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13 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Qualitative Analysis of Australian Perspectives Regarding the Cost of Groceries Using the Online Social Media Platform, Reddit

by Virginia Chan and Rajshri Roy

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310154 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Australia’s current food system does not equitably or sustainably feed all Australians. Coupled with the rising costs of essential goods, it raises concerns around the cost of living and food security. This study aimed to investigate Reddit user perspectives on the current cost [...] Read more.

Australia’s current food system does not equitably or sustainably feed all Australians. Coupled with the rising costs of essential goods, it raises concerns around the cost of living and food security. This study aimed to investigate Reddit user perspectives on the current cost of food and groceries in Australian subreddits. Posts related to the costs of groceries within Australian subreddits were collected using Reddit’s Application Programming Interface (API) and Python Reddit API Wrapper python package (version 7.7.1). Posts (n = 1727) were screened, and the included posts (n = 583) underwent thematic analysis. Australian Reddit users reported concerns over the increasing prices of groceries and identified supermarket pricing tactics including price gouging, shrinkflation, and misleading price displays. Reddit also served as an important platform providing support and a method to disseminate budgeting strategies to help others to overcome rising costs of living. The findings highlighted the challenges faced by Australians in managing food and grocery expenses and the strategies they employ to cope with rising costs, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to improve food affordability and accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Choices and Consumer Behavior: Steering towards Sustainable Health Outcomes)

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25 pages, 3067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Measurement and Temporal and Spatial Interaction Characteristics of Rural E-Commerce Development Capacity in the Context of Rural Revitalization

by Ling Wang, Jianjun Su, Hailan Yang and Can Xie

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10156; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310156 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

With the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, rural e-commerce has become an essential means of promoting rural economic development and increasing farmers’ income. However, the development of rural e-commerce varies significantly among different regions. Based on the perspective of “three rural areas”, [...] Read more.

With the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, rural e-commerce has become an essential means of promoting rural economic development and increasing farmers’ income. However, the development of rural e-commerce varies significantly among different regions. Based on the perspective of “three rural areas”, this study constructs a rural e-commerce development capability measurement system centered on readiness, utilization, and influence. It adopts a panel vector autoregressive model to identify key influencing factors. Through the exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis (ESTDA) method, the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of rural e-commerce development capacity and the interaction relationship between provinces and regions are revealed. The study shows that (1) China’s rural e-commerce development capacity gained significant improvement from 2011 to 2022, but provincial polarization is evident, with eastern and central provinces leading and western and marginal provinces lagging; the rural e-commerce development capacity shows a decreasing dynamic pattern from the east to the central and western to the northeastern regions. (2) The eastern region has active rural e-commerce development, stable spatial structure, and provincial solid correlation, which creates a significant linkage effect. The western region shows strong internal spatial dependence, the district cross-regional interaction and linkage effect are beginning to emerge, and the northeastern low-development provinces are challenging to leap to a higher level in the short term; (3) the spatiotemporal interaction network of rural e-commerce development among several provinces and regions shows a positive synergistic relationship, and it is an essential consideration for the high-quality development of rural e-commerce to strengthen regional cooperation and realize complementary advantages. The study results provide a theoretical basis for formulating differentiated regional e-commerce development policies, which can help enhance regional synergy and narrow the regional development gap. Full article

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20 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Systems Thinking Perspectives on Sustainability in Bioresource Waste Management and Circular Economy

by Shivangi Jha, Sonil Nanda, Oscar Zapata, Bishnu Acharya and Ajay K. Dalai

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10157; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310157 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

A plethora of sustainability-related challenges plague the modern world, among which is residue management. The significant implications of waste management on local populations and the global climate system have propelled research efforts toward residue management. Improved understanding and predictions in biomass residue management [...] Read more.

A plethora of sustainability-related challenges plague the modern world, among which is residue management. The significant implications of waste management on local populations and the global climate system have propelled research efforts toward residue management. Improved understanding and predictions in biomass residue management can help identify opportunities to advance residue management to address these complex challenges. In recent years, sustainability science has gained momentum and is viewed as the most effective approach to addressing wicked problems. For instance, the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is a major contributor to climate change. This review examines how a greater knowledge of human–environment interaction and the value of ecological services could facilitate the recycling of agricultural and forestry wastes for their uses in bioenergy production and soil protection. In addition, it highlights the connection between biomass residual management and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, thereby strengthening the circular and ecological economy. Additionally, this review also discusses how interdisciplinary and systems thinking can contribute to the advancement of biomass residue management. This review aims to explore how the principles of sustainability science and systems thinking can help enhance the reutilization of agricultural and forest residues through biomass residue management. It also aims to assess their potential in reducing environmental and social impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transforming End-of-Life Product Management: Leveraging Big Data, Deep Learning, and Sustainable Practices)

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13 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sarcopenia in the Oldest-Old Adults in the Capital of Brazil: Prevalence and Its Associated Risk Factors

by Hudson Azevedo Pinheiro, Ruth Losada de Menezes, Camila Kellen de Souza Cardoso, Rômulo Roosevelt da Silva Filho, Farah Registre, César de Oliveira and Erika Aparecida Silveira

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3976; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233976 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: In light of the demographic context in which the older adult population is prominent, sarcopenia emerges as a significant concern for the health of these individuals. Aim: To assess the frequency of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia and the associated risk factors in [...] Read more.

Background: In light of the demographic context in which the older adult population is prominent, sarcopenia emerges as a significant concern for the health of these individuals. Aim: To assess the frequency of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia and the associated risk factors in the oldest adults living in the community. Methods: There were 399 participants aged 80 or older, of both sexes, using primary health care services in the metropolitan area of Brasília, Brazil. Sarcopenia was evaluated based on European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Muscle mass was measured by calf circumference, muscle function by handgrip strength, and muscle performance by gait speed. Clinical and socioeconomic variables, comorbidities, falls, and urinary incontinence were collected. The prevalence of sarcopenia was calculated with a 95% (IC) prevalence. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis was performed in Stata, with p < 5%. Results: Among participants, 78.2% were women. Prevalence of pre-sarcopenia was 31.8%, sarcopenia 3.3%, and severe sarcopenia 25.1%. After multivariate regression, sarcopenia was associated with the female sex, low weight, and a dependency for activities of daily living (ADLs). Similarly, severe sarcopenia remained associated with female sex, low weight, and an ADLs dependency. Sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were not associated with the level of education, marital status, income, physical activity, medications, falls, nor comorbidities. Conclusions: A quarter of older adults had severe sarcopenia. Sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were associated with being a woman, being low weight, and have an ADLs dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphofunctional Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice)

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22 pages, 10303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Drought on the Water Use Strategies of Pure and Mixed Shrubs in the Mu Us Sandy Land

by Qin Gao, Xiaohong Dang, Zhongju Meng, Yang Liu, Jiale Lou, Yu Yan and Xing Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3261; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233261 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Water resources are crucial factors that limit vegetation recovery, and rational planning of silvicultural patterns is essential for the efficient utilization of water in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examined the water utilization strategies of pure shrubs (pure stands of Artemisia ordosica [...] Read more.

Water resources are crucial factors that limit vegetation recovery, and rational planning of silvicultural patterns is essential for the efficient utilization of water in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examined the water utilization strategies of pure shrubs (pure stands of Artemisia ordosica and pure stands of Salix psammophila) and mixed shrubs (mixed stands of A. ordosica S. psammophila, and mixed stands of A. ordosica Caragana korshinskii) from the rainy to dry seasons using stable isotope techniques and MixSIAR modeling in the Mu Us Sandy Land in the semi-arid region of China. Mixed shrubs were significantly more effective than pure shrubs in utilizing the primary water sypply from the soil layer. During the rainy season in August, shallow soil water was used to a greater extent, contributing 33.78 ± 2.18%, with no significant difference in the contribution proportion. After a brief drought during the transition period in September, there was a significant increase in the use of the primary water-absorbing soil layer across all vegetation types, with a maximum increase of 39.53%. Conversely, during the dry season in October, after an extended drought, the contribution of the primary water supply layer to vegetation water absorption decreased compared with the transition period, with a maximum increase of only 17.88%. The results of this study revealed that variations in water conditions and vegetation configurations influence the water utilization patterns of the vegetation. This study offers a scientific basis and theoretical support for understanding ecological water use, the rationale behind vegetation establishment, and an assessment of plantation community stability in sandy regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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23 pages, 1764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances and Challenges in Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

by Nerea García-González, Jaime Gonçalves-Sánchez, Ricardo Gómez-Nieto, Jesús M. Gonçalves-Estella and Dolores E. López

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312485 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

This review explores recent advancements in gene therapy as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on intervention mechanisms, administration routes, and associated limitations. Following the PRISMA procedure guidelines, we systematically analyzed studies published since 2020 using the PICO framework to derive reliable [...] Read more.

This review explores recent advancements in gene therapy as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on intervention mechanisms, administration routes, and associated limitations. Following the PRISMA procedure guidelines, we systematically analyzed studies published since 2020 using the PICO framework to derive reliable conclusions. The efficacy of various gene therapies was evaluated for Parkinson’s disease (n = 12), spinal muscular atrophy (n = 8), Huntington’s disease (n = 3), Alzheimer’s disease (n = 3), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 6). For each condition, we assessed the therapeutic approach, curative or disease-modifying potential, delivery methods, advantages, drawbacks, and side effects. Results indicate that gene therapies targeting specific genes are particularly effective in monogenic disorders, with promising clinical outcomes expected in the near future. In contrast, in polygenic diseases, therapies primarily aim to promote cell survival. A major challenge remains: the translation of animal model success to human clinical application. Additionally, while intracerebral delivery methods enhance therapeutic efficacy, they are highly invasive. Despite these hurdles, gene therapy represents a promising frontier in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the need for continued research to refine and personalize treatments for each condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Neurobiology 2024)

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18 pages, 9608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Activation of p300 Enhances the Sensitivity of Pituitary Adenomas to Dopamine Agonist Treatment by Regulating the Transcription of DRD2

by Sihan Li, Xingbo Li, Quanji Wang, Qian Jiang, Zihan Wang, Linpeng Xu, Yimin Huang and Ting Lei

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12483; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312483 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Prolactinomas are commonly treated with dopamine receptor agonists (DAs), such as bromocriptine (BRC) and cabergoline (CAB). However, 10–30% of patients exhibit resistance to DA therapies. DA resistance is largely associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) expression, potentially regulated by epigenetic modifications, though [...] Read more.

Prolactinomas are commonly treated with dopamine receptor agonists (DAs), such as bromocriptine (BRC) and cabergoline (CAB). However, 10–30% of patients exhibit resistance to DA therapies. DA resistance is largely associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) expression, potentially regulated by epigenetic modifications, though the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Clinical samples were assessed for p300 expression. MMQ and AtT-20 cells were engineered to overexpress either wild-type p300 or a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain-mutant form of p300. Mechanistic studies included cell proliferation assays, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR, reverse transcription quantitative PCR, and Western blotting. Additionally, an in vivo nude mouse xenograft model was used to confirm the in vitro findings. DAs downregulated p300 through the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway. Activation of the HAT domain of p300 increased H3K18/27 acetylation, promoted DRD2 transcription, and worked synergistically with DA to exert anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) upregulated p300 and DRD2, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of BRC. These findings highlight the role of p300 in regulating DRD2 transcription in DA-resistant prolactinomas. Combining Tan IIA with BRC may offer a promising strategy to overcome DA resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)

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13 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Professional Nurses’ Views and Experiences of Poor Health-Seeking Behavior Among Men in Limpopo Province, South Africa

by Lazarros Chavalala, Rachel Tsakani Lebese and Lufuno Makhado

Healthcare 2024, 12(23), 2320; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232320 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The health-seeking behavior of men is a public health concern and is associated with poor health outcomes and lower life expectancy among men. Masculinity norms are among the factors contributing to men’s poor health-seeking behavior. This study explored the views and experiences [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The health-seeking behavior of men is a public health concern and is associated with poor health outcomes and lower life expectancy among men. Masculinity norms are among the factors contributing to men’s poor health-seeking behavior. This study explored the views and experiences of purposively selected nurses on men’s health-seeking behavior. Methods: Through qualitative descriptive design, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 professional nurses, and collected data were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Tech’s eight steps were used to analyze data and guide the development of the main themes and sub-themes. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Venda Research ethics committee with reference number FHS/21/PH/26/1215. Results: Self-medication, a lack of trust in Western medicine, and the use of traditional healers were identified as reasons men underutilize health care services. Men were viewed as people who consult heath care services when illness is severe, feel uncomfortable with female nurses, and value respect from clinicians. Conclusions: Cultural norms still remain a barrier among men in this study setting, as men did not feel comfortable with their private parts being physically examined by female clinicians. There is a need to take note of cultural norms impacting health care service usage by men. Full article

13 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Amphiphilic Properties of Peptides on the Phosphatidylinositol Monolayer in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

by Iwona Golonka, Izabela W. Łukasiewicz, Aleksandra Sebastiańczyk, Katarzyna E. Greber, Wiesław Sawicki and Witold Musiał

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312484 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological diseases and is strongly connected with the pathological growth of the Cutibacterium acnes. More than half of the cultures of this bacterium are resistant to antibiotics, resulting in the proposal of the use [...] Read more.

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological diseases and is strongly connected with the pathological growth of the Cutibacterium acnes. More than half of the cultures of this bacterium are resistant to antibiotics, resulting in the proposal of the use of antibacterial peptides as an alternative to traditional antibiotics. Ascorbic acid (AA) and its antioxidant properties may ally in acne therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the selected antibacterial peptides in the presence of ascorbic acid and 3-O-ethyl-ascorbic acid (EAA) on the properties of the monolayer formed by phosphatidylinositol. Studies of the properties of the phosphatidylinositol monolayer were carried out using the Langmuir–Wilhelmy balance. The recorded compression isotherms, hysteresis loops, and surface pressure values recorded at specific time intervals were evaluated to assess the influence of ascorbic acid and its derivatives in the presence of antimicrobial peptides on the stability and organization of phosphatidylinositol monolayers. The addition of AA to the subphase caused a faster phase transition at over 60 Å²/molecule and significantly reduced the plateau surface pressure by about 20% in most of the systems tested. The studied monolayers were found to be in the expanded liquid state (40.23–49.95 [mN/m]) or in the transition between the expanded and condensed liquid phase (51.47–60.98 [mN/m]). Compression and decompression isotherms indicated the highest flexibility of the systems at 20 °C and 25 °C. The surface pressure versus time dependence indicated the stability of the phosphatidylinositol monolayer with 3-O-ethyl–ascorbic acid and antimicrobial peptides up to 35 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research Progress of Skin and Skin Diseases)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 6192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Localization of Staphylococcus shinii and Staphylococcus succinus in Infected Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks: Implications for Biocontrol Strategies

by Cesar A. Arreguin-Perez, Raquel Cossio-Bayugar, Hugo Aguilar-Diaz and Estefan Miranda-Miranda

Pathogens 2024, 13(12), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121025 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Rhipicephalus microplus is a blood-sucking parasite that causes heavy infestations on cattle and is a vector for severe tick-borne diseases, such as anaplasmosis and babesiosis, and poses a significant threat to the cattle industry. Cattle ticks show increasing acaricide resistance, which creates an [...] Read more.

Rhipicephalus microplus is a blood-sucking parasite that causes heavy infestations on cattle and is a vector for severe tick-borne diseases, such as anaplasmosis and babesiosis, and poses a significant threat to the cattle industry. Cattle ticks show increasing acaricide resistance, which creates an additional problem concerning the inefficient chemical control of tick populations in cattle-grazing areas, necessitating the exploration of alternative tick biocontrol methods. Our study aimed to demonstrate the acaropathogenic efficacy of two bacterial species during experimental infections on R. microplus. Our experimental data confirmed that S. shinii and S. succinus exhibited significant acaropathogenic properties against R. microplus, as demonstrated by the tracking of fluorescent-labeled bacteria within the engorged-tick body. Our experiments revealed that both bacterial species could infect the hemolymph, salivary glands, and vestibular vagina of the tick, inducing histological changes in the affected organs that may impair feeding as well as reproductive capabilities. Gené’s organ infection was detected only in S. succinus. Our findings offer valuable insights for developing biocontrol strategies to manage Rhipicephalus microplus populations effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases in the Livestock Industry in Latin America)

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14 pages, 4632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Image Feature Extraction and Environment Inference Based on Invariant Learning

by Yujian Ding, Xiaoxu Ma and Bingxue Yang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10770; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310770 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

As dataset environments evolve, the adaptability of deep models has weakened due to biases in training data collection. Consequently, a critical challenge has emerged: enabling models to effectively learn invariant features across diverse environments while ignoring spurious features introduced by environmental changes. This [...] Read more.

As dataset environments evolve, the adaptability of deep models has weakened due to biases in training data collection. Consequently, a critical challenge has emerged: enabling models to effectively learn invariant features across diverse environments while ignoring spurious features introduced by environmental changes. This article proposes an image feature extraction algorithm based on invariant learning, which trains a ResNet18 model that can fully learn invariant features. On the basis of this model, GRAD-CAM algorithm is used to extract environmental features of images. Based on this feature dataset, images are classified according to different environments through K-means clustering, achieving environmental partitioning of mixed datasets. The results show that on the test set, the IRM-ResNet18 network’s prediction accuracy is 88.6%, and its accuracy and stability are significantly better than those of ResNet18. It can fully learn and extract invariant features from images. By segmenting the image based on the extracted environmental features, The findings indicate that the IRM-ResNet18 network’s total environmental segmentation accuracy is 88.2%, which confirms the efficacy of the image environmental segmentation algorithm proposed in this paper. Full article

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15 pages, 1123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activation of BDNF–TrkB Signaling in Specific Structures of the Sheep Brain by Kynurenic Acid

by Katarzyna Roszkowicz-Ostrowska, Patrycja Młotkowska, Elżbieta Marciniak, Michał Szlis, Marcin Barszcz and Tomasz Misztal

Cells 2024, 13(23), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13231928 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Fluctuations in kynurenic acid (KYNA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain reflect its neurological status. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of transiently elevated KYNA concentrations in the cerebroventricular circulation on the expression of BDNF and [...] Read more.

Fluctuations in kynurenic acid (KYNA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain reflect its neurological status. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of transiently elevated KYNA concentrations in the cerebroventricular circulation on the expression of BDNF and its high-affinity tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB) in specific structures of the sheep brain. Intracerebroventricularly cannulated anestrous sheep were subjected to a series of four 30 min infusions of KYNA: 4 × 5 μg/60 μL/30 min (KYNA20, n = 6) and 4 × 25 μg/60 μL/30 min (KYNA100, n = 6) or a control infusion (n = 6), at 30 min intervals. Sections of the hippocampal CA3 field, amygdala (AMG), prefrontal cortex (PCx), and the hypothalamic medial-basal (MBH) and preoptic (POA) areas were dissected from the brain immediately after the experiment. The highest concentration of BDNF protein was found in the CA3 field (p < 0.001), which was 8-fold higher than in the AMG and 12-fold higher than that in the PCx (MBH and POA were not analyzed). The most pronounced BDNF mRNA expression was observed in the MBH, followed by the PCx, POA, AMG and CA3, while the highest abundance of TrkB mRNA was recorded in the AMG, followed by the MBH, PCx, CA3, and POA. KYNA increased (p < 0.05–p < 0.01) BDNF protein levels and the expression of its gene in the brain structures were examined, with the effect varying by dose and brain region. KYNA, particularly at the KYNA100 dose, also increased (p < 0.01) TrkB gene expression, except for the AMG, where the lower KYNA20 dose was more effective (p < 0.01). These findings suggest a positive relationship between KYNA levels in the cerebroventricular circulation and BDNF–TrkB expression in specific brain regions in a sheep model. This indicates that a transient increase in the CSF KYNA concentration can potentially restore BDNF production, for which deficiency underlies numerous neurological disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cells of the Nervous System)

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13 pages, 5059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of Ultra-High Speed by Optical Multistage Cascade Frequency Reduction Technology

by Heli Ma, Long Chen, Wei Gu, Cangli Liu, Longhuang Tang, Xing Jia, Tianjiong Tao, Shenggang Liu, Yongchao Chen, Xiang Wang, Jian Wu, Chengjun Li, Dameng Liu, Jidong Weng and Huan Liu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10771; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310771 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

In order to reduce the frequency of high-frequency Doppler signal light, the electronic bandwidth of a data acquisition system is reduced. This paper mainly describes the principle and experimental verification results of optical multistage cascade frequency reduction technology. The bandwidth requirement of the [...] Read more.

In order to reduce the frequency of high-frequency Doppler signal light, the electronic bandwidth of a data acquisition system is reduced. This paper mainly describes the principle and experimental verification results of optical multistage cascade frequency reduction technology. The bandwidth requirement of the detector and the oscilloscope is reduced by the method of “relaying” the measured beat frequency signal between multiple electronic channels. Aiming to achieve the requirement of ultra-high speed measurement of 22 km/s, the requirement of the original signal frequency as high as 28 GHz electrical bandwidth is reduced to the acquisition and recording system with only 8 GHz bandwidth. A complete velocity profile of up to 11.47 km/s is measured on a three-stage light gas gun with velocity measurement accuracy of 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Optical Measurement Techniques and Applications)

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12 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Nutritional Profiles of Pregnant Women: A Cluster Analysis on the “MAMI-MED” Cohort

by Giuliana Favara, Andrea Maugeri, Martina Barchitta, Roberta Magnano San Lio, Maria Clara La Rosa, Claudia La Mastra, Fabiola Galvani, Elisa Pappalardo, Carla Ettore, Giuseppe Ettore and Antonella Agodi

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3975; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233975 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: During the pre-conceptional period, addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) is essential for reducing maternal health disparities, particularly among disadvantaged groups. Key SDOH factors such as income, education, and healthcare access significantly influence maternal and infant outcomes, increasing risks like miscarriage, preterm [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: During the pre-conceptional period, addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) is essential for reducing maternal health disparities, particularly among disadvantaged groups. Key SDOH factors such as income, education, and healthcare access significantly influence maternal and infant outcomes, increasing risks like miscarriage, preterm birth, and pregnancy complications. Here, we aimed to explore maternal and neonatal characteristics according to socio-economic status. Thus, we identified clusters of pregnant women with similar social and behavioral characteristics and explored their variability in terms of neonatal outcomes. Methods: Data from 1512 pregnant women in the “MAMI-MED” cohort at ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima in Catania were analyzed. A two-step cluster analysis grouped the women based on education level, employment status, pre-pregnancy nutritional status, and Mediterranean diet score (MDS). Results: Two clusters of pregnant women were identified. Cluster 1 (n = 739) consisted of women with lower educational attainment who were unemployed, overweight and/or obese, and had a lower mean MDS. Instead, cluster 2 (n = 773) was mostly characterized by women with a medium–high level of education who were employed, had normal weight, and had a higher average MDS. Women in cluster 1 had significantly higher proportions of preterm births (p = 0.004), low-birth weight newborns (p = 0.002), and large-for-gestational-age newborns. Differences in gestational week (p < 0.001), birth weight (p < 0.001), and newborn length (p = 0.004) were also noted between the two clusters. Conclusions: Cluster analysis can help identify high-risk groups who may benefit from personalized public health interventions. Our results highlight the need to examine the complex interactions between socio-demographic, behavioral, and genetic factors that contribute to maternal–infant health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biostatistics Methods in Nutritional Research)

16 pages, 22713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fully Integrated MEMS Micropump and Miniaturized Mass Flow Sensor as Basic Components for a Microdosing System

by Martin Seidl and Gabriele Schrag

Micromachines 2024, 15(12), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15121404 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Despite major advances in the field of actuator technology for microsystems, miniaturized microfluidic actuation systems for mobile devices are still not common in the market. We present a micropump concept and an associated mass flow sensor design, which, in combination, have the potential [...] Read more.

Despite major advances in the field of actuator technology for microsystems, miniaturized microfluidic actuation systems for mobile devices are still not common in the market. We present a micropump concept and an associated mass flow sensor design, which, in combination, have the potential to form the basis for an integrated microfluidic development platform for microfluidic systems in general and microdosing systems in particular. The micropump combines the use of active valves with an electrostatic drive principle for the pump membrane and the valves, respectively. With a size of only 1.86 mm × 1.86 mm × 0.3 mm, the first prototypes are capable of pumping gaseous media at flow rates of up to 110 μL/min. A specific feature of the presented micropump is that the pumping direction is perpendicular to the chip surface. The corresponding flow sensor combines the principle of hot-wire anemometry with a very small footprint of only 1.4 mm × 1.4 mm × 0.4 mm. The main innovation is that the hot wires are fixed inside a through-hole in the substrate of the microchip, so that the flow direction of the fluid to be measured is perpendicular to the chip surface, which enables direct integration with the presented micropump. Detection thresholds of around 10 μL/min and measuring ranges of up to 20 mL/min can be achieved with the first prototypes, without dedicated evaluation electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 5th International Conference on Microfluidic Handling Systems (MFHS2024))

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6 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Relationship Between Plasma Acid Sphingomyelinase and Alteration in Taste and Smell as Indicator of Long COVID in Pregnant Women

by Federico Fiorani, Giulia Moretti, Laura Cerquiglini, Chiara Gizzi, Giulia Gizzi, Paola Signorelli, Samuela Cataldi, Tommaso Beccari, Elisa Delvecchio, Claudia Mazzeschi, Stefania Troiani and Elisabetta Albi

Reports 2024, 7(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7040104 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Persistent alterations in taste and smell affect a significant proportion of individuals following COVID-19, representing a component of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, commonly referred to as long COVID. The degradation of sphingomyelin by acid sphingomyelinase is regarded as a biomarker for acquired demyelinating [...] Read more.

Background: Persistent alterations in taste and smell affect a significant proportion of individuals following COVID-19, representing a component of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, commonly referred to as long COVID. The degradation of sphingomyelin by acid sphingomyelinase is regarded as a biomarker for acquired demyelinating neuropathies. Objectives: This study was aimed to enroll women who contracted COVID-19 during pregnancy and experienced persistent alterations in taste and/or smell for more than 1 year post-infection, in comparison to pregnant women without any disturbances in these senses. Methods: The patients were subjected to a questionnaire investigating smell and taste disorders more than 1 year after the infection. Then, the levels of acid sphingomyelinase in the plasma of the participants were assessed. Results: The results showed that in women who had been pregnant and who had been infected with SARS Cov-2 during the COVID period and who still had taste and smell disorders 1 year later, plasma acid sphingomyelinase levels were double that of pregnant women who had contracted the infection during the COVID period but had not reported taste and smell disorders and that of pregnant women analyzed after the COVID period. Conclusions: The results suggest a hypothesis that the persistence of sensory disturbances in long COVID was probably due to a failure to utilize brain circuitry with demyelination resulting from chemosensory dysfunction of the olfactory epithelium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics/Gynaecology)

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18 pages, 7279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Waste Sorting for Sustainability: An AI-Powered Robotic Solution for Beverage Container Recycling

by Tianhao Cheng, Daiki Kojima, Hao Hu, Hiroshi Onoda and Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10155; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310155 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

With Japan facing workforce shortages and the need for enhanced recycling systems due to an aging population and increasing environmental challenges, automation in recycling facilities has become a key component for advancing sustainability goals. This study presents the development of an automated sorting [...] Read more.

With Japan facing workforce shortages and the need for enhanced recycling systems due to an aging population and increasing environmental challenges, automation in recycling facilities has become a key component for advancing sustainability goals. This study presents the development of an automated sorting robot to replace manual processes in beverage container recycling, aiming to address environmental, social, and economic sustainability by optimizing resource efficiency and reducing labor demands. Using artificial intelligence (AI) for image recognition and high-speed suction-based grippers, the robot effectively sorts various container types, including PET bottles and clear and colored glass bottles, demonstrating a pathway toward more sustainable waste management practices. The findings indicate that stabilizing items on the sorting line may enhance acquisition success, although clear container detection remains an AI challenge. This research supports the United Nation’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by advancing recycling technology to improve waste processing efficiency, thus contributing to reduced pollution, resource conservation, and a sustainable recycling infrastructure. Further development of gripper designs to handle deformed or liquid-containing containers is required to enhance the system’s overall sustainability impact in the recycling sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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11 pages, 3867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Nb Content on Structure and Functional Properties of Novel Multicomponent Nb–Ni–Ti–Zr–Co Alloy for Hydrogen Separation Membrane Application

by Egor B. Kashkarov, Leonid A. Svyatkin, Kirill S. Gusev, Sergey S. Ognev, Maksim Koptsev, Daria V. Terenteva, Tatyana L. Murashkina and Andrey M. Lider

Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 929-939; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040049 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Novel multicomponent Nb–Ni–Ti–Zr–Co alloys with 20–55 at.% Nb were synthesized from metal powders by arc melting. The resulting alloys consist primarily of Nb-rich and eutectic body-centered (BCC) phases. The content of the eutectic BCC phase is highest for an equimolar composition, while the [...] Read more.

Novel multicomponent Nb–Ni–Ti–Zr–Co alloys with 20–55 at.% Nb were synthesized from metal powders by arc melting. The resulting alloys consist primarily of Nb-rich and eutectic body-centered (BCC) phases. The content of the eutectic BCC phase is highest for an equimolar composition, while the content of the Nb-rich BCC phase increases with Nb content in the alloy. The content of secondary phases is the highest for the alloy with 32 at.% Nb. According to ab initio calculations, hydrogen occupies tetrahedral interstitial sites in the Nb-rich phase and octahedral sites in the eutectic BCC phase. For different Nb concentrations, hydrogen-binding energies were calculated. An increase in the Nb-rich phase leads to softening of multicomponent alloys. The alloys with 20 and 32 at.% Nb demonstrate high hydrogen permeability (1.05 and 0.96 × 10⁻⁸ molH₂m⁻¹s⁻¹Pa^−0.5, respectively) at 400 °C, making them promising for hydrogen purification membrane application. Multicomponent alloys with a high Nb content (55 at.%) have low resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydrogen Technologies: Production, Storage and Utilization)

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13 pages, 3609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Neutron Transfer in the Reaction ³He + ⁹Be

by Aidos K. Azhibekov, Englik K. Almanbetova, Mikhail A. Naumenko, Kairat O. Mendibayev, Sergey M. Lukyanov, Talgat G. Issatayev, Bakhytzhan A. Urazbekov, Asset M. Kabyshev, Kuralay Dyussebayeva and Timur K. Zholdybayev

Physics 2024, 6(4), 1281-1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics6040079 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

The paper presents the results of experiments on measuring cross-sections for the neutron transfer channels ⁹Be(³He, α)⁸Be_gs,3.03 in the reaction of the ³He (30 MeV) ions with the ⁹Be target. To describe the angular distributions, [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of experiments on measuring cross-sections for the neutron transfer channels ⁹Be(³He, α)⁸Be_gs,3.03 in the reaction of the ³He (30 MeV) ions with the ⁹Be target. To describe the angular distributions, we use the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) applying the FRESCO code. The results of the theoretical analysis are in agreement with the experimental data. In addition, we perform calculations based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for the weakly bound neutron of the ⁹Be nucleus. The TDSE approach allows us to determine the dynamics of the neutron transfer process and calculate the probabilities for the transfer and removal of the neutron of the ⁹Be nucleus in the ³He + ⁹Be reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atomic Physics)

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5 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Calcium, Vitamin D, and Aging in Humans

by Ligia J. Dominguez and Stefano Gonnelli

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3974; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233974 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

There is currently a growing awareness that nutritional factors have major impacts on the risk of age-associated chronic non-communicable diseases and mortality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

19 pages, 4573 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Test Stimulus Compression Methods for Ultra-Large-Scale Integrated Circuits

by Liang Zhou, Daming Yang, Lei Chen, Wei Zhuang, Shiyuan Zhang and Yuanyuan Xiong

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10769; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310769 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

With the development of system-on-chip (SoC) and chiplet technology in the post-Moore era, an increasing number of chiplets are being integrated into a single chip. Consequently, the functions and complexity that can be realized are growing daily. Simultaneously, the volume of test data [...] Read more.

With the development of system-on-chip (SoC) and chiplet technology in the post-Moore era, an increasing number of chiplets are being integrated into a single chip. Consequently, the functions and complexity that can be realized are growing daily. Simultaneously, the volume of test data required for ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (ULSIs) has risen significantly. However, traditional automatic test equipment (ATE) is constrained by its data storage and bandwidth limitations, and its long technology iteration cycle. These cannot keep pace with the rapid development of design technology. This discrepancy leads to challenges in ULSI testing, such as excessively long test time and difficulties in completing the tests. Test compression technology can effectively address these issues by reducing the performance requirements of the test equipment, which in turn can lower test costs. This paper summarizes the classifications of chip test compression technology and, based on their current development, provides a detailed analysis of key technologies. It includes test compression-oriented coding methods, optimization of scan chain structures, and enhancements in coding for compression efficiency. Finally, a forward-looking perspective on the development of chip test compression technology is presented. The aim is to offer a reference for subsequent research in this field and related areas, as well as to provide technical support for the advancement of ULSI testing in the post-Moore era. Full article

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9 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Role of Viral Pathogens in Horse Respiratory Diseases: A Cytological and Molecular Approach Using Next-Generation Sequencing

by Maurizio Mazzei, Benedetta Sorvillo, Micaela Sgorbini, Francesca Bindi, Alice Perelli and Fulvio Laus

Animals 2024, 14(23), 3347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233347 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Respiratory problems may be associated with pathogens among which viruses may play an important role in causing or promoting clinical signs. However, traditional diagnostic methods for equine infectious diseases, such as PCR, are limited to known pathogens and often miss rare [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Respiratory problems may be associated with pathogens among which viruses may play an important role in causing or promoting clinical signs. However, traditional diagnostic methods for equine infectious diseases, such as PCR, are limited to known pathogens and often miss rare or novel viruses. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a transformative method that allows the sequencing of all genomes present in a sample. Recent studies have used next-generation sequences to identify viral sequences in horses with unexplained respiratory symptoms, revealing potential links between viruses and respiratory problems. The aim of the study was to verify a relationship between respiratory diseases and the presence of viral agents through molecular analyses, applied to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from horses with history or presence of clinical signs of respiratory diseases. (2) Methods: A cohort of 14 horses was enrolled. All the subjects were submitted to a clinical assessment of the respiratory tract, thoracic ultrasound evaluation, respiratory tract endoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage. The latter one was used for cytological analysis, DNA and RNA extraction, and molecular biology analysis. (3) Results: No positive results were obtained in the molecular studies except for a sequence of 753 bp obtained by next-generation sequences, with complete homology to Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 strains. The samples were taken from a thoroughbred female horse aged 2 years old and referred for poor performance and sporadic cough at the beginning of the training session. (4) Conclusions: viral involvement may be not common in horses with respiratory diseases. We cannot exclude that the lack of virus detection may be due to the small sample size of the population included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

14 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Determination of Nitrogen Fixed by Soybean and Its Uptake by Winter Wheat as Aftercrops Within Sustainable Agricultural Systems

by Karolina Ratajczak, Marcin Becher, Stanisław Kalembasa, Agnieszka Faligowska, Dorota Kalembasa, Barbara Symanowicz, Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Grażyna Szymańska and Hanna Sulewska

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10153; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310153 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

The future of agricultural production involves sustainable production systems with a balance between nutrients in soil–plant systems. These production systems are based on limiting the use of mineral fertilizers while introducing natural sources that increase soil fertility. The best example of such a [...] Read more.

The future of agricultural production involves sustainable production systems with a balance between nutrients in soil–plant systems. These production systems are based on limiting the use of mineral fertilizers while introducing natural sources that increase soil fertility. The best example of such a system is plant rotation, including legumes as a forecrop for cereal plants. For this reason, the goal of the present study was to determine the possibility of obtaining nitrogen from the air using ¹⁵N isotopes and to determine the quantity of nitrogen biologically fixed and taken up by winter wheat cultivated as a succeeding plant. In field experiments, we investigated the cycle of nitrogen fixed by legume plants in rotation under sustainable conditions, as follows: soybean–winter wheat–winter wheat. After soybean seedling emergence, a mineral fertilizer (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ containing 20.1 at% ¹⁵N (a dose of 30 kg∙ha⁻¹) was applied, with summer wheat as a reference plant. The yield of soybean reached 2.48 t∙ha⁻¹ for seeds and 8.73 t∙ha⁻¹ for crop residue (CR), providing a total yield of 11.21 t∙ha⁻¹. The total biomass of soybean contained 149.1 kg∙ha⁻¹ of total nitrogen, with 108.1 kg∙ha⁻¹ in the seeds and 41.0 kg∙ha⁻¹ in the residue, of which 34.0 kg∙ha⁻¹ in the seeds and 11.4 kg∙ha⁻¹ in the residue was biologically fixed. CR was ploughed into the soil. Plots with winter wheat cultivated after soybean (2017) were divided into two sub-plots for the application of 0 and 100 kg∙ha⁻¹ of mineral N. The scheme was repeated in 2018. Overall, winter wheat cultivated for two subsequent years took up 8.12 kg∙ha⁻¹ of the total nitrogen from the CR from the control sub-plot and 15.51 kg∙ha⁻¹ from the fertilized sub-plot, of which 2.61 and 2.98 kg∙ha⁻¹ was biologically fixed by soybean plants, respectively. The dose of fertilizer contained 5.920 kg∙ha⁻¹ of ¹⁵N, of which 3.024 kg∙ha⁻¹ was accumulated in soybean. In wheat cultivated as the first subsequent crop, the accumulation of ¹⁵N was as follows: 0 kg N (control)—0.088 kg∙ha⁻¹; 100 kg N—0.158 kg∙ha⁻¹. Meanwhile, in winter wheat cultivated as the second aftercrop, 0.052 and 0.163 kg∙ha⁻¹ of ¹⁵N was accumulated, respectively. This study demonstrates that biological nitrogen fixation in soybeans is an underappreciated solution for enhancing crop productivity within sustainable agricultural systems. It holds significant implications for planning rational fertilizer management, reducing the application of chemical fertilizers, and improving nitrogen use efficiency within crop rotation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Assessment of Agricultural Cropping Systems)

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3 pages, 144 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Chronic Complications of Diabetes: Prevalence, Prevention, and Management

by Ilias N. Migdalis

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7001; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237001 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

The prevalence of diabetes, especially of type 2 diabetes (T2D), is increasing globally, driven mainly by behavioral and societal factors, related to obesity, nutrition, and physical activity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Complications of Diabetes: Prevalence, Prevention and Management)

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