, but recent analyses indicate that published equations provide erroneous results when applied to diverse breed types and sexes. The objective of this analysis was to develop equations to estimate empty body and carcass chemical composition for different breed types and sexes. A dataset was developed from the published literature that contained 359 treatment means from 46 studies published between 1971 and 2021. Stepwise regression was used to develop prediction equations using Akaike’s Information Criteria to estimate empty body and carcass fat, protein, and ash concentrations (%). Empty body fat, protein, and ash could be predicted from combinations of empty body water, empty body fat, and empty body protein (RMSE = 1.53, 1.85, and 0.67; R² = 0.99, 0.98, and 0.95). Breed type and sex affected the intercept and (or) slope coefficients to predict empty body fat, protein, and ash. Carcass fat, protein, and ash could be predicted from combinations of carcass water, carcass fat, and carcass protein (RMSE = 1.77, 1.62, and 0.82; R² = 0.97, 0.98, and 0.93). Breed type and sex affected the intercept and (or) slope coefficients to predict protein and ash, but not fat. Equations adjusted for breed type and sex may be more robust than previously published equations based on a single breed or sex. Full article

23 pages, 1396 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trauma-Informed Care as a Promising Avenue for Supporting the Transition to Adulthood Among Trauma-Exposed Youth: A Scoping Review

by Alexandra Matte-Landry, Annabelle Lemire-Harvey, Amélie de Serres-Lafontaine and Vanessa Fournier

Trauma Care 2025, 5(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare5020007 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Childhood trauma has a documented impact on development, and may also affect functioning and well-being in transition-age youth (TAY). There is a need to explore approaches, such as trauma-informed care (TIC), to enhance the services provided during the transition to adulthood. The [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Childhood trauma has a documented impact on development, and may also affect functioning and well-being in transition-age youth (TAY). There is a need to explore approaches, such as trauma-informed care (TIC), to enhance the services provided during the transition to adulthood. The objective of this scoping review was to explore the extent of the literature on the potential of TIC for supporting TAY. Methods: We focused on initiatives grounded in TIC to support TAY between the ages of 14 and 25 who have histories of trauma. The search strategy involved nine databases and the gray literature. The titles, abstracts, and full text were screened in duplicate by reviewers, and then data were extracted. Results: A total of 19 references were included and classified into three categories: (1) importance of TIC to support TAY (k = 5); (2) description of TIC initiatives (k = 6); and (3) evaluation of TIC initiatives supporting TAY (k = 2). Seven references were classified into more than one category. The references documented 10 TIC models or initiatives, half of which were evaluated and showed promising results. Important components of TIC initiatives supporting TAY included staff training and support; collaborative and multidisciplinary work; systemic changes; addressing trauma and its impacts; and a strength-based and youth-focused approach. Conclusions: The review emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and responding to trauma and its impact in TAY and advances the core components of TIC in the context of the TA, including its systemic nature. Although we cannot conclude that TIC is effective in supporting the TA at the moment—given that the literature is still in its early stages—the review shows that it is at least promising. Limitations, as well as future lines of work are discussed. Full article

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19 pages, 6209 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Mode on Lung Function, Exercise Tolerance, Vital Signs, and Dyspnea After Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Emilia Raposo Nascimento, Paloma Lopes Francisco Parazzi, Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, Maria Ângela Gonçalves Oliveira Ribeiro, Carla Cristina Sousa Gomez, Patrícia Blau Margosian Conti, Bianca Aparecida Siqueira, Edvane Aparecida Braz Araújo Silva and José Dirceu Ribeiro

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040073 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of pulmonary involvement. In this context, this study aimed to compare vital signs, the sensation of dyspnea (Borg scale), lung function, and exercise tolerance before and after the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in adults of both sexes after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: A cross-sectional analytical clinical study was performed with the inclusion of individuals who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 at least three months before data collection. Individuals were evaluated for vital signs (heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation), Borg scale, spirometry, and submaximal exercise protocol of two minutes of the step test before and after receiving NIV in ventilation mode by continuous positive airway pressure of 6 cm H₂O for 30 min. Results: A total of 50 participants were enrolled and grouped as a mild (N = 25) or severe (N = 25) clinical phenotype during SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. In our data, the forced vital capacity (p < 0.001), the ratio between the forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity and the forced vital capacity (p = 0.020), and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p = 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the severe clinical phenotype group after NIV. In addition, forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity (p = 0.032) and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p < 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the mild clinical phenotype group after NIV. No changes were described for vital signs and the Borg scale. Conclusions: This study allowed us to identify that NIV is a tool that promotes better exercise capacity by increasing the number of steps achieved in both clinical phenotype groups and improving lung function observed in the spirometry markers. Full article

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11 pages, 202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Patient-Reported Bowel and Urinary Quality of Life in Patients Treated with Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Versus Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer

by Kimberly R. Gergelis, Miao Bai, Jiasen Ma, David M. Routman, Bradley J. Stish, Brian J. Davis, Thomas M. Pisansky, Thomas J. Whitaker and Richard Choo

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(4), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32040212 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to compare long-term patient-reported outcomes in bowel and urinary domains between intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Patients with clinical T1–T2 prostate cancer receiving IMRT or IMPT at a tertiary [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare long-term patient-reported outcomes in bowel and urinary domains between intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Patients with clinical T1–T2 prostate cancer receiving IMRT or IMPT at a tertiary cancer center from 2015–2018 were analyzed to determine the changes in the prospectively collected bowel function (BF), urinary irritative/obstructive symptoms (UO), and urinary incontinence (UI) domains of EPIC-26. The mean changes in EPIC-26 scores were evaluated from pretreatment to 24 months post-radiotherapy for each modality. A score change >50% of the baseline standard deviation was considered a clinically meaningful change. Results: A total of 82 patients treated with IMRT (52.2%) and 56 patients treated with IMPT (53.3%) completed the questionnaire at baseline and 24 months post-RT. There were no baseline differences in domain scores between treatment modalities. At 24 months post-radiotherapy, there was a significant and clinically meaningful decline in the BF mean score in the IMRT cohort (−4.52 (range −50, 29.17), p = 0.003), whereas the decline in BF score did not reach clinical relevance or significance (−1.88 (range −37.5, 50), p = 0.046) when accounting for the Bonferroni adjustment in the IMPT cohort. A higher proportion of patients treated with IMRT had a clinically relevant reduction in BF when compared with IMPT (47.37% vs. 25.93%, p = 0.017). The mean changes in the UI and UO scores of the IMRT and IMPT cohorts were neither statically significant nor clinically relevant. Conclusions: IMPT leads to a smaller decrease in BF than IMRT at 24 months post-RT, while there was no differential effect on UO and UI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution of Treatments of Prostate Cancer: From Biology to Current Advanced Technologies)

13 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Detection of Colistin-Resistant E. coli in Village Chickens from Kelantan, Malaysia

by Habiba Lawal, Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed, Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman, Zarizal Suhaili, Gaddafi Mohammed Sani, Mulu Lemlem, Qiya Yang and Erkihun Aklilu

Bacteria 2025, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria4020019 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans and animals. The availability and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials, especially in poultry production systems, has contributed immensely to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant E. coli. This study [...] Read more.

Pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans and animals. The availability and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials, especially in poultry production systems, has contributed immensely to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant E. coli. This study investigated the genotypic characterization of colistin-resistant E. coli and selected antimicrobial-resistance encoding genes along with their phenotypic resistant pattern and the multiple antimicrobial resistant (MAR) index from village chickens in Kelantan. Sixty E. coli isolates obtained from a previous study’s stock culture were enriched and analyzed using routine microbiological methods: Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and PCR amplification of E. coli species-specific and multidrug-resistance mcr-positive E. coli. All the isolates were confirmed as E. coli and 16.6% (10/60) were positive for mcr. Five isolates were positive for mcr-1, three for mcr-4, and two for mcr-9. The mcr-positive isolates showed varying degrees of resistance to different antimicrobials. The isolates were resistant to gentamicin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), and tetracycline (89.4%) and susceptible to ceftaxidime (2.26%) and imipenem (18%). Furthermore, 100%, 94.7%, and 89.4% of isolates from village chickens belonged to phylogroup C, B2, and E, while 21.0% and 42.1% of the isolates belonged to phylogroup A and B1, respectively. Sequence types (STs) of selected E. coli isolates were further analyzed using multi-locus sequence typing, and 10 different STs were identified. This study showed the emerging threats of multidrug-resistant mcr-positive E. coli gene in village chickens that are believed to be raised with minimal or no antibiotics. Full article

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11 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthcare Professionals’ Perceptions About Medical Cannabis in Greece: A Qualitative Study

by Christos Ntais, Yioula Melanthiou and Michael A. Talias

J. Mark. Access Health Policy 2025, 13(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmahp13020013 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Medical cannabis continues to generate interest as a potential therapeutic option, yet its acceptance in clinical practice faces challenges, including regulatory barriers, social stigma, and gaps in scientific evidence. Methods: This study explores the perspectives of Greek medical doctors and pharmacists on [...] Read more.

Background: Medical cannabis continues to generate interest as a potential therapeutic option, yet its acceptance in clinical practice faces challenges, including regulatory barriers, social stigma, and gaps in scientific evidence. Methods: This study explores the perspectives of Greek medical doctors and pharmacists on medical cannabis—key stakeholders in its clinical application—through semi-structured interviews with 12 participants from each profession. Results: Medical doctors and pharmacists expressed a range of views on medical cannabis, with many acknowledging its potential while emphasizing the need for rigorous, disease-specific research. Medical doctors highlighted the lack of consistent clinical trials, concerns about drug interactions, and the fine line between medical use and misuse. Pharmacists echoed these concerns, citing regulatory inconsistencies and the need for standardized dosing. Both groups agreed that social stigma and misinformation hinder cannabis adoption, advocating for targeted education and transparent research communication. Participants indicated that regulatory barriers also pose challenges, with calls for harmonized policies and phased market entry approaches. Effective communication strategies, including digital outreach and clear messaging, were suggested to differentiate medical cannabis from recreational use and improve trust among healthcare providers and patients. Participants also highlighted the urgent need for collaboration between policymakers, researchers, and healthcare professionals to establish medical cannabis as a credible therapeutic option. Conclusion: The insights gained provide actionable recommendations to bridge existing gaps and emphasize the need for a responsible, evidence-based approach to the acceptance of medical cannabis as a therapeutic option. Full article

30 pages, 5651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements

by Torben Norbert Rüther, Sebastian Gröne, Christopher Dechert and Hans-Joachim Schmid

Powders 2025, 4(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the specific properties of complex-shaped technical aerosols—such as partially sintered aggregates formed in combustion processes or structured particles resulting from complex synthesis processes—it is essential to measure more than a single equivalent size. This study examines [...] Read more.

To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the specific properties of complex-shaped technical aerosols—such as partially sintered aggregates formed in combustion processes or structured particles resulting from complex synthesis processes—it is essential to measure more than a single equivalent size. This study examines a novel method for determining a two-dimensional distribution of two distinct particle properties within the size range from

50 nm

to

1000 nm

: the Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analyzer (CDMA). The CDMA enables the simultaneous measurement of both mobility and Stokes equivalent diameters, providing a detailed two-dimensional particle property distribution. This, in turn, allows for the extraction of shape-related information, which is essential for characterizing particles in terms of their chemical composition, reactivity, and other physicochemical properties. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of a first CDMA prototype. First, CFD simulations of the flow field within the classifier are presented in order to assess and understand non-idealities arising from the exact geometry. Subsequently, the transfer function is evaluated by particle trajectory calculations based on the simulated flow field. It can be demonstrated that the simulated transfer functions agree quite well with transfer functions derived from streamlines of an ideal flow field, indicating that the non-idealities in the classifying region are almost negligible in their effect on the classification result. An experimental determination of the transfer function shows additional effects not covered by the previous simulations, like broadening by diffusion and losses due to diffusion and precipitation within the in- and outlet of the classifier. Finally, the determined transfer functions are used to determine the full two-dimensional distribution with regard to the mobility and Stokes equivalent diameter of real aerosols, like spherical particles and aggregates at different sintering stages, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Multidimensional Particle Properties: Characterization, Description, Separation)

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15 pages, 591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hearing Outcomes in Children with Unilateral Hearing Loss: The Benefits of Rehabilitative Strategies: Preliminary Results

by Rita Malesci, Carla Laria, Giovanni Freda, Valeria Del Vecchio, Antonietta Mallardo, Nicola Serra, Gennaro Auletta and Anna Rita Fetoni

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15020037 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) is a relatively common disability condition comprising around 20–50% of all congenital hearing loss (HL). The adverse effects of UHL affect the typical development of auditory function with implications for communication, speech and language acquisition, academic development [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) is a relatively common disability condition comprising around 20–50% of all congenital hearing loss (HL). The adverse effects of UHL affect the typical development of auditory function with implications for communication, speech and language acquisition, academic development and quality of life. Current literature suggests an early intervention treatment in order to avoid developmental delays, but there is a lack of evidence about the effectiveness and use of hearing devices. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the benefits of rehabilitative strategies such as hearing aid (HA) and cochlear implant (CI) in UHL children by exploring audiological and parent-reported outcomes. Methods: A total of 18 UHL children, between the ages of 3 and 17, were enrolled in the study designed as a prospective longitudinal study from July 2023 to July 2024. All children were evaluated for speech perception in quiet and noise and subjective benefits before and after rehabilitative treatment with HA in 15 (83.3%) children and with CI in 3 (16.7%) children. Results: The evaluation of audiological outcomes in children with UHL, based on assessment of aided sound field thresholds and speech perception scores assessment versus unaided, shows improvements in audiometric thresholds and how the hearing devices adequately support listening and spoken language. Scores with hearing devices were significantly higher than baseline-only scores when averaging both SSQ and CHILD questionnaires, pointing to an overall rehabilitative benefit. Conclusions: Rehabilitative interventions, particularly HA and CI, offer notable benefits when introduced early, but achieving optimal outcomes requires a multidisciplinary and individualized approach. Full article

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11 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Weekend Alcohol Consumption on Hepatic Antioxidant Enzyme Activity: Role of Concentration and Gender

by Elda Victoria Rodríguez-Negrete, Jazmín García-Machorro, Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán, Ángel Morales-González and José A. Morales-González

Gastroenterol. Insights 2025, 16(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent16020013 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: It is known that chronic alcohol consumption causes alterations to various organs of the body, mainly the liver, but there are no reports of the damage that weekend alcohol consumption can cause to the liver. The liver is the main organ responsible [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: It is known that chronic alcohol consumption causes alterations to various organs of the body, mainly the liver, but there are no reports of the damage that weekend alcohol consumption can cause to the liver. The liver is the main organ responsible for metabolizing ethanol and therefore experiences the most significant adverse effects of this xenobiotic’s toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of weekend alcohol consumption on the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes. Methods: Wistar rats weighing 170–200 g were divided into the following groups: (1) control group and (2) weekend alcohol consumption group, 2 days per week for 12 weeks at two different concentrations: (1) group of males and females consuming a 40% alcohol solution and (2) group of males and females consuming a 5% alcohol solution. At the end of the experiment, liver samples were obtained. The activity of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the levels of total antioxidant capacity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, were determined. Results: surprisingly, the results showed an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as a decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Conclusions: weekend alcohol consumption for a period of 3 months led to an elevation in antioxidant enzyme activity, but it was not sufficient to prevent the damage caused to the liver by weekend alcohol consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Liver)

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19 pages, 2621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Pavement Performance Through Organosilane Nanotechnology: Improved Roughness Index and Load-Bearing Capacity

by Gerber Zavala Ascaño, Ricardo Santos Rodriguez and Victor Andre Ariza Flores

Eng 2025, 6(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6040071 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable road infrastructure necessitates alternative materials that enhance soil stabilization while reducing environmental impact. This study investigated the application of organosilane-based nanotechnology to improve the structural performance and durability of road corridors in Peru, offering a viable alternative to [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable road infrastructure necessitates alternative materials that enhance soil stabilization while reducing environmental impact. This study investigated the application of organosilane-based nanotechnology to improve the structural performance and durability of road corridors in Peru, offering a viable alternative to conventional stabilization methods. A comparative experimental approach was employed, where modified soil and asphalt mixtures were evaluated against control samples without nanotechnology. Laboratory tests showed that organosilane-treated soil achieved up to a 100% increase in the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), while maintaining expansion below 0.5%, significantly reducing moisture susceptibility compared to untreated soil. Asphalt mixtures incorporating nanotechnology-based adhesion enhancers exhibited a Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) exceeding 80%, ensuring a superior resistance to moisture-induced damage relative to conventional mixtures. Non-destructive evaluations, including Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) tests, confirmed the improved long-term durability and load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the International Roughness Index (IRI) revealed a mean value of 2.449 m/km, which is well below the Peruvian regulatory threshold of 3.5 m/km, demonstrating a significant improvement over untreated pavements. Furthermore, a comparative reference to IRI standards from other countries contextualized these results. This research underscores the potential of nanotechnology to enhance pavement resilience, optimize resource utilization, and advance sustainable construction practices. Full article

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10 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Accuracy and Sensitivity of Mesh-Free and Finite Element Methods in Vibration Analysis

by Majid Aleyaasin

Dynamics 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics5020013 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper uses the flexural vibration of cantilever beams as a benchmark problem to test mesh-free and finite element methods in structural dynamics. First, a symbolic analysis of the “kernel collocation” type mesh-free method is carried out, in which the collocation function satisfies [...] Read more.

This paper uses the flexural vibration of cantilever beams as a benchmark problem to test mesh-free and finite element methods in structural dynamics. First, a symbolic analysis of the “kernel collocation” type mesh-free method is carried out, in which the collocation function satisfies the boundary conditions. This enables both Finite Element (FE) and mesh-free results to be compared with exact analytical ones. Thereafter, the natural frequencies and Frequency Response Function (FRF), in terms of the beam parameters, are determined and compared with the analytical results, that exist in the literature. It is shown that by adjusting the parameters of the kernel function, we can find identical peaks to those of the analytical method. The finite element method is also employed to solve this problem, and the first three natural frequencies were computed in terms of the beam parameters. When comparing the two methods, we see that by increasing the number of elements in the FEM we can always achieve better accuracy, but we will obtain twice the number of modal frequencies. However, the mesh-free method with the same number of nodes does not provide these extra frequencies. From this benchmark problem, it is concluded that the accuracy of the mesh-free methods always depends on the adjustment of the kernel function. However, the FEM is advantageous because it does not require such adjustments. Full article

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29 pages, 7747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering Retail in the Metaverse by Leveraging Consumer Behavior Analysis for Personalized Shopping: A Pilot Study in the Saudi Market

by Monerah Alawadh and Ahmed Barnawi

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020063 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The integration of advanced technologies, such as the Metaverse, has the potential to revolutionize the retail industry and enhance the shopping experience. Understanding consumer behavior and leveraging machine learning predictions based on analysis can significantly enhance user experiences, enabling personalized interactions and fostering [...] Read more.

The integration of advanced technologies, such as the Metaverse, has the potential to revolutionize the retail industry and enhance the shopping experience. Understanding consumer behavior and leveraging machine learning predictions based on analysis can significantly enhance user experiences, enabling personalized interactions and fostering overall engagement within the virtual environment. In our ongoing research effort, we have developed a consumer behavior framework to predict interesting buying patterns based on analyzing sales transaction records using association rule learning techniques aiming at improving sales parameters for retailers. In this paper, we introduce a validation analysis of our predictive framework that can improve the personalization of the shopping experience in virtual reality shopping environments, which provides powerful marketing facilities, unlike real-time shopping. The findings of this work provide a promising outcome in terms of achieving satisfactory prediction accuracy in a focused pilot study conducted in association with a prominent retailer in Saudi Arabia. Such results can be employed to empower the personalization of the shopping experience, especially on virtual platforms such as the Metaverse, which is expected to play a revolutionary role in future businesses and other life activities. Shopping in the Metaverse offers a unique blend of immersive experiences and endless possibilities, enabling consumers to interact with products and brands in a virtual environment like never before. This integration of cutting-edge technology not only transforms the retail landscape but also paves the way for a new era of personalized and engaging shopping experiences. Lastly, this empowerment offers new opportunities for retailers and streamlines the process of engaging with customers in innovative ways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Digital Technologies and Consumer Behavior)

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6 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Stimulator of InterferoN Genes (STING)-Associated Vasculopathy with Onset in Infancy Syndrome (SAVI) Associated with Disseminated Molluscum Contagiosum Under Baricitinib Treatment

by Thilo Gambichler, Yusa Devrim and Laura Susok

Dermato 2025, 5(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermato5020006 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to systemic inflammation, vascular abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, and skin ulcerations. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, including baricitinib, have shown promise in mitigating systemic and organ-specific manifestations. However, these inhibitors broadly suppress immune pathways, potentially increasing vulnerability to infections. Case presentation: This case report describes a 21-year-old woman with SAVI (due to a heterozygous TMEM173 mutation) who developed disseminated molluscum contagiosum (MC) while receiving baricitinib therapy. Laboratory results revealed lymphopenia, low CD4/CD8 ratio, and impaired immune cell activity, suggesting compromised antiviral immunity. Discussion: Despite SAVI’s association with excessive type I interferon signaling, this chronic hyperactivation may cause immune dysregulation, exhausting T cells and natural killer cells vital for viral defense. Furthermore, baricitinib suppresses interferon signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway, reducing inflammatory damage in SAVI but also impairing antiviral responses. Moreover, MC viruses evade host immune defenses by antagonizing STING and TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated interferon activation, further contributing to infection risk. This report is the first to document MC in a SAVI patient and highlights the rare complication of disseminated MC due to impaired type I interferon signaling and immune suppression from baricitinib therapy. This case underscores the need for vigilance regarding viral infections in SAVI patients treated with JAK inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue What Is Your Diagnosis?—Case Report Collection)

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11 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a Food Supplement Based on Collagen and Magnesium Combined with Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Exercises in Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Pilot Clinical Trial

by Vincenzo Nobile, Roberta Villa, Mariella Micieli, Fabio Amone, Erminia D’Ambrosio, Giuseppe Pulitano, Camilla Schinzari, Eleonora Di Campi and Davide Carati

Uro 2025, 5(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/uro5020007 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting women worldwide, with pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) recognized as the first-line treatment for UI. Supplementation with bioactive compounds, such as collagen and magnesium, may enhance the effectiveness of PFMT. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting women worldwide, with pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) recognized as the first-line treatment for UI. Supplementation with bioactive compounds, such as collagen and magnesium, may enhance the effectiveness of PFMT. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining a food supplement containing collagen and magnesium with PFMT in women experiencing stress (SUI), urge (UUI), or mixed (MUI) urinary incontinence. Methods: A pilot clinical trial was carried out on 44 women with stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence. The improvement in urinary incontinence was assessed, before and after 6 weeks (W6) of product use, by the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID) and the clinical assessment of the gynecologist. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed as a secondary endpoint. Results: At Week 6, the baseline median QUID score in the active group was significantly reduced by 64% (p < 0.001), with 76% finishing the study with a negative diagnosis for UI. In contrast, the placebo group showed a reduction in QUID score by only 10% (p < 0.001), with just 25% of participants achieving a negative diagnosis for UI. QoL statistically significantly (p < 0.001) improved by 76% in the active group, while no changes were observed in the placebo group. Conclusions: Supplementation with the (Dermoxen^®) tested product significantly improved urinary symptoms and quality of life, demonstrating a greater effect than pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) exercises alone. Dermoxen^® demonstrated efficacy across all three subtypes of UI. Full article

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26 pages, 4340 KiB

Open AccessReview

Three-Dimensional Printing in Dentistry: A Scoping Review of Clinical Applications, Advantages, and Current Limitations

by Mi-Kyoung Jun, Jong-Woo Kim and Hye-Min Ku

Oral 2025, 5(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5020024 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is transforming dentistry by enabling precise and personalized treatments in prosthodontics, orthodontics, and endodontics. However, challenges such as high costs, material limitations, and post-processing requirements hinder its broader adoption. This scoping review aims to explore and map the breadth of [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is transforming dentistry by enabling precise and personalized treatments in prosthodontics, orthodontics, and endodontics. However, challenges such as high costs, material limitations, and post-processing requirements hinder its broader adoption. This scoping review aims to explore and map the breadth of evidence regarding the clinical applications, benefits, and limitations of 3D printing in these disciplines, while identifying research gaps and future opportunities. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA for scoping reviews framework. Research from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus was systematically searched, covering studies from January 2006 to November 2024. Key topics included applications, material properties, and technological challenges in prosthodontics, orthodontics, and endodontics. Results: In prosthodontics, 3D printing facilitates the fabrication of crowns, bridges, and dentures with high accuracy, though material strength and stability remain challenges. Orthodontics benefits from 3D-printed aligners and diagnostic models, improving patient comfort and treatment precision, but issues with material durability persist. In endodontics, 3D-printed surgical guides and training models enhance procedural accuracy and educational outcomes. Across disciplines, 3D printing reduces production time and enhances customization but incurs high costs and requires significant post-processing. This scoping review highlights the transformative potential of 3D printing in dentistry, providing an overview of current and future advancements and limitations. While 3D printing has improved precision, efficiency, and patient satisfaction, material and cost-related barriers remain. Future research should address these challenges to expand its clinical applicability and enhance personalized dental care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Digital Dentistry: State of the Art and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Validation of the Macedonian-Language Version of the Ultrashort Five-Item Oral Health Impact Profile in the North Macedonian Population (OHIP5-MAC)

by Saša Elenčevski, Asja Čelebić, Aleksandra Popovac, Sonja Apostolska, Julijana Nikolovska and Ivica Stančić

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040655 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Due to a lack of an ultrashort questionnaire for Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) assessment in the North Macedonian population, the OHIP5 was translated into Macedonian language with aim to test its psychometrical properties. Materials and Methods: [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Due to a lack of an ultrashort questionnaire for Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) assessment in the North Macedonian population, the OHIP5 was translated into Macedonian language with aim to test its psychometrical properties. Materials and Methods: Two types of reliability were tested: internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (general population), and test-retest reliability by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) in a convenient sample of dental students who answered the same questions twice. Two types of validity were also tested: convergent validity (via a Spearman rank correlation) and known-group validity (via a Mann–Whitney U test). Responsiveness was tested by calculating the significance of the differences between the pre-treatment and after-treatment scores and by calculating the effect sizes of different dental treatments. Results: The Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.756 and inter-item correlations above 0.2 pointed out good internal consistency. The test-retest reliability was confirmed by high ICCs and no significant differences between the OHIP5-MAC scores in a period of two weeks as dental students had no oral health changes. The Spearman rank correlation of −0.88 (p < 0.01) between the OHIP5-MAC summary scores and one simple question scoring self-perceived oral health (1–5; 1-worst oral health; 5-excellent oral health) confirmed the convergent validity. Significant differences between subjects with natural teeth and those with removable dentures (p < 0.01) confirmed the know-group validity, as it was predicted that removable denture wearers would have more impairment of oral health than individuals with natural teeth. The sensitivity of a questionnaire to measure changes elicited by dental treatments, i.e., responsiveness, was confirmed in individuals who received different dental treatments and scored significantly better (lower scores) their OHRQoL one month after the treatment, compared to their pretreatment scores (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Generally good psychometric properties of the OHIP5-MAC justify the recommendation for its future use in clinical settings and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry and Oral Health)

12 pages, 2292 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of Long-Term Use of Azithromycin in the Management of Cystic Fibrosis in Pediatric Patients with or Without Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Article

by Hassan Al-shehri and Dana Albassam

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040653 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to discover the overall efficacy of azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and with or without Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, specifically regarding its effect on respiratory parameters such as forced expiratory [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to discover the overall efficacy of azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and with or without Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, specifically regarding its effect on respiratory parameters such as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in addition to its effect on exacerbations and the need to use additional antibiotics. Materials and Method: We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis by searching for all eligible articles on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus published between inception and September 2024. We used the following search strategy for our searching process: “Cystic fibrosis” AND “Azithromycin” and “Children” OR “Pediatric” OR “Infant”. We conducted the meta-analysis by pooling the mean difference (MD) and comparing the continuous variables and odds ratio (OR) for dichotomous variables at 95% confidence intervals (CI), at a p-value of 0.05. Results: Azithromycin was observed to be associated with increased FEV1 compared with the control, showing an MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001) and non-significant heterogeneity. However, no significant difference was observed between azithromycin and control groups regarding FVC with MD = 0.62 (95% CI: −0.01, 1.25, p = 0.06). Compared with the control group, azithromycin was significantly associated with lower risk and a lower number of exacerbations, with OR = 0.48 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.67, p < 0.0001) and MD = −0.82 (95% CI: −1.32, −0.33, p = 0.001), respectively, with non-significant heterogeneity. Regarding the need for new antibiotic usage, azithromycin showed a significantly lower need, with OR = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.94, p = 0.04), I² = 75%, p = 0.02. No significant difference was observed between both groups regarding hospitalization rate, with OR = 0.88 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.4, p = 0.59). Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis showed the efficacy of azithromycin in pediatric patients with CF, as it improved lung function by increasing FEV1, reduced exacerbations of CF, which is the most common symptom of CF that leads to mortality, and reduced the number of antibiotics that needed to be administered to patients with CF, which reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the long-term use of azithromycin is recommended for pediatric patients with CF as part of their treatment regimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Updates on Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment)

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15 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Severity of COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in a Study of Mother–Infant Pairs in Los Angeles, California

by Sarah Daouk, Tara Kerin, Trevon Fuller, Olivia Man, Mary C. Cambou, Viviana Fajardo-Martinez, Sophia Paiola, Thalia Mok, Rashmi Rao and Karin Nielsen-Saines

Women 2025, 5(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/women5020012 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Previous cross-sectional studies have investigated social determinants of health (SDOH) among pregnant women with COVID-19. However, there are scant data on the impact of these determinants on maternal outcomes from cohorts of pregnant women with COVID-19. We evaluated the association between social determinants [...] Read more.

Previous cross-sectional studies have investigated social determinants of health (SDOH) among pregnant women with COVID-19. However, there are scant data on the impact of these determinants on maternal outcomes from cohorts of pregnant women with COVID-19. We evaluated the association between social determinants of health and both COVID-19 severity and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in a cohort of pregnant women in Los Angeles (L.A.) County, California. The APOs considered were fetal loss, gestational hypertensive disorders, prolonged rupture of membranes, and maternal death. We recruited pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and collected data on maternal COVID-19 severity, trimester at diagnosis, comorbidities, mode of delivery, COVID-19 vaccination, APOs, maternal age, medical insurance type, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood income. Participants who were obese were more likely to experience severe COVID-19 (OR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.44–9.46), while even one vaccine dose before COVID-19 infection was associated with reduced odds of severe disease (OR:0.14, 95% CI: 0.02–0.52). Pregnant participants living in low-income areas were more likely to experience APOs (p = 0.01) and severe COVID-19 (p = 0.009). This suggests that economic inequities could negatively impact maternal outcomes among pregnant women with COVID-19. We also found that SDOH moderated severity effects on APOs in Black women vs. non-Black women. These findings underscore the importance of considering social determinants of health to improve maternal health. Full article

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13 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Telehealth-Supervised Respiratory Exercise Training on Respiratory Function, Fatigue, Quality of Life, and Functional Capacity of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

by Şeyda Öznur Ayçiçek, Abdulkadir Tunç and Cahit Bağcı

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040651 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Telerehabilitation (TR) offers an innovative approach to overcome accessibility challenges in managing multiple sclerosis (MS). This exploratory study evaluated the efficacy of integrating respiratory exercises into TR programs for improving respiratory function, fatigue, and quality of life. Materials and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Telerehabilitation (TR) offers an innovative approach to overcome accessibility challenges in managing multiple sclerosis (MS). This exploratory study evaluated the efficacy of integrating respiratory exercises into TR programs for improving respiratory function, fatigue, and quality of life. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial involving 48 MS patients randomized into TR and control groups was conducted. Both groups performed respiratory exercises over eight weeks. Pulmonary function, fatigue severity (FSS), quality of life (MSQOL-54), and functional capacity (6MWT) were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant within-group improvements in FEV1 (L), PEF (L), FEF%25–75 (L), FSS, MSQOL-54 physical and mental subscales, and the 6MWT distance (p < 0.05). The TR group exhibited unique improvements in FEV1 (%) and slightly greater reductions in fatigue, although the intergroup differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Telerehabilitation incorporating respiratory exercises effectively enhances the respiratory function, fatigue, and quality of life of MS patients, suggesting a viable alternative to conventional rehabilitation. Future studies should focus on advanced-stage MS, long-term sustainability, and technological integration to optimize the potential of TR. Full article

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22 pages, 16941 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seismic Images of Pressurized Sources and Fluid Migration Driving Uplift at the Campi Flegrei Caldera During 2020–2024

by Domenico Patanè, Graziella Barberi and Claudio Martino

GeoHazards 2025, 6(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6020019 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

After the subsidence phase that followed the 1982–1984 bradyseismic crisis, a gradual ground uplift at Campi Flegrei caldera resumed in 2005, while volcanic-tectonic earthquakes have steadily increased in frequency and intensity since 2018, with a significant intensification observed since 2023. This rise in [...] Read more.

After the subsidence phase that followed the 1982–1984 bradyseismic crisis, a gradual ground uplift at Campi Flegrei caldera resumed in 2005, while volcanic-tectonic earthquakes have steadily increased in frequency and intensity since 2018, with a significant intensification observed since 2023. This rise in seismic activity enabled a new tomographic study using data collected from 2020 to June 2024. In this work, 4161 local earthquakes (41,272 P-phases and 14,683 S-phases) were processed with the tomoDDPS code, considering 388,166 P and 107,281 S differential times to improve earthquake locations and velocity models. Compared to previous tomographic studies, the 3D velocity models provided higher-resolution images of the central caldera’s structure down to ~4 km depth. Additionally, separate inversions of the two 2020–2022 (moderate seismicity) and 2023–2024 (intense seismicity) datasets identified velocity variations ranging from 5% to 10% between these periods. These changes observed in 2023–2024 support the existence of two pressurized sources at different depths. The first, located at 3.0–4.0 km depth beneath Pozzuoli and offshore, may represent either a magma intrusion enriched in supercritical fluids or an accumulation of pressurized, high-density fluids—a finding that aligns with recent ground deformation studies and modeled source depths. Additionally, the upward migration of magmatic fluids interacting with the geothermal system generated a secondary, shallower pressurized source at approximately 2.0 km depth beneath the Solfatara-Pisciarelli area. Overall, these processes are responsible for the recent acceleration in uplift, increased seismicity and gases from the fumarolic field, and changes in crustal elastic properties through stress variations and fluid/gas migration. Full article

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16 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quercetin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Malignant Melanoma—A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

by Teodora Hoinoiu, Victor Dumitrascu, Daniel Pit, David-Alexandru Schipor, Madalina Jabri-Tabrizi, Bogdan Hoinoiu, David Emanuel Petreuș and Corina Seiman

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040656 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Neoplastic disorders, particularly malignant carcinomas, are complex systemic diseases characterized by unregulated cellular proliferation, the invasion of adjacent tissues, and potential metastasis to distant bodily sites. Among the diverse spectrum of cancer subtypes, malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive form of cutaneous cancer [...] Read more.

Neoplastic disorders, particularly malignant carcinomas, are complex systemic diseases characterized by unregulated cellular proliferation, the invasion of adjacent tissues, and potential metastasis to distant bodily sites. Among the diverse spectrum of cancer subtypes, malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive form of cutaneous cancer originating in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells resident in the skin. This malignancy is distinguished by its rapid and uncontrolled growth, as well as its propensity for metastasis to vital organs, thereby posing significant challenges to therapeutic intervention and prognostication. Early detection of melanoma is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes, as diagnosis at an advanced stage often yields a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Diagnostic modalities for melanoma encompass comprehensive clinical evaluations by dermatologists; radiological imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans; and excisional biopsies for accurate histopathological assessment. Malignant melanoma is typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor, followed by immunotherapy to enhance the immune response, targeted therapy for tumors with specific genetic mutations, chemotherapy for advanced stages, radiation therapy to manage metastasis, and other adjunct therapies. This review presents the properties and possible adjunct therapeutic effects against malignant melanoma of quercetin found in the literature and explores, based on the observed physicochemical properties and biological activity, its potential development as a topical formulation for cutaneous application. Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound abundant in various plant-based food sources, including apples, onions, berries, and citrus fruits, and has exhibited promising antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Its distinctive biochemical structure enables quercetin to effectively neutralize reactive oxygen species and modulate key carcinogenic pathways, thereby rendering it a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention in managing malignant tumors, including melanoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Skin Tumors)

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10 pages, 2308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Appropriate Distraction Strength for Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthroscopy

by Jong-Kil Kim, Kwang-Bok Lee and Do-Yeon Kim

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040654 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: To investigate the natural metatasophalangeal (MTP) joint distance, we studied the appropriate degree of distraction for arthroscopy and the associated factors, including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven patients who underwent MTP joint [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: To investigate the natural metatasophalangeal (MTP) joint distance, we studied the appropriate degree of distraction for arthroscopy and the associated factors, including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven patients who underwent MTP joint arthroscopy or foot and ankle surgery from April 2013 to June 2020 were enrolled. Foot plain radiographs were taken using a mini-fluoroscan with no traction, manual traction, and traction of 5 pounds, 10 pounds, and 15 pounds to measure the MTP joint distance. Age, gender, and BMI were compared as associated factors. The minimum joint distance of MTP joint arthroscopy was defined as 2.8 mm, which was the sheath size of a 1.9 mm, 30° high-definition arthroscope. Results: Regarding natural MTP joint space sizes, the MTP-2 joint had the largest joint size (2.39 ± 0.37 mm). The MTP-5 joint had the smallest joint size (1.59 ± 0.34 mm). Traction of 10 lb was an appropriate distraction force for the MTP-1 joint (3.09 ± 0.03 mm) and MTP-4 joint (3.07± 0.47 mm) in arthroscopy. Traction of 5lb was an appropriate distraction force for the MTP-2 (3.32 ± 0.60 mm), MTP-3 (2.89 ± 0.50 mm), and MTP-5 (2.97 ± 0.49 mm) joints. For the MTP-1 and MTP-4 joints, males had significantly greater joint space sizes than females for no traction (p = 0.039), manual traction (p = 0.002), and traction of 5 pounds (p = 0.004), 10 pounds, (p = 0.013), and 15 pounds (p = 0.024). There was no statistically significant difference in joint space size according to age or BMI for any MTP joints (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Among natural joint spaces without traction, the MTP-2 joint had the largest joint size while the MTP-5 joint had the smallest joint size. In MTP joint arthroscopy, a traction power of 10 lb is sufficient for appropriate distraction of all MTP joints. Less distraction power is required for males than for females, especially for the MTP-1 and MTP-4 joints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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8 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Routine Blood Examination Predicts the Course of Disease in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation

by Tatjana Sarenac Vulovic, Katarina Cupic, Nenad Petrovic, Jovana Srejovic, Tatjana Vulovic, Zeljko Todorovic, Jovan Rakic and Dusan Todorovic

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040652 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Is it possible to predict the course of disease in patients with pseudoexfoliation based on blood examination? Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 800 patients recruited for cataract surgery in the Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Centre [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Is it possible to predict the course of disease in patients with pseudoexfoliation based on blood examination? Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 800 patients recruited for cataract surgery in the Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia. The patients were divided into four groups: pseudoexfoliation syndrome early stage group (n = 200 patients), pseudoexfoliation syndrome late stage group (n = 200 patients), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group (n = 200 patients) and the control group (n = 200 patients). During the preoperative process, some blood examination must be performed. We retrospectively used the results for the blood cell counts that we obtained from the patients. We recorded the neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, monocyte and leucocyte numbers, as well as the lipid profile, and simply calculated the ratio of their values, which we considered through different stages of the disease. Results: Our results indicated that there were no significant differences between all the groups examined in terms of leucocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, but we recorded significant differences in the monocyte and platelet count. It was interesting that the monocyte count increased in the late stage of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, in comparison with the control group and patients with early stage pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The lipid profile analysis indicated only increased values of LDL in patients with pseudoexfoliation (syndrome/glaucoma) in comparison with the control group. Conclusions: Monocytes are the main source of various cytokines, so our results support the proinflammatory theory of pseudoexfoliation development. Monocytes are the main cells in chronic inflammation, which leads to pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Platelets play an important role in the differentiation and activation of monocytes, as well as in the process of chronic inflammation and fibrosis, which are significant for pseudoexfoliation material production. A disturbed lipid profile in patients with pseudoexfoliation is expected, as they are at higher risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

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