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1593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of Chikanda Orchids to Rural Livelihoods: Insights from Mwinilunga District of Northwestern Zambia

by Jane Musole Kwenye, Gillian Kabwe, Peter Mulenga and Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice Dalu

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6131; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136131 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Studies examining the role of chikanda orchids in bolstering rural livelihoods coupled with the associated socio-economic intricacies remain absent, especially in African settings. This study examined the contribution of chikanda orchids in supporting rural livelihoods, taking into account socio-economic influences through a case [...] Read more.

Studies examining the role of chikanda orchids in bolstering rural livelihoods coupled with the associated socio-economic intricacies remain absent, especially in African settings. This study examined the contribution of chikanda orchids in supporting rural livelihoods, taking into account socio-economic influences through a case study of the Mwinilunga District of northwestern Zambia. The study employed a mixed methods approach using 303 semi-structured questionnaires, complemented by three focus group discussions and nine in-depth interviews. Study findings showed that revenue generated from chikanda orchid sales supported rural livelihoods and served a crucial function in addressing food scarcity challenges. Income derived from chikanda orchid sales accounted for 30.8% of total household income and exhibited an income equalization effect of 8% among households. Participation in harvesting chikanda orchids exhibited a significant correlation with gender (χ² = 6; p < 0.05) and marital status (χ² = 8; p < 0.05). This study showed the significance of chikanda orchids in supporting livelihoods, including socio-economic influences, particularly for poorer households that exhibit vulnerability to food deficits. Consequently, the need to develop effective chikanda orchid management strategies that are locally tailored and acknowledge the socio-economic intricacies associated with the chikanda orchids trade is fundamental. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Rural Areas and Agriculture under Uncertainties)

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Open AccessReview

The Role of Non-HDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review

by Vasiliki Katsi, Nikolaos Argyriou, Christos Fragoulis and Konstantinos Tsioufis

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(7), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070256 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, even in the era of aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. This persistent residual risk has prompted a reevaluation of atherogenic lipid markers, with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein [...] Read more.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, even in the era of aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. This persistent residual risk has prompted a reevaluation of atherogenic lipid markers, with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) emerging as superior indicators of the total atherogenic particle burden. Unlike LDL-C, non-HDL-C includes cholesterol from all atherogenic lipoproteins, while Apo B reflects the total number of atherogenic particles regardless of cholesterol content. Their clinical relevance is underscored in populations with diabetes, obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia, where LDL-C may not adequately reflect cardiovascular risk. This review explores the biological, clinical, and genetic foundations of non-HDL-C and Apo B as critical tools for risk stratification and therapeutic targeting. It highlights discordance analysis, inflammatory mechanisms in atherogenesis, the influence of metabolic syndromes, and their utility in specific populations, including those with chronic kidney disease and children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, the role of lipoprotein (a), glycation in diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia are examined as contributors to residual risk. Clinical trials and genetic studies support Apo B and non-HDL-C as more robust predictors of cardiovascular events than LDL-C. Current guidelines increasingly endorse these markers as secondary or even preferred targets in complex lipid disorders. The incorporation of Apo B and non-HDL-C into routine clinical practice, especially for patients with residual risk, represents a paradigm shift toward personalized cardiovascular prevention. The review concludes with recommendations for guideline integration, emerging therapies, and future directions in biomarker-driven cardiovascular risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Lipids and Lipoproteins on Atherosclerosis)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Spatial Working Memory, Body Weight, and Food Intake in Male and Female Rats

by Cyrilla Wideman, Alexandria Iemma, Olivia Janolo, Anastasiya Kalinina and Helen Murphy

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132218 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate supplementation has gained popularity in the fitness industry due to its ability to enhance athletic performance and has sparked curiosity about other possible effects of the supplement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate supplementation has gained popularity in the fitness industry due to its ability to enhance athletic performance and has sparked curiosity about other possible effects of the supplement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on spatial working memory, body weight, and food intake in male and female rats. Methods: Experimental rats, six male and six female, were administered creatine while six male and six female rats served as controls. The Morris water maze (MWM) was employed to assess spatial working memory. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. Results: Neither male control nor experimental animals demonstrated positive working memory upon initial exposure (week 1) to the MWM, whereas the initial exposure of female control and experimental animals resulted in positive working memory. By week 2 of the experimental period, all animals in both the control and experimental groups showed significant working memory with no significant differences among the groups. These effects were unrelated to creatine supplementation. Gender-specific differences were found for body weight, with higher weight gain observed in male rats compared to female rats. Weight gain was not directly influenced by creatine supplementation; however, food intake was lower in the experimental male rats receiving the supplement as compared to the control rats. No difference was observed in female rats. Conclusions: Because of the popularity of creatine, further research about the effects of this supplement on different mechanisms in the body influencing cognitive processing and appetitive behavior is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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Open AccessArticle

What Is the Effect of Attributing Disordered Eating Behaviours to Food Addiction Versus Binge Eating Disorder? An Experimental Study Comparing the Impact on Weight-Based and Mental Illness Stigma

by Megan G. Molnar, Lindsey A. Snaychuk and Stephanie E. Cassin

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132217 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food addiction (FA) and binge eating disorder share many overlapping features. Many individuals with binge eating disorder experience stigma; however, less is known about the stigma associated with food addiction. The current study examined the weight-based stigma and mental illness stigma associated [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food addiction (FA) and binge eating disorder share many overlapping features. Many individuals with binge eating disorder experience stigma; however, less is known about the stigma associated with food addiction. The current study examined the weight-based stigma and mental illness stigma associated with attributing disordered eating behaviours to an FA diagnosis or binge eating disorder diagnosis. Methods: Undergraduate students (N = 177) were randomly assigned to read one of three vignettes (FA, binge eating disorder, or control), all of which described a character experiencing the overlapping features of FA and binge eating disorder; the vignettes differed only regarding the diagnosis to which the eating behaviours were attributed. Participants then completed questionnaires assessing their attitudes towards mental illness and obesity followed by questionnaires assessing their own eating behaviours. Results: There were no significant between-group differences in mental illness stigma or weight-based stigma. Significant differences in stigma were found based on the perceived gender of the vignette character and participants’ own FA and binge eating disorder symptoms. Conclusions: Stigma may not differ based on the diagnosis ascribed to addictive-like eating behaviours. Women may be more stigmatized for addictive-like eating behaviours, and individuals who experience addictive-like eating may be more stigmatizing towards others with these behaviours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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Open AccessArticle

Private Brand Product on Online Retailing Platforms: Pricing and Quality Management

by Xinyu Wang, Luping Zhang, Yue Qin and Yinsu Wang

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030170 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

In recent years, online retailing platforms (ORPs) have increasingly introduced private brand (PB) products as a new profit source, reshaping market dynamics and affecting their commission revenues. This shift creates a strategic trade-off for the platform: maximizing PB product profits while maintaining commission [...] Read more.

In recent years, online retailing platforms (ORPs) have increasingly introduced private brand (PB) products as a new profit source, reshaping market dynamics and affecting their commission revenues. This shift creates a strategic trade-off for the platform: maximizing PB product profits while maintaining commission income from national brand (NB) retailers. This paper examines the platform’s pricing and quality strategies for PB products, as well as its incentives to introduce them. We develop a game-theoretic model featuring a platform and a retailer, and derive results through equilibrium analysis and comparative statics. Special attention is given to the platform’s strategy when market power is asymmetric and the PB product is homogeneous. The analysis yields three key findings. Firstly, the platform is always incentivized to introduce a PB product, regardless of its brand value. Even when direct profit is limited, the platform can leverage the PB product to increase competitive pressure on the retailer and boost commission revenue. Secondly, when the PB product has low brand value, the platform adopts a cost-saving strategy with low quality for extremely low brand value, and a function-enhancing strategy with high quality for moderately low brand value. Thirdly, when the PB product has high brand value, the platform consistently prefers a function-enhancing strategy. This study contributes to the literature by systematically characterizing the platform’s strategic trade-offs in introducing PB products, highlighting its varied pricing and quality strategies across categories, and revealing the critical role of brand value in supply chain competition. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Approach to Shopping Mall Redevelopment: A Model for Service Life Design

by Jasmina Tamburić, Vladan Nikolić, Dragoslav Stojić and Olivera Nikolić

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7509; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137509 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the enhancement of condition and the extension of service life in architectural structures of shopping malls through the application of a hybrid methodological framework that integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Service Life Planning (SLP). Thisresearch identifies key parameters related [...] Read more.

This study investigates the enhancement of condition and the extension of service life in architectural structures of shopping malls through the application of a hybrid methodological framework that integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Service Life Planning (SLP). Thisresearch identifies key parameters related to physical performance, sustainability indicators, and functional characteristics of architectural systems that are subject to deterioration and shifting market conditions during the operational phase. The methodology encompasses a theoretical synthesis of LCA/SLP principles and advances in modeling for both the integrated design of new facilities and the monitoring and renewal of existing ones—from data collection and early-stage planning, through construction, use, and maintenance, to end-of-life phases. A second component of the model focuses on quantitative assessment and condition forecasting, based on Markov chain modeling, applied to the case study of the “Deva 1” shopping mall in Serbia. The results demonstrate the model’s ability to correlate physical condition indices with predictive service life scenarios.This study further contributes by integrating time-dependent impact categories, usage profiles, and planning parameters into a unified evaluation matrix, which can be applied to the development and improvement of systems aimed at enhancing the structural, functional, esthetic, and indirectly economic value of shopping mall buildings throughout their entire life cycle—from an architectural perspective. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Dual Signal Enhancement by Magnetic Separation and Split Aptamer for Ultrasensitive T-2 Toxin Detection

by Ziyi Yan, Ping Zhu, Chaoyi Zhou, Dezhao Kong and Hua Ye

Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132853 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

T-2 toxin, a type A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, is widely present in cereals and their processed products, posing a significant contaminant in food safety. To address the food safety challenges caused by this toxin, we established a dual signal enhancement [...] Read more.

T-2 toxin, a type A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, is widely present in cereals and their processed products, posing a significant contaminant in food safety. To address the food safety challenges caused by this toxin, we established a dual signal enhancement by magnetic separation and split aptamer for ultrasensitive T-2 toxin detection. In this method, the introduction of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) enhanced signal and increased sensitivity by reducing background interference. The shortened split aptamer reduces non-specific binding to MGO via decreased steric hindrance, thereby facilitating rapid target-induced dissociation and signal generation. A FAM fluorophore-labeled split aptamer probe FAM-SpA1-1 was quenched by MGO. While the fluorescence intensity remained nearly unchanged when the unlabeled split aptamer probe SpA1-2 was introduced alone, a significant fluorescence recovery was observed upon simultaneous addition of SpA1-2 and T-2 toxin. This recovery resulted from the cooperative binding of SpA1-1 and SpA1-2 to T-2 toxin, which distanced the FAM-SpA1-1 probe from MGO. Therefore, the proposed biosensor demonstrated excellent stability, reproducibility, and specificity, with a linear response range of 10–500 pM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.83 pM. Satisfactory recovery rates were achieved in spiked wheat (86.0–114.2%) and beer (112.0–129.6%) samples, highlighting the biosensor’s potential for practical applications in real-sample detection. This study establishes the T-2 toxin split aptamer and demonstrates a novel dual-signal enhancement paradigm that pushes the sensitivity frontier of aptamer-based mycotoxin sensors. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

The First- and Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodologies for Neural Integro-Differential Equations of Volterra Type: Mathematical Framework and Illustrative Application to a Nonlinear Heat Conduction Model

by Dan Gabriel Cacuci

J. Nucl. Eng. 2025, 6(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jne6030024 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This work presents the mathematical frameworks of the “First-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Integro-Differential Equations of Volterra-Type” (1st-FASAM-NIDE-V) and the “Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Integro-Differential Equations of Volterra-Type” (2nd-FASAM-NIDE-V). It is shown that the 1st-FASAM-NIDE-V methodology [...] Read more.

This work presents the mathematical frameworks of the “First-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Integro-Differential Equations of Volterra-Type” (1st-FASAM-NIDE-V) and the “Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Integro-Differential Equations of Volterra-Type” (2nd-FASAM-NIDE-V). It is shown that the 1st-FASAM-NIDE-V methodology enables the efficient computation of exactly-determined first-order sensitivities of the decoder response with respect to the optimized NIDE-V parameters, requiring a single “large-scale” computation for solving the 1st-Level Adjoint Sensitivity System (1st-LASS), regardless of the number of weights/parameters underlying the NIE-net. The 2nd-FASAM-NIDE-V methodology enables the computation, with unparalleled efficiency, of the second-order sensitivities of decoder responses with respect to the optimized/trained weights involved in the NIDE-V’s decoder, hidden layers, and encoder, requiring only as many “large-scale” computations as there are non-zero first-order sensitivities with respect to the feature functions. These characteristics of the 1st-FASAM-NIDE-V and 2nd-FASAM-NIDE-V are illustrated by considering a nonlinear heat conduction model that admits analytical solutions, enabling the exact verification of the expressions obtained for the first- and second-order sensitivities of NIDE-V decoder responses with respect to the model’s functions of parameters (weights) that characterize the heat conduction model. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Eutectic Mixtures Based on Oleic Acid and Pulsed Electric Fields: A Strategy for the Extraction of Astaxanthin from Dry Biomass of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

by Javier Marañés, Alejandro Berzosa, Fernando Bergua, Javier Marín-Sánchez, Javier Raso and Manuela Artal

Foods 2025, 14(13), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132371 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

The use of astaxanthin (AST) is expanding from its origins as a food coloring to health-related applications. This paper evaluates the efficiency of its extraction from dried Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using two combined and consecutive techniques. First, cell membrane permeation is achieved with the [...] Read more.

The use of astaxanthin (AST) is expanding from its origins as a food coloring to health-related applications. This paper evaluates the efficiency of its extraction from dried Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using two combined and consecutive techniques. First, cell membrane permeation is achieved with the application of pulsed electric fields (PEFs). Solid–liquid extraction is then performed with hydrophobic eutectic solvents (hESs) prepared by mixing components of essential oils (linalool, l-menthol, eugenol, geraniol, cinnamyl alcohol, or thymol) and oleic acid. The hESs were characterized by measuring of several thermophysical properties at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. An initial screening was performed to choose the best solvent and the extraction conditions (composition, extraction time, and temperature) were evaluated using the response surface methodology. The results showed the importance of the electroporation as a preliminary step to the extraction. The more hydrophobic and less compact the hES, the more effective the solvent. Thus, the equimolar mixture of l-menthol and oleic acid achieved an efficiency of 77% for untreated biomass, 83% for that treated with PEF, and 92% for that treated with PEF and later incubated. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the importance of the hydrophobic interactions between AST and the components of the best solvent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pigments as Bioactive Compounds in Foods: Their Chemistry, Extraction, Bioactivity, and Applications)

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Open AccessArticle

Integrated mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveals Layer-Specific Mechanisms of Antler Yield Variation in Sika Deer

by Derui Zhao, Zhen Zhang, Qianghui Wang and Heping Li

Animals 2025, 15(13), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131964 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Antlers exhibit exceptionally rapid growth, representing a rare biological phenomenon among mammals. In addition to their scientific significance, antlers are widely used in traditional medicine, and their yield directly impacts the economic efficiency of the deer farming industry. However, antler yield varies substantially [...] Read more.

Antlers exhibit exceptionally rapid growth, representing a rare biological phenomenon among mammals. In addition to their scientific significance, antlers are widely used in traditional medicine, and their yield directly impacts the economic efficiency of the deer farming industry. However, antler yield varies substantially among individuals, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this variation remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the transcriptomic and post-transcriptional mechanisms underlying antler yield variation by comparing gene and miRNA expression profiles across four distinct antler tissue layers—dermis (D), reserve mesenchyme (RM), pre-cartilage (PC), and cartilage (C)—in sika deer with different yields. RNA-seq and miRNA-seq were performed, followed by differential expression, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment, and miRNA–mRNA co-expression network analyses. Our results reveal layer-specific expression patterns and key regulatory genes and miRNAs associated with proliferation, chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and mineralization. In particular, genes such as FBP2, TPT1, TFRC, ZEB1, and PHOSPHO1 were upregulated in high-yield deer across specific tissue layers, while NFATC2 was downregulated in these high-yield deer. Additionally, miRNAs such as miR-140, miR-296-3p, and let-7e exhibited layer-specific expression patterns linked to growth and differentiation. Our miRNA–mRNA regulatory network analysis highlighted significant interactions, particularly miR-296-3p–PHOSPHO1 and miR-296-3p–FBP2, as key regulators of antler growth. Enrichment of PI3K-Akt and TGF-β signaling pathways further suggests their involvement in promoting chondrogenesis and ossification. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of antler growth and yield, which may inform future strategies for selective breeding in deer farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcriptomics in Livestock: Unveiling Genetic Insights for Enhanced Productivity and Health)

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Open AccessArticle

Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin-Induced Trained Immunity in Macrophages: Implications for Antimycobacterial Defense

by Yongqiang Li, Xiuping Jia, Jinhua Tang, Huilian Qiao, Jiani Zhou and Yueyun Ma

Biomolecules 2025, 15(7), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15070959 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health threat, with the current Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine having limited efficacy against adult pulmonary disease. Trained immunity (TI) is a form of innate immune memory that enhances antimicrobial defense. It is characterized by the epigenetic and [...] Read more.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health threat, with the current Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine having limited efficacy against adult pulmonary disease. Trained immunity (TI) is a form of innate immune memory that enhances antimicrobial defense. It is characterized by the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells and holds promise as a promising approach to prevent TB. In this study, we investigated the capacity of heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), a methylated antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to induce TI in murine RAW264.7 macrophages, human-derived THP-1 macrophages, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). HBHA-trained macrophages exhibited the enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) following secondary lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The epigenetic profiling indicated elevated levels of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 histone marks at cytokine gene loci. Further, metabolic analysis revealed heightened lactate production and the increased expression of glycolytic enzymes. Functionally, HBHA-trained macrophages exhibited improved control of intracellular mycobacteria, as evidenced by a significant reduction in colony-forming units following BCG infection. These findings elucidate that HBHA induces a functional TI phenotype via coordinated epigenetic and metabolic changes, and suggest HBHA may serve as a valuable tool for studying TI and its relevance to host defense against mycobacterial infections, pending further in vivo and clinical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates)

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Open AccessArticle

Compare the Decrease in Visceral Adipose Tissue in People with Obesity and Prediabetes vs. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Liraglutide

by Rosa Nayely Hernández-Flandes, María de los Ángeles Tapia-González, Liliana Hernández-Lara, Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán, Ángel Morales-González, Liliana Aguiano-Robledo and José A. Morales-González

Diabetology 2025, 6(7), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6070067 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Obesity is considered a global pandemic. In Mexico, 7/10 adults, 4/10 adolescents, and 1/3 children are overweight or obese, and it is estimated that 90% of cases of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are attributable to these pathologies. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) presents increased [...] Read more.

Obesity is considered a global pandemic. In Mexico, 7/10 adults, 4/10 adolescents, and 1/3 children are overweight or obese, and it is estimated that 90% of cases of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are attributable to these pathologies. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) presents increased lipolysis, lower insulin sensitivity, and greater metabolic alterations. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a polypeptide incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion dependent on the amount of oral glucose consumed, reduces plasma glucagon concentrations, slows gastric emptying, suppresses appetite, improves insulin synthesis and secretion, and increases the sensitivity of β cells to glucose. Liraglutide is a synthetic GLP-1 analog that reduces VAT and improves the expression of Glucose transporter receptor type 4 (GLUT 4R), Mitogen-activated protein (MAP kinases), decreases Fibroblast growth factor type β (TGF-β), reactivates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type ɣ (PPAR-ɣ) pathway, and decreases chronic inflammation. Currently, there are many studies that explain the decrease in VAT with these medications, but there are no studies that compare the decrease in patients with obesity and prediabetes vs. obesity and type 2 diabetes to know which population obtains a greater benefit from treatment with this pharmacological group; this is the reason for this study. The primary objective was to compare the difference in the determination of visceral adipose tissue in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes vs. obesity and prediabetes treated with liraglutide. Methods: A quasi-experimental, analytical, prolective, non-randomized, non-blinded study was conducted over a period of 6 months in a tertiary care center. A total of 36 participants were divided into two arms; group 1 (G1: Obesity and prediabetes) and group 2 (G2: Obesity and type 2 diabetes) for 6 months. Inclusion criteria: men and women ≥18 years with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and obesity. Exclusion criteria: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² elevated transaminases (>5 times the upper limit of normal), and use of non-weight-modifying antidiabetic agents. Conclusions: No statistically significant difference was found in the decrease in visceral adipose tissue when comparing G1 (OB and PD) with G2 (OB and T2D). When comparing intragroup in G2 (OB and T2D), greater weight loss was found [(−3.78 kg; p = 0.012) vs. (−3.78 kg; p = 0.012)], as well differences in waist circumference [(−3.9 cm; p = 0.049) vs. (−3.09 cm; p = 0.017)], and glucose levels [(−1.75 mmol/L; p = 0.002) vs. (−0.56 mmol/L; p = 0.002)], A1c% [(−1.15%; p = 0.001) vs. (−0.5%; p = 0.000)]. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Vaccination Reduces Fecal Shedding and Improves Carcass Quality in Pigs with Subclinical Lawsonia intracellularis Infections

by Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán, Hanny Swam, Stephan von Berg and Amy Elizabeth Taylor

Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070728 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lawsonia intracellularis is a bacterium that causes Proliferative Enteropathy, an enteric infection characterized mainly by diarrhea and growth retardation, leading to important economic losses. Acute and chronic infections are easily diagnosed, and their control by vaccination has been proven efficacious. However, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lawsonia intracellularis is a bacterium that causes Proliferative Enteropathy, an enteric infection characterized mainly by diarrhea and growth retardation, leading to important economic losses. Acute and chronic infections are easily diagnosed, and their control by vaccination has been proven efficacious. However, subclinical infections, despite being very prevalent, often remain underdiagnosed and uncontrolled in practice. Scarce research is available on the control of subclinical infections by vaccination, and the benefit in these scenarios remains to be elucidated. Two field trials were carried out to (1) determine the association between the growth and fecal shedding of L. intracellularis in unvaccinated and intramuscularly vaccinated pigs in a farm with subclinical infection and (2) assess the impact of intradermal vaccination against L. intracellularis on clinical performance and carcass quality in a herd with subclinical infection. Methods: A pig herd with subclinical infection was selected. Pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly (study 1) or intradermally (study 2) at weaning. Fecal shedding, performance, clinical parameters, and carcass quality were investigated. Results: Growth was negatively associated with the fecal load of L. intracellularis in non-vaccinated pigs, whereas in vaccinated pigs, growth performance was not impacted by fecal load (study 1). Vaccinated pigs presented a significantly lower fecal load, lower prevalence of tail biting (31.7%) compared with controls (54.2%), less back fat, and a greater Lean Meat percentage (study 2). Conclusions: Vaccination against L. intracellularis in a herd with subclinical infection and low fecal bacterial shedding led to a reduction in fecal shedding, a lower prevalence of tail biting, and an improvement in carcass quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Vaccines and Vaccination)

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Open AccessArticle

G-CTRNN: A Trainable Low-Power Continuous-Time Neural Network for Human Activity Recognition in Healthcare Applications

by Abdallah Alzubi, David Lin, Johan Reimann and Fadi Alsaleem

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7508; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137508 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Continuous-time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) are well-suited for modeling temporal dynamics in low-power neuromorphic and analog computing systems, making them promising candidates for edge-based human activity recognition (HAR) in healthcare. However, training CTRNNs remains challenging due to their continuous-time nature and the need [...] Read more.

Continuous-time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) are well-suited for modeling temporal dynamics in low-power neuromorphic and analog computing systems, making them promising candidates for edge-based human activity recognition (HAR) in healthcare. However, training CTRNNs remains challenging due to their continuous-time nature and the need to respect physical hardware constraints. In this work, we propose G-CTRNN, a novel gradient-based training framework for analog-friendly CTRNNs designed for embedded healthcare applications. Our method extends Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) to continuous domains using TensorFlow’s automatic differentiation, while enforcing constraints on time constants and synaptic weights to ensure hardware compatibility. We validate G-CTRNN on the WISDM human activity dataset, which simulates realistic wearable sensor data for healthcare monitoring. Compared to conventional RNNs, G-CTRNN achieves superior classification accuracy with fewer parameters and greater stability—enabling continuous, real-time HAR on low-power platforms such as MEMS computing networks. The proposed framework provides a pathway toward on-device AI for remote patient monitoring, elderly care, and personalized healthcare in resource-constrained environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Activity Recognition (HAR) in Healthcare, 3rd Edition)

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Open AccessArticle

Emotional Intelligence in Gen Z Teaching Undergraduates: The Impact of Physical Activity and Biopsychosocial Factors

by Daniel Sanz-Martín, Rafael Francisco Caracuel-Cáliz, José Manuel Alonso-Vargas and Irwin A. Ramírez-Granizo

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(7), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15070123 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Emotional intelligence is a crucial determinant of socioemotional adaptation, psychological well-being and healthy habits in a population, although it has been barely studied in Generation Z. Therefore, the following research objectives were established: (1) to measure the levels of attention, clarity and emotional [...] Read more.

Emotional intelligence is a crucial determinant of socioemotional adaptation, psychological well-being and healthy habits in a population, although it has been barely studied in Generation Z. Therefore, the following research objectives were established: (1) to measure the levels of attention, clarity and emotional repair of Spanish university students in teaching undergraduates and (2) to design predictive models of emotional intelligence considering sex, anthropometric measurements, physical activity and the use of social networks as factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the involvement of Spanish teaching undergraduates. An online questionnaire integrating sociodemographic questions, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, Trait Meta-State Mood Scale TMMS-24 and Social Network Addiction Scale SNAddS-6S were administered. University students exhibited higher levels of emotional attention (30.32 ± 6.08) than those of emotional clarity (28.18 ± 6.34) and emotional repair (28.51 ± 6.02). Most students use X, Pinterest, TikTok, Instagram, YouTube and WhatsApp most days of the week. There are positive relationships between attention and emotional clarity (r = 0.33; p ≤ 0.001), attention and emotional repair (r = 0.18; p ≤ 0.001) and clarity and emotional repair (r = 0.44; p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, males have higher levels of emotional clarity and emotional repair, but females show higher levels of emotional attention. The model with the highest explanatory power is the one obtained for men’s emotional attention. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Changes in Zebrafish Larvae Infected with Mycobacterium marinum: A Widely Targeted Metabolomic Analysis

by Chongyuan Sima, Qifan Zhang, Xiaoli Yu, Bo Yan and Shulin Zhang

Metabolites 2025, 15(7), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15070449 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To explore the metabolic changes in zebrafish larvae after infection with Mycobacterium marinum, this study adopted a widely targeted metabolomic approach to analyze the changes in the overall metabolic profiles of zebrafish larvae infected for 5 days. Methods: Data were collected [...] Read more.

Objectives: To explore the metabolic changes in zebrafish larvae after infection with Mycobacterium marinum, this study adopted a widely targeted metabolomic approach to analyze the changes in the overall metabolic profiles of zebrafish larvae infected for 5 days. Methods: Data were collected by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Mass spectrometry data were processed using Analyst 1.6.3 and MultiQuant 3.0.3 software, and multivariate statistical analysis was carried out. The KEGG database, HMDB database, and CHEBI database were used to screen and identify differential metabolites, and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was performed through KEGG pathways. Results: A total of 329 metabolites were detected, among which 61 differential metabolites were screened. Specifically, 41 metabolites, such as kynurenine, isoallolithocholic acid, 2′-deoxyguanosine, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and L-lactic acid, were downregulated, while 20 metabolites, such as L-palmitoylcarnitine, myristoyl-L-carnitine, dodecanoylcarnitine, 2-isopropyl-malic acid, and 2-methylsuccinic acid, were upregulated. KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these differential metabolites were mainly involved in metabolic pathways such as pyrimidine metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and purine metabolism. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that significant changes occurred in multiple metabolites and metabolic pathways in zebrafish larvae after infection with M. marinum. The research results have improved the understanding of zebrafish as a model organism in the field of Mycobacterium research and laid a solid foundation for subsequent metabolomic-related research using zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advances in Metabolomics)

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2494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colour Homogenisation and Photostability of Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) as Affected by Mild Steaming and Light-Induced Natural Ageing

by Zuzana Vidholdová, Gabriela Slabejová and Eva Výbohová

Forests 2025, 16(7), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071104 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of mild steaming (105 °C and 120 °C for 12 h) on the colour characteristics and chemical stability of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) during natural indoor ageing. Untreated and steamed samples of mature wood and false [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of mild steaming (105 °C and 120 °C for 12 h) on the colour characteristics and chemical stability of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) during natural indoor ageing. Untreated and steamed samples of mature wood and false heartwood were analysed for CIELAB and CIELCh colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°) and chemical changes using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Steaming resulted in a significant decrease in lightness (L*) and increased a*, b*, and C* values, producing darker and more saturated reddish-brown tones. It also reduced the visual differences between mature wood and false heartwood, enhancing colour uniformity. During the light-induced ageing period, steamed wood—particularly at 105 °C—exhibited improved colour stability, maintaining chroma and hue more effectively than untreated samples. Statistically significant interaction effects between treatment, time, and tissue type revealed that the ageing-related colour changes were jointly influenced by thermal modification and the anatomical characteristics of the wood. In the FTIR spectra, the most pronounced changes were observed in the absorption bands of the aromatic skeleton and carbonyl groups (1504 and 1732 cm⁻¹). These findings confirm that mild steaming alters the original aesthetic properties and colour of beech wood when exposed to an indoor environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenomenon of Wood Colour)

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1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conv1D-GRU-Self Attention: An Efficient Deep Learning Framework for Detecting Intrusions in Wireless Sensor Networks

by Kenan Honore Robacky Mbongo, Kanwal Ahmed, Orken Mamyrbayev, Guanghui Wang, Fang Zuo, Ainur Akhmediyarova, Nurzhan Mukazhanov and Assem Ayapbergenova

Future Internet 2025, 17(7), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17070301 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of distributed sensor nodes that collect and transmit environmental data, often in resource-constrained and unsecured environments. These characteristics make WSNs highly vulnerable to various security threats. To address this, the objective of this research is to design and [...] Read more.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of distributed sensor nodes that collect and transmit environmental data, often in resource-constrained and unsecured environments. These characteristics make WSNs highly vulnerable to various security threats. To address this, the objective of this research is to design and evaluate a deep learning-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that is both accurate and efficient for real-time threat detection in WSNs. This study proposes a hybrid IDS model combining one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (Conv1Ds), Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), and Self-Attention mechanisms. A Conv1D extracts spatial features from network traffic, GRU captures temporal dependencies, and Self-Attention emphasizes critical sequence components, collectively enhancing detection of subtle and complex intrusion patterns. The model was evaluated using the WSN-DS dataset and demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional machine learning and simpler deep learning models. It achieved an accuracy of 98.6%, precision of 98.63%, recall of 98.6%, F1-score of 98.6%, and an ROC-AUC of 0.9994, indicating strong predictive capability even with imbalanced data. In addition to centralized training, the model was tested under cooperative, node-based learning conditions, where each node independently detects anomalies and contributes to a collective decision-making framework. This distributed approach improves detection efficiency and robustness. The proposed IDS offers a scalable and resilient solution tailored to the unique challenges of WSN security. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Comparison Between Guided and Non-Guided Homework as a Tool for Learning Electric Circuit Theory

by Rafael Diez, Arturo Fajardo and Jairo A. Hurtado

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070857 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

The present work highlights the differences between two simultaneous groups taking the electric circuit theory course. Both groups were given the same non-mandatory homework prior to the evaluation; however, the instructions provided to the groups differed. Historically, this homework has been assigned without [...] Read more.

The present work highlights the differences between two simultaneous groups taking the electric circuit theory course. Both groups were given the same non-mandatory homework prior to the evaluation; however, the instructions provided to the groups differed. Historically, this homework has been assigned without any guidelines, and instructors have not been aware of whether students completed the task. In this study, specific instructions were developed to simulate the same stressful conditions regarding time constraints for finding the correct answer that students face during an exam. The results indicate that the group of students who received categorized exercises along with a structured schedule performed better than the non-guided group (2.8/5 versus 2.3/5 on average). The study also reveals that a significant portion of students engaged with this optional activity during the initial weeks (45%), but this engagement decreased substantially over time (to 5%), showing a correlation between evaluation results and commitment to the exercises. Sharing these findings with students may help improve performance in a course that historically has had a pass rate below 50%. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Environmental, Genetic and Structural Interactions Affecting Phytophthora spp. in Citrus: Mixed Modelling and Mediation Analysis

by Dalal Boudoudou, Majid Mounir, Mohamed El bakkali, Allal Douira and Hamid Benyahia

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071631 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the complex interactions between environmental, genetic, and structural factors that influence two key parameters: the density of Phytophthora spp. propagules per gram of dry soil (NPSS) and the number of colonies (NC). Using advanced statistical approaches, we examined the combined [...] Read more.

This study investigates the complex interactions between environmental, genetic, and structural factors that influence two key parameters: the density of Phytophthora spp. propagules per gram of dry soil (NPSS) and the number of colonies (NC). Using advanced statistical approaches, we examined the combined effects of variables such as soil moisture, dry weight, temporal fluctuations, and rootstocks. The results show a significant linear relationship between NPSS and soil moisture, as well as a strong positive correlation between NPSS and NC. Genetic analyses reveal a predominant contribution of environmental factors to trait variability, with high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and low broad-sense heritability. Mixed models highlight the synergistic impact of soil moisture, NC, and dry soil weight on NPSS, as well as significant temporal effects. Mediation analysis confirms that soil moisture influences NPSS primarily through an indirect effect transmitted by NC, with a mediated proportion exceeding 94%. Finally, multivariate analysis reveals significant differences between rootstocks, with Citrus Volkameriana B2 28613 (R4) and Mandarin Sunki x P.T. B2 38581 (R7) standing out as the most performant. These results highlight the importance of an integrated management of environmental variables and rootstocks to optimize soil productivity and agronomic quality. The implications of this study provide a solid foundation for guiding genetic improvement and soil management strategies, balancing environmental constraints and the opportunities offered by targeted genetic selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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2231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Wearable MEG to Study the Neural Control of Human Stepping

by Meaghan E. Spedden, George C. O’Neill, Timothy O. West, Tim M. Tierney, Stephanie Mellor, Nicholas A. Alexander, Robert Seymour, Jesper Lundbye-Jensen, Jens Bo Nielsen, Simon F. Farmer, Sven Bestmann and Gareth R. Barnes

Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4160; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134160 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

A central challenge in movement neuroscience is developing methods for non-invasive spatiotemporal imaging of brain activity during natural, whole-body movement. We test the utility of a new brain imaging modality, optically pumped magnetoencephalography (OP-MEG), as an instrument to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of [...] Read more.

A central challenge in movement neuroscience is developing methods for non-invasive spatiotemporal imaging of brain activity during natural, whole-body movement. We test the utility of a new brain imaging modality, optically pumped magnetoencephalography (OP-MEG), as an instrument to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of human walking. Specifically, we ask whether known physiological signals can be recovered during discrete steps involving large-scale, whole-body translation. Our findings show that by using OP-MEG, we can image the brain during large-scale, natural movements. We provide proof-of-principle evidence for movement-related changes in beta band activity during stepping vs. standing, which are source-localized to the sensorimotor cortex. This work supports the significant potential of the OP-MEG modality for addressing fundamental questions in human gait research relevant to both the physiological and pathological mechanisms of walking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Optical Biosensors in Biomechanics and Physiology)

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6545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics and Confinement Characteristics of the Last Closed Surface in a Levitated Dipole Configuration

by Zhao Wang, Teng Liu, Shuyi Liu, Junjie Du and Guoshu Zhang

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071057 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Based on the magnetic configuration of the China Astro-Torus-1 (CAT-1) levitated dipole device, this study investigated the confinement performance of common discharge gas ions under E × B transverse transport conditions induced by electric fields. By adjusting L-coil parameters to shift the inject [...] Read more.

Based on the magnetic configuration of the China Astro-Torus-1 (CAT-1) levitated dipole device, this study investigated the confinement performance of common discharge gas ions under E × B transverse transport conditions induced by electric fields. By adjusting L-coil parameters to shift the inject location, it was found that when the loss boundary is in the outer weak-field region, most particles with large Larmor radii are lost after colliding with the wall, for particles with large pitch angles, the strongly anisotropic magnetic field causes particles across a broad range of energies to be lost through the X-point into the divertor. The study demonstrates that for particle kinetic energies between 100 and 300 eV, the CAT-1 device exhibits a loss cone angle θ_loss of approximately 58°, indicating favorable confinement performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

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6244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Characteristics of Spatial Genetic Diversity in Traditional Township Neighborhoods in the Xiangjiang River Basin: A Case Study of the Changsha Suburbs

by Peishan Cai, Yan Gao and Mingjing Xie

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6129; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136129 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

An important historical and cultural region in southern China, the Xiangjiang River Basin, has formed a unique spatial pattern and regional cultural characteristics in its long-term development. In recent years, the acceleration of urbanization has led to the historical texture and cultural elements [...] Read more.

An important historical and cultural region in southern China, the Xiangjiang River Basin, has formed a unique spatial pattern and regional cultural characteristics in its long-term development. In recent years, the acceleration of urbanization has led to the historical texture and cultural elements of Changsha’s suburban blocks facing deconstruction pressure. How to identify and protect their cultural value at the spatial structure level has become an urgent issue. Taking three typical traditional township blocks in the suburbs of Changsha as the research object, this paper constructs a trinity research framework of “spatial gene identification–diversity analysis–strategy optimization.” It systematically discusses the makeup of the types, quantity, distribution, relative importance ranking, and diversity characteristics of their spatial genes. The results show that (1) the distribution and quantity of spatial genes are affected by multiple driving forces such as historical function, geographic environment, and settlement evolution mechanisms, and that architectural spatial genes have significant advantages in type richness and importance indicators; (2) spatial gene diversity shows the structural characteristics of “enriched artificial space and sparse natural space,” and different blocks show clear differences in node space and boundary space; (3) spatial genetic diversity not only reflects the complexity of the spatial evolution of a block but is also directly related to its cultural inheritance and the feasibility of renewal strategies. Based on this, this paper proposes strategies such as building a spatial gene database, improving the diversity evaluation system, and implementing differentiated protection mechanisms. These strategies provide theoretical support and methods for the protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage in traditional blocks. Full article

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247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of Capillary Blood Gas Measurements in Paralympic Sprinters at Rest: A Pilot Study

by Thiago Fernando Lourenço, Samuel Bento da Silva, Vinícius Miguel Zanetti, Ana Gabriela Almeida Maximo Pereira, João Vitor Ichikawa Quintella, Oriane Martins, Amaury Verissimo and Lazaro Alessandro Soares Nunes

Sports 2025, 13(7), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13070216 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Sports scientists have increasingly used point-of-care methods for training load management, and blood gas analysis has shown promise in this area. However, the reproducibility of this method in high-performance athletes remains unproven. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the [...] Read more.

Background: Sports scientists have increasingly used point-of-care methods for training load management, and blood gas analysis has shown promise in this area. However, the reproducibility of this method in high-performance athletes remains unproven. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of acid-base variables at rest in high-performance Paralympic sprinters. Methods: Seven athletes participated, including four with visual impairments (class T12 and T13) and three with physical impairments. Approximately 500 µL of capillary blood was obtained from the fingertip and analyzed in triplicate (Samples 1, 2, and 3) using the Epoc System^® (Ottawa, ON, Canada) to measure pH, carbonic dioxide partial pressure (pCO₂), bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻), base excess (BE), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), creatinine (CRE), and urea concentration (URE). Results: No differences were found for any parameter (p > 0.05). The imprecision of the method ranged from 0.1% for blood pH to 6.1% for BE. Pearson’s analysis showed strong and significant relationships between all variables analyzed (p < 0.05). The degree of consistency among samples also indicated excellent reliability of measurements, ranging from 0.88 for Hb to 1.00 for URE. Conclusions: These results indicate that acid-base status measurements using point-of-care demonstrated excellent reliability in high-level athletes, supporting sports scientists and coaches for athlete training and management. Full article

27 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessReview

Corruption: An Uneven Field of Research—Between State and Private Topics

by Fabián Belmar and Aldo Mascareño

Societies 2025, 15(7), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070186 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Research on state corruption has flourished since the 1990s; however, studies focused on corruption within non-state organizations are still limited. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of 18,435 articles from the Web of Science database, covering the years 2002 to 2020. [...] Read more.

Research on state corruption has flourished since the 1990s; however, studies focused on corruption within non-state organizations are still limited. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of 18,435 articles from the Web of Science database, covering the years 2002 to 2020. Using topic modeling Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), we analyzed the field of corruption research. Our analysis identified four main dimensions: state corruption as the predominant field, private-to-public corruption, private-to-private corruption, and technological–biological corruption. Our findings indicate that state corruption has a well-established research tradition, whereas private corruption remains underexplored. We highlight key conceptual limitations in understanding the mechanisms of non-state corruption and propose the idea of operational deviation from regular procedures to address these issues. This article concludes that further empirical research is needed on non-state corruption to develop a conceptual framework specific to this area, which features distinct characteristics from state corruption. Finally, we suggest implications for policy and practice based on our findings. Full article

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20145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Factors Influencing Learning Motivation in Online Virtual Museums Using the S-O-R Model: A Case Study of the National Museum of Natural History

by Jiaying Li, Lin Zhou and Wei Wei

Information 2025, 16(7), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070573 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Advances in information technology have enabled virtual museums to transcend traditional physical boundaries and become important tools in education. Despite their growing use, the factors influencing the effectiveness of virtual museums in enhancing students’ learning motivation remain underexplored. This study investigates key factors [...] Read more.

Advances in information technology have enabled virtual museums to transcend traditional physical boundaries and become important tools in education. Despite their growing use, the factors influencing the effectiveness of virtual museums in enhancing students’ learning motivation remain underexplored. This study investigates key factors that promote learning motivation among secondary school students using the National Museum of Nature’s Online Virtual Exhibition as a case study. Grounded in the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) theoretical framework, a conceptual model was developed and empirically tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine relationships among stimulus variables, psychological states, and learning motivation. Results reveal that affective involvement, cognitive engagement, and perceived presence significantly enhance learning motivation, while immersion shows no significant effect. Among the stimulus factors, perceived enjoyment strongly promotes affective involvement, perceived interactivity enhances cognitive engagement, and content quality primarily supports cognitive processing. Visual aesthetics contribute notably to immersion, affective involvement, and perceived presence. These findings elucidate the multidimensional mechanisms through which user experience in virtual museums influences learning motivation. The study provides theoretical and practical implications for designing effective and engaging virtual museum educational environments, thereby supporting sustainable digital learning practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Technology in Society)

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